Pathophysiology of Diabetes: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Prevalence

This article provides a comprehensive guide on the pathophysiology of diabetes, including the types, symptoms, diagnosis and prevalence. It explains the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, their clinical presentation, and the various diagnostic methods used in Australia. It also discusses the common signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as polydipsia, polyuria and lethargy, and the related metabolic abnormalities that cause them.

Pathophysiology of
Diabetes

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes refers to a disease which can be occurred when individual blood glucose which is
also known as blood sugar get too high. Blood glucose refers to a main source of energy which
comes through food and diet which are consumed by individual. There is various cause of
diabetes which are associated with increasing in blood glucose level which can lead to cause
diabetes. In this, there is discussion about type 1 and type 2 diabetes along with their
characteristics. It also includes the prevalence and it clinical presentation with both types of
diabetes. There is also discussion about the different methods of diagnosis of type 1 and type 2
diabetes within Australia. This also includes the rationale of diagnostic methods. There is also
discussion about the specific pathology tests that are used. There is also discussion about the
polydipsia, polyuria and lethargy which are common sign and symptoms of diabetes. There is
also explanation about the related metabolic abnormalities which can cause this sign and
symptoms (Holman and et. al., 2020).
MAIN BODY
Diabetes refers to the chronic health condition which are associated with affecting individual
body that turns food into energy. Here, eaten food are break down in sugar which are called
glucose and are released into individual bloodstream. When individual blood sugar goes high,
then there is rise in level of blood glucose level increase and leads to called the condition as
diabetes. There are various sign and symptoms which can show the presence of diabetes within
individual body. These sign and symptoms may include felling very tired, blurry vision, frequent
urination, increased thirst, slow healing towards cuts and wounds, patches of dark skin.
There are mainly two type of diabetes which are common and known as the type 1 diabetes
and type 2 diabetes. There are large number of people who are getting impacted through type 1
and type 2 diabetes where they are not having proper knowledge about both type 1 and type 2
diabetes. There is some of the discussion which can be helpful in providing information related
with difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes refers to a genetic disorder which often shows up early in indvdiual life
Whereas, type 2 diabetes is mostly diet related which are developed over time. In type 1 diabetes
individual immune system can attack along with destroying individual insulin-producing cells
within pancreases. Here pancreases refer to a flat organ which may look as elongated, hangs out

behind stomach. There are some of the sign of type 1 diabetes which may include the increased
thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and weakness, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision and
others. Type 1 diabetes cause is not known. Here, it usually impacts individual body immune
system which normally fights with harmful bacteria and viruses. This lead to mistakenly destroy
the insulin producing cells within pancreases. There are some of the possible cause which may
include genetics and exposure to viruses along with other environmental factors (Cannon and et.
al., 2020).
There are some of the risk factors for type 1 diabetes which are like family history, genetics,
geography and age. Here, when an individual has family history of diabetes then there is higher
risk of getting type 1 diabetes within individual. There is also some presence of certain genes
which can have higher risk that can indicate developing of type 1 diabetes. There is also risk of
getting higher prevalence to risk of type 1 diabetes when an individual travel away from equator.
Type 1 diabetes can be occurring in any age which are not noticeable. Here, first peak can be
occurring in children between 4-7 years. Second peak can be within children is about between 10
to 14. There can be risk of some complication which may include heart and blood vessel
diseases, nerve damage, nephropathy, eye damage, foot damage, skin or mouth conditions or
pregnancy complications.
There is high prevalence of type 1 diabetes within Australian population which includes
about 2800 new cases in 2018. There are about 12 cases per 100,000 populations who are getting
diabetes.
There is clinical presentation which includes about 10 percent of all cases of diabetes which
are most common chronic childhood condition. Here onset of diabetes can abrupt the symptoms
which are obvious. These may include unexplained weight loss, excessive thrust along with
urination, weakness, fatigue and blurred vision.
Type 2 diabetes refers to an impairment within individual body that regulates along with use
sugar as a fuel. There is long term effect when individual blood sugar is circulating within
bloodstream for longer. There are two different primarily interrelated problems can be observed.
Here, individual pancreas may not produce enough insulin and cells are not responding to insulin
that is due to taking less sugar. Here, type 2 diabetes are common within large number of
population which can also be in children. Here, type 2 diabetes are commonly occurring in older
people. When number of children increases with the obesity which can lead to create the risk of

type 2 diabetes within younger people (Gylfadottir and et. al., 2020). There is no cure for the
type 2 diabetes but individual may manage type 2 diabetes through losing weight, exercising and
eating well diet. When individual is not able to take control over diabetes through using diet and
proper exercise then they need to use medication or insulin therapy. There are some of the
symptoms which may include increased hunger, fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing sores,
frequent urination, frequent infections, slow healing of wound and areas of darkened skin.
There are about 1 million of Australian adults about 5.3 who are having more than 18 or
over are suffering through type 2 diabetes within 2017–18. According to Australian Bureau of
Statistics 2017-18 national health survey. Here women are about 4.6 % and men are about 6.1%.
Clinical presentation of type 2 diabetes is readily entertained where patient presents with
classic symptoms like polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss and polyphagia. These symptoms also
suggest hyperglycaemia that may include as lower extremity paraesthesia, particularly balanitis,
yeast infection and others (Arneth and et. al., 2019).
There are large number of cases in which individual is not able to get confirm about the
presence of diabetes within them. In this, there is need to identify when any individual is having
any symptoms of diabetes. Here, diagnosis can be helpful for healthcare professional which can
have high impact on identifying diabetes sooner which can enable to work with their patients that
can help in avoid the complication of diabetes and help in managing diabetes. There is also some
test which can be effective in identifying any presence of diabetes within individual that are
known as presence of prediabetes. Diagnosis can help individual and their healthcare
professional to take care about use the better measure which are associated with taking care of an
individual treatment and better management when there is presence of diabetes within them.
Diagnosis for type 1 diabetes which may include as the Glycated haemoglobin (A1C) test.
This refers to a blood test which indicates the average blood sugar elel for past two to three
months. Here, it measures the percentage of blood sugar which are attached to oxygen-carrying
protein within red blood cells (haemoglobin). When A1C test is not available then there are some
of the test which can be effective to and suggested by doctor. These may include random blood
sugar test, fasting blood sugar test (Bakris and et. al., 2020).
Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes may also include the glycated haemoglobin (A1C) test. Here,
result may can have interpreted as when it is below 5.7% then it is normal. When it is between
5.7% to 6.4% then it is diagnosed as prediabetes. When it is higher than 6.5% then there is need

to get some test which may indicates the presence of diabetes within them. These tests are
random blood sugar test, fasting blood sugar test, oral glucose tolerance test, screening. These
are some of the diagnosis test which can help to identify the presence of diabetes within
individual (Knop and et. al., 2018).
Polydipsia, polyuria and lethargy are some of the common sign and symptoms of diabetes
that are related with metabolic abnormalities.
Here, polydipsia refers to a word which are used to describe the excessive thirst. Here,
individual who is experiencing polydipsia may feel thirst all the time which can lead to persistent
dry mouth. This can be caused due to increase in the blood glucose level. When individual have
high glucose level then individual kidney produce more urine which is an effort that can lead to
remove the extra glucose form body. There is also some other reason which can lead to
experience polydipsia. This may include dehydration, osmotic diuresis, mental health issues like
psychogenic polydipsia (Seferović and et. al., 2018).
Polyuria is also a term which can cause when individual is passing more urine than normal.
Individual may produce about 1-2 litres of urine per day. Here, people with polyuria may
produce more than 3 litres of urine within a day. This can be occurring when individual is facing
too high blood glucose level where access of glucose tried to remove through the urination. This
can also lead to kidneys filtering more water. Here are some of the situation or condition when
individual may urinate more than normal. These condition may include pregnancy, diabetes
insipidus, kidney disease, mental health issues, taking medication like diuretics and high calcium
level. These are the sign and symptoms which are associated with leads to occur of polyuria
(Younossi and et. al., 2019).
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it can conclude that there are large number of people who are
suffering from diabetes which are specifically type 1 diabetes and type II diabetes. This is the
one which can cause due to increase in the blood sugar level within individual. There are some of
the specific cause of diabetes which may include for type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes cause is not
identifying which are assisted with different reason and cause. There is also some other
difference within type 1 and type 2 diabetes which includes different sign and symptoms. It also
includes the different diagnosis which can be effective for healthcare professional and patient
too. This can allow to provide better treatment and medication along with using appropriate

management that can help individual to manage it more effectively. There is discussion about
difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and its characterises along with prevalence and
clinical presentation. There is also discussion about diagnosis methods for type 1 and type 2
diabetes. It also includes sign and symptoms which can lead to cause for the polydipsia, polyuria
and lethargy which are common sign and symptoms of diabetes.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Arneth, B., Arneth, R. and Shams, M., 2019. Metabolomics of type 1 and type 2
diabetes. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(10), p.2467.
Bakris, G.L., Agarwal, R., Anker, S.D., Pitt, B., Ruilope, L.M., Rossing, P., Kolkhof, P.,
Nowack, C., Schloemer, P., Joseph, A. and Filippatos, G., 2020. Effect of finerenone on
chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of
Medicine, 383(23), pp.2219-2229.
Cannon, C.P., Pratley, R., Dagogo-Jack, S., Mancuso, J., Huyck, S., Masiukiewicz, U.,
Charbonnel, B., Frederich, R., Gallo, S., Cosentino, F. and Shih, W.J., 2020.
Cardiovascular outcomes with ertugliflozin in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of
Medicine, 383(15), pp.1425-1435.
Gylfadottir, S.S., Itani, M., Krøigård, T., Kristensen, A.G., Christensen, D.H., Nicolaisen, S.K.,
Karlsson, P., Callaghan, B.C., Bennett, D.L., Andersen, H. and Tankisi, H., 2020.
Diagnosis and prevalence of diabetic polyneuropathy: a cross‐sectional study of Danish
patients with type 2 diabetes. European journal of neurology, 27(12), pp.2575-2585.
Holman, N., Knighton, P., Kar, P., O'Keefe, J., Curley, M., Weaver, A., Barron, E., Bakhai, C.,
Khunti, K., Wareham, N.J. and Sattar, N., 2020. Risk factors for COVID-19-related
mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England: a population-based cohort
study. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 8(10), pp.823-833.
Knop, M.R., Geng, T.T., Gorny, A.W., Ding, R., Li, C., Ley, S.H. and Huang, T., 2018. Birth
weight and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension in
adults: a meta‐analysis of 7 646 267 participants from 135 studies. Journal of the
American Heart Association, 7(23), p.e008870.
Seferović, P.M., Petrie, M.C., Filippatos, G.S., Anker, S.D., Rosano, G., Bauersachs, J., Paulus,
W.J., Komajda, M., Cosentino, F., De Boer, R.A. and Farmakis, D., 2018. Type 2
diabetes mellitus and heart failure: a position statement from the Heart Failure
Association of the European Society of Cardiology. European journal of heart
failure, 20(5), pp.853-872.
Younossi, Z.M., Golabi, P., de Avila, L., Paik, J.M., Srishord, M., Fukui, N., Qiu, Y., Burns, L.,
Afendy, A. and Nader, F., 2019. The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in
patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of
hepatology, 71(4), pp.793-801.