Pneumothorax: Aetiology, Pathophysiology, Management and Best Practices

This report provides an overview of pneumothorax, including its aetiology and pathophysiology. It also discusses the management of the condition, including physiological and pharmacological interventions. A case study is presented, along with an analysis of best practices.

Pneumothorax

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
BACKGROUND OF THE CONDITION.......................................................................................1
Aetiology................................................................................................................................1
Pathophysiology.....................................................................................................................1
SYNPOSIS OF THE CASE............................................................................................................2
Presentation............................................................................................................................2
Management...........................................................................................................................2
Outcome.................................................................................................................................3
ANALYSIS AND BEST PRACTICE.............................................................................................3
Analysis..................................................................................................................................3
Discussion of best practice.....................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
The Pneumothorax is referring as the medical condition which is associated with the collapse of
lungs. The Pneumothorax is defined as the chronic situation which may be associated with the
lungs when they used to leak into the space between the lungs and the wall of chest. Therefore,
the air is usually pushes on the context of outside of the lungs and it usually make the collapse
which is related with the lungs. In this report the major of discussion is based on the
Pneumothorax which may provide the data of aetiology, pathophysiology and many more (Cut
and et. al., 2021).
BACKGROUND OF THE CONDITION
Aetiology
This condition is usually associated with the lungs which is occur when the air leaks into
the space between the space and chest wall. In addition, the blunt or the chest injury that is based
on the aspect of penetration, therefore, they have some of the certain medical process or the lung
disease which is usually help to cause the Pneumothorax issue that is indicated with the word of
collapsing with lungs. Therefore, some of the symptoms which mainly include with the aspect of
Pneumothorax is that they show their occurrence on the shortness of breath. In addition, when
the Pneumothorax is the large, needle or the tube is helpful in order to provide the access that is
based on the removal of excess air. In this, the Pneumothorax is usually caused due to the blunt
or the penetrating chest injury. With this contrast, it is usually occurring with the no obvious
reason. In addition, Pneumothorax usually show the various of symptoms that show the sudden
chest pain and shortness of breath (Flower and et. al., 2020).
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology is usually useful aspect which help to indicate the brief elaboration of
the concept of the Pneumothorax and their stage which may be responsible for the complication.
In addition, the intrapleural pressure which is normally negative that indicate it is less than
atmospheric pressure. The main reason behind this is inwards lungs and outwards chest wall is
recoil. The air is usually the pleural space from context outside the chest from the lung with the
mediastinal tissue planes or with the direct pleural perforation. The intrapleural enhanced and
lung volume decrease that show inversely proportional concept with both.
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The Pneumothorax causing the progressive rise which is based on the intrapleural pressure
to the aspect of level which is based on the become positive. In addition, the respiratory cyecle
and show the collision of lung, shift the mediastinum and usually impair the venous which is
return to the heart. The tension Pneumothorax is the most commonly occur in the patient that
receive the positive pressure ventilation with the aspect of mechanical ventilation which is
particular during the resuscitation. Moreover, the complication of the traumatic Pneumothorax is
happening when the chest wound is also show some of the act which is work on the valve that
used to trap in the enhancing the volume which is based on air with the pleural space during the
inspiration. Therefore, the pathophysiology indicates some of the aspect which is relevant to the
study that is based on the intrinsic or anatomical factors (Kasturi and et. al., 2021).
SYNPOSIS OF THE CASE
Presentation
The Pneumothorax is defined as the core aspect of illness which is related with the issue of
lungs. Whereas, it is defined as the complete lung collapse or the collapse which is only based on
the portion of lungs. There are sign and symptom that is related with the Pneumothorax is that
they have sharp, stabling chest that make the things more worsen when they are trying to breath.
In addition, the shortness of the breath is the common issue which is associated with
Pneumothorax and other one is fatigue, bluish skin which is caused due to the lack of oxygen.
Overall, the issue may cause the situation that is life threatening (Leonhard and et. al., 2019).
Management
Physiological basis of practice: The physiological basis of practice which is related with the
aspect of management follow some of the preparation which include if the small area of the lung
is usually collapsed then the healthcare professional firmly monitors with the help of X-rays. It is
analysing until the absorbed and lung will be expanded. It may take some of the week. In
addition, the needle aspiration or the chest tube insertion is also a method for the Pneumothorax
that include:
Needle aspiration: A hollow needle with the small flexible tube which is known as
catheter is usually inserted into the air filled space that pushing on the lungs that collapsed. The
doctor usually removes the needle, attach the syringe to the small flexible tube and pull out the
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air which is excess. The catheter leaves for few hours in order to ensure the lung is prolonged
and Pneumothorax does not repeat (Plojoux and et. al., 2019).
Chest tube insertion: In this, the flexible chest tube is usually inserted in the air filled
space which must be attached to the one-way valve device that persistently removes the air from
the chest activity.
Pharmacological basis of practice: As a pharmacological basis the surgery is the major option
with the proper medication which play role in the decline of Pneumothorax. Therefore, the
surgery is the last option which is essential to close to air leak. In some of the cases, the surgery
is usually performed through the small aspect of incision by using the tiny fibre optic camera and
narrow handed surgical tools. The medication include in this is sclerosing agent which is based
on the talc and doxycycline and many more. The prophylactic antibiotic is not recommended for
the placement of chest tube in non-traumatic causes.
Outcome
The physiological practice and pharmacological practice usually plat vital role in the declining of
the issue which is related with Pneumothorax. The excess of the air is usually removed from
chest is the major aim during the Pneumothorax. In this, the physiological practice usually covers
the small portion rather the pharmacological practice covers the surgery which is not treated with
the help of tricks that majorly place during the minor Pneumothorax issue (Tucker and et. al.,
2020).
ANALYSIS AND BEST PRACTICE
Analysis
With the above study, it is optimising that there are number of people who is usually facing
the issue of Pneumothorax that require instant support and care for the treatment which minimise
the risk. There are some of the aspect which is based on the Pneumothorax is usually create
complication due to chronic nature of the disease, they are majorly associated with the patient
lungs which may create difficulties in the breathing and also declining rate of respiration due the
collision that analyse within the individual lungs. The Pneumothorax is usually reducing by
using the method that is related with physiological management practice or also they can be also
treated with the help of pharmacological intervention (Wang, Gao, Zheng, and Jiang, 2020).
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In this, there are differential diagnosis that related with the spontaneous pneumothorax that
basically include pneumonia, acute asthma exacerbation, bronchitis, pulmonary embolism, aortic
dissection and the many more facto which is relatable with the Pneumothorax, therefore, they
require proper aspect that create understanding that is associated in order to remove the
complexities. In this, the accountable complication which is associated with the Pneumothorax
are usually include effusion, haemorrhage, empyema and failure of respiration system is the
major complication that create complication in term of patient who is dealing with Pneumothorax
occurrence.
In addition, the clinical manifestation is also analysing with the Pneumothorax that show
the patient presented with some of the context that include they have sudden onset of dyspnoea
and pleuritic chest pain. Therefore, the overall analysis provides an indication which is
associated with the people complication with Pneumothorax that is based on different aspect.
The intervention and strategies are used to follow in order to control the complication.
Discussion of best practice
The physiological intervention is most appropriate method which is used within the
Pneumothorax because they do not create any complication with the anatomical context and the
excess of the air is removed whereas, the pharmacological intervention of practice is somehow
typical and create incision and other medication to heal and take long time but productive as per
the vision of doctor and physician. The pharmacological management include surgery for the
removal of excess of the air for the chest or the region of lungs (Wilson, Rymeski, X. and
Hardie, 2021).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is determining that the Pneumothorax is refers the life
threatening disease which may be cause due to the aspect of shortness of breath and major
complication of failure of respiratory system. In addition, the intervention is identified in the
form of practice which is related with physiology and pharmacology. There are number of
process and procedure are used within the treatment of Pneumothorax with the help non surgery
and surgery. It depends on the volume of air which is compress within the chest wall.
Accordingly, the procedure is used which reduce and prevent the condition which is critical in
terms of Pneumothorax.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Cut and et. al., 2021. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, pneumopericardium and
subcutaneous emphysema—Not so uncommon complications in Patients with COVID-19
pulmonary infection—A series of cases. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(7), p.1346.
Flower and et. al., 2020. Tension pneumothorax in a patient with COVID-19. BMJ Case Reports
CP, 13(5), p.e235861.
Kasturi and et. al., 2021. Delayed recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax post-recovery from
COVID-19 infection. Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 37(5),
pp.551-553.
Leonhard and et. al., 2019. Determining optimal needle size for decompression of tension
pneumothorax in children–a CT-based study. Scandinavian journal of trauma,
resuscitation and emergency medicine, 27(1), pp.1-7.
Plojoux and et. al., 2019. New insights and improved strategies for the management of primary
spontaneous pneumothorax. The Clinical Respiratory Journal, 13(4), pp.195-201.
Tucker and et. al., 2020. Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum secondary to COVID-19
disease unrelated to mechanical ventilation. Case reports in critical care, 2020.
Wang, W., Gao, R., Zheng, Y. and Jiang, L., 2020. COVID-19 with spontaneous pneumothorax,
pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. Journal of travel medicine, 27(5),
p.taaa062.
Wilson, P.M., Rymeski, B., Xu, X. and Hardie, W., 2021. An evidence‐based review of primary
spontaneous pneumothorax in the adolescent population. Journal of the American College
of Emergency Physicians Open, 2(3), p.e12449.
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