Organizational Development and Change

This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of organizational development and change, covering various topics such as organizational citizenship behavior, job satisfaction, and empowerment. The selected readings include articles from prestigious journals like the Journal of School Leadership, International Journal of Management, and the Journal of Business Ethics. Students can gain insights into the complexities of organizational leadership and development through these studies.

Organization and
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
P1 Organization's culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and
performance.................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective achievement of goals
in an organization........................................................................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P3 Understanding of what makes and effective team as opposed to an ineffective team...........6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour within an organizational context...8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behaviour is important study in which employees interact with each other
and build better relation among them. In this, managers play an important role because they
make positive environment at the workplace. Basically, behaviour defines the style of working of
employees which directly impact on organizational success in the most effective way
(Babutsidze and Cowan, 2014). In this context, it is an important duty of manager within
company to manager all employee’s activities in order to maintain ethical business environment
which helps in enhancing the productivity of enterprise at market place. Present report is the
study about Marks and Spencer which is a multinational company that provides household and
luxury products in market. With the help of this, project manager evaluates the organizational
behaviour of the company and improve their performance level. Culture, politics and power of
the company is also affect team and individual’s performance is also mentioned in this
assignment. Different motivational theories is also discussed in this project. Concept and
effective philosophies of organizational behaviours is also mentioned in this project.
P1 Organization's culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and
performance
Organizational culture defines various rules and regulations which share different values,
beliefs and assumptions that help in evaluating the employee’s behaviour within organization. It
also helps in influencing the people and employees about their dress up, act and performance of
the job which leads in developing organizational image in the most effective manner. In Marks
and Spencer, culture divided in four categories which are as follows: Power culture: This is one of the important cultures which directly influence individual’s
relationship with others. It is an effective culture in which authority distribute among
employees and team which helps in completing the organizational activities in a
systematic manner. In this culture, all the activities of business are based on culture. Role culture: In this culture, all employees have their own roles and responsibilities in
which they easily execute their activities. With the help of this, individuals easily perform
their tasks and get better results (Burke, 2017). In this culture, power is given to the
employees according to their job position within organization.
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 Task culture: As per this, company encourages as well as influences their team members
to perform their tasks and also resolve problems in an appropriate manner. With the help
of this, manager easily builds an effective team which includes different skills and
personalities in order to get positive outputs.
 Person culture: It is also effective in which manager focuses on employee’s demand and
needs in which they fulfil their requirements in order to satisfy them within the
organization (Carver and Scheier, 2012). Every person see themselves more unique and
creative which helps in enhancing their performance level.
Hence, it is important for the employees to aware about the culture of Marks and Spencer
which helps in evaluating all the operation activities in effective manner and also aid in optimum
utilization of resources of the firm.
Politics is also important for the business organization in which all decisions are taken by
applicable groups of people. In context of Marks and Spencer, politics is unofficial and informal
which directly impact on its productivity. In this, the employees of company do not believe and
depend on politics for getting secured position within the business. Basically, politics of
company directly affect their employee’s behaviour and performance. It can be understood by
some points which are as follows: Decrease overall productivity: Politics is the main reason of employee’s performance in
which workers do not perform their work because they criticise others and demotivate
them. By this, employees get failed in getting better results and also reduce their
performance level at workplace. Affect concentration: Politics directly affect the worker’s concentration towards work as
well as job which leads to affect the image in front of senior authorities. If workers are
involved in politics then they get failed in performing their best and make mistakes at the
time of performing tasks. Change the attitude of employees: Main effect of politics is that it changes the
employee’s attitude which negatively affect the overall performance of company because
sometimes, internal politics reduce confidence of workers and they get failed in
performing their best (Cui and Hu, 2012).
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 Increase stress: Due to politics, employees get motivated because they do not get
appreciation towards their performance. It is the cause of increasing their stress which
leads in decreasing their overall productivity (Cummings and Worley, 2014).
 Demotivate workers: Politics is the main reason to demotivate employees because due to
this, workers do not get better appreciation towards their work and so, they reduce their
commitment which negatively affect the productivity level of the employees and
company also.
Hence, politics also affect the overall performance of the employees at the workplace so
that it is important duty of the manager to maintain better environment for their employees to
attain better results.
Power is more important for the organization which helps in executing all the operational
activities within the organization which helps in achieving better results in more effective
manner. Use of power and having power both are different but both affect the overall
performance of the company. In this context, power of the organization divided in various types
which are as follows: Legitimate power: Under this, power are define by specific position of the business in
which top authority have more power as compare to lower so that they take all the
decision in effective manner. Reward power: In this top authority have power to give rewards, incentives to their
employees in order to enhance their performance level. Coercive power: In this individuals has power to punished their employees when they do
not perform their task in effective way. With the help of this all the workers complete
their work but it create negativity in workers mind towards the top authority which leads
in reducing the overall productivity of the employees at the workplace (DiPaola and
Tschannen-Moran, 2014). Expert power: This is related with specific skill which helps in retaining the worker for
long time period within the organization.
 Information power: It is also related with the expert power but the sources of this is
totally differ.
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TASK 2
P2 Theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective achievement of goals in
an organization
Motivated employees are play important role in overall success of the business which
helps in achieving all the target in appropriate time period. In this context, various motivational
theories are used by manager of Marks and Spencer in order to improve employees performance
at the workplace (Gallistel, 2013). With the help of this employees easily execute their task and
get positive results. Along with this motivation is more important for the workers because it
directly affect their productivity with the organization. With the help of this manager easily
influence the employees to put their best and achieve their targets. In this aspect motivation
include two factors which known as intrinsic as well as extrinsic.
 Intrinsic: This type of motivation define internal rewards which is used by the
employees for their personal satisfaction.
 Extrinsic: It define external rewards like money appraisal and job promotion which give
to the employees form the company. With the help of this employees of Marks and
Spencer get highly motivated and attain their targets.
Along with this there are some main and important motivational theories which used by
the Marks and Spencer for motivate their employees in order to achieve all the organizational
goals and objectives in systematic manner. All these theories are as follows: Herzberg's two factors theory of motivation: This theory define by Frederick Herzberg
in 1950. it include two factors which directly affect the satisfaction of the workers at
workplace. Both are as follows:
◦ Hygiene factors: It is one of the effective factors which helps in satisfy as well as
motivate the employees (Geraci, 2012). In absence of this factors workers get
demotivated and dissatisfied with their job and work. It include salary, various
benefits of company, better relation with manager and many more are the elements of
this factors which helps in motivated the employees so that they perform their best.
◦ Motivator factors: It is also important factors which helps in motivated the
employees towards their works so that they put their best efforts for getting better
success at the workplace. Career progression, work enjoyment and many more are the
elements of this factor.
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 Maslow's need hierarchy theory: It is one of the important and effective theory which
based on the hierarchy process (Grunig, 2011). With the help of this individuals satisfy
their needs in effective manner. This theory divide in five categories are as follows:
◦ Physiological needs: This is basic needs of the person which is important for survive
in their life. It include food, cloths, shelter and many more. All are the significant for
individuals.
◦ Security and safety needs: In this step safety need of the person are important
because they wants to control their lives which directly contribute in their behaviour.
It include financial security, job security, health and safety and many more. All these
are basic needs for the individuals which helps in improving their living standard.
◦ Social needs: It is related with love, acceptance and belonging all are the social needs
of individual which is significant for maintain relationship with others. Social groups,
family, friends, love, community groups all the elements of this needs. By fulfilling
these needs an individual feel free and also avoid all kind of depression. All these are
directly contribute in individuals development as well as growth.
◦ Esteem needs: It is also important needs for motivation of individuals in which they
wants to appreciation, respect and reputation which aid in motivating them and also
making best reputation in front of others. If person satisfy their esteem need than they
feel more confident and also enhance their skills (Harwiki, 2013).
◦ Self actualisation needs: It is last needs of the person which include personal growth
of the employees with the help of this workers get highly motivated.
Hence, it is one of the important theory which used by the Marks and Spencer to motivate
their employees which leads in attain better results in appropriate manner. Alderfer's ERG theory:
◦ Existence needs: This type of theory include basic needs of individuals for survive
their life. It is important needs for the persons without this individuals does not able
to perform any kind of activity. It include physiological and safety needs of maslow
within this category.
◦ Relatedness needs: It is also important for the employees which define the needs of
maintaining the interpersonal relationship with the other individual. It is relate with
social and esteem need of maslow (Jiang, Sun and Law, 2011).
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◦ Growth needs: It include personal growth and self development which aid in
motivate individuals in most effective manner. This is relate with self actualisation
needs of maslow category.
 Behavioural psychology: This theory is also effective which is related with person and
their mind which affect direct the performance of the workers at workplace. It include
workers behaviours such as their response as well as action towards the particular
situation, views, ideas, opinions, emotions and many more. All these are affect the
organizational performance because all the employees and individuals work as a team
and their skills, personalities and capabilities are totally differ from each others.
TASK 3
P3 Understanding of what makes and effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
Every organization develop a team in which various individuals comes together for a
common purpose. Basically team is a mix up of various personalities who have different skills
and knowledge in which they work as a team to achieve their targets. In this, leaders are the
important for enhancing the team performance and make an effective team so that they easily
attain their goals and objectives. With he help of effective team Marks and Spencer easily
execute their overall activities and attain their objectives in systematic manner which leads in
improving overall performance level of the company. For getting better success various type of
team are make by the company to complete all the task in appropriate time period. In this
context, Marks and Spencer define their various team for execute their work are as follows: Functional team: It is important team for company which is manage by manager of the
company. This team is made for a specific plan so that it is manager duty to assign all the
responsibilities to the employees in order to achieve its goals and objectives in particular
time period (Miao, 2011). Along with this, manager are the only person who manage all
the employees activities and also give them better direction to attain its organizational
goals in effective way.
◦ Importance: One of the important advantage of this team is to save time and cost of
the company. With the help of this manager ensure better as well as optimum
utilization of available resources which leads in attaining positive outcomes. In this
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all the team members are give their ideas and opinion to resolve complex situation in
systematic manner (Paillé and Grima, 2011). Problem solving team: As per the name of this, it formed by the manager for resolve
particular problems which faced by the workers at the workplace. In this all the team
members effectively analysis entire situation in order to find out the better solution. For
this team members are gather relevant information in order to define the main cause
behind the problems.
◦ Importance: The main advantage of this team is to evaluate the effective and best
solution of the problems. In this all the members are solve complexity by using their
skills and knowledge which helps in getting better success in market place. Virtual team: This team is formed by the manager for specific purpose in which all the
team members are connect with internet and video conferencing. They do not meet face
to face. They communicate with each other by using various social networks for a
common purpose and also put their best efforts to get positive outcomes.
◦ Importance: the main advantage of this team is to improve overall quality
performance of activities by saving time of all the team members. With the help of
social platform all the members are easily attain their common target which directly
contribute in overall performance of the company. Project team: This team is formed by manager of the company for specific project in
which all the team members are evaluate better solution by analysis project. With the
help of this they effectively complete all the task in effective manner. It is important for
all the team members to have knowledge about project so that they easily perform and
attain positive outcomes (Rayner, Lawton and Williams, 2012).
◦ Importance: One of the important advantage of this team is to define new and
innovative ways for completing the project. It also aid in enhancing workers skills
and knowledge and also increase their profitability level.
All these are important team for Marks and Spencer to completing all the task. With the
help of this company easily enhance their profitability level and attain best success at market
place (Scott and Fuller, 2012).
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TASK 4
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour within an organizational context
Marks and Spencer use various motivational theories for improve employees
performance by providing them better satisfaction. With the help of motivated employees
company easily attain higher success. In this company use path goal theory in which they assign
all the task to employees for attain organizational target in appropriate time period (Path-Goal
Leadership Theory, 2015). This theory helps in encouraging employees morale in which they put
their best efforts for completing their task. Basically it is based on Vroom expectancy theory
which is relate with behaviours of the employees in which manager allocate the work as per
workers capabilities which aid in motivating the and also satisfy which leads in improving
overall productivity of the employees at workplace (Wei, 2012). After assigning take manager
set leadership style like supportive, directive, participative and achievement oriented. With the
help of this they easily focus on motivation of the employees in order to improve their
performance which lead in achieving its goals and objectives. In this context there are some
various barriers which directly impact overall performance of the workers are as follows: Negative working environment: It is one of the biggest barriers which directly affect
overall performance of the employees. So that it is important duty of manager to maintain
positive working environment which helps in reducing the chances of arising conflict and
also improve employees performance. Negative working environment not only reduce the
morale but also reduce the productivity of the company. Bullying and harassment: It is also negative aspect for the employees which faced by the
at workplace. So that it is important duty of top management to formulate effective
policies to reduce the negative impact which helps in maintaining the safe environment
for the workers.
 Discrimination: In this employees discriminated as per their gender, age, caste and
colour. It directly affect overall performance of the employees and also increase the
chances of arising dispute among all the employees at workplace (Weick, 2012). For
resolve this government set various rules for workers which helps in taking competitive
advantage in most effective manner.
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All these barriers negatively affect performance of the company so that manager use
various concept of philosophies to remove all the barriers and its negative impact on the
company. With the help of this manager easily motivate their employees and get better success.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it can be concluded that understanding organization
behaviours is one of the important concept which help in gathering relevant information about
the employee’s behaviour at the time of performing as a team. The main advantage of study of
organization behaviour is to attain overall success in effective manner. In this manager play
important role in evaluation actual performance of the employees by observing their behaviour.
Along with this it also summarised that organizational culture, power and politics also play
significant role because it directly impact on performance of the company. On the other hand
company use various motivational theories within their process in order to enhance employee’s
morale by motivated them. With the help of this employees easily perform their task and attain
positive results. Furthermore manager also provide healthy and positive work environment to
their employees in which they easily put their strong efforts for achieving success at market
place. In this context, management also use effective and various philosophies of organization
behaviour in order to attain all the goals and objectives in appropriate time frame.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
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Burke, W. W., 2017. Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications.
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Cui, X. and Hu, J., 2012. A literature review on organization culture and corporate
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Cummings, T. G. and Worley, C. G., 2014. Organization development and change. Cengage
learning.
DiPaola, M. and Tschannen-Moran, M., 2014. Organizational citizenship behavior in schools
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Gallistel, C. R., 2013. The organization of action: A new synthesis. Psychology Press.
Geraci, J. ed., 2012. Sea mammals and oil: confronting the risks. Elsevier.
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Jiang, J. Y., Sun, L. Y. and Law, K. S., 2011. Job satisfaction and organization structure as
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Miao, R. T., 2011. Perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, task performance and
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Paillé, P. and Grima, F., 2011. Citizenship and withdrawal in the workplace: Relationship
between organizational citizenship behavior, intention to leave current job and intention
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Rayner, J., Lawton, A. and Williams, H. M., 2012. Organizational citizenship behavior and the
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Scott, J. P. and Fuller, J. L., 2012. Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog. University of
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Wei, Y. C., 2012. Person-organization fit and organizational citizenship behavior: Time
perspective. Journal of Management & Organization. 18(6). pp.833-844.
Weick, K. E., 2012. Making sense of the organization, Volume 2: The impermanent
organization (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.
Witt, U. and Schwesinger, G., 2013. Phylogenetic footprints in organizational behavior. Journal
of Economic Behavior & Organization. 90. pp.S33-S44.
Yates, F. E. ed., 2012. Self-organizing systems: The emergence of order. Springer Science &
Business Media.
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Online
Path-Goal Leadership Theory. 2015. [Online]. Available
through.<http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/lead_path_goal.html>.
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