Natural Selection and Immunological Differences in Species

Running head: PROPOSAL
PROPOSAL
Topic: Natural selection contribute to the variation in the
immunological differences in different species
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PROPOSAL
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background of the research...................................................................................................3
1.2 Rationale of the research.......................................................................................................4
1.3 Research aim..........................................................................................................................5
1.4 Hypothesis of the research.....................................................................................................5
1.5 Significance of the research...................................................................................................5
2. Proposed methods........................................................................................................................5
2.1 Research design.....................................................................................................................5
2.2 Data collection process..........................................................................................................6
2.3 Inclusion and exclusion criteria.............................................................................................6
2.4 Data analysis..........................................................................................................................7
3. Conclusions..................................................................................................................................7
Reference List..................................................................................................................................9

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PROPOSAL
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the research
It has been long identified that the differences in the population vary depending on their ability
to resists against the immune-related diseases. Several test and researchers were done to
understand how the variation in the genetic makeup of the population in addition to the natural
selection contributes to creating differences between the populations. According to some
researchers, 9.3% of the macrophages- express genetic material reflects ancestry-associated
differences (Williams, 2018).
These differences result in a response, which is gene regulatory affecting infection. For example,
in the case of the African ancestry, there is a strong inflammatory response with a reduced
bacterial growth intracellular observed to attain through natural selection (Nedelec et al., 2016).
Again it is known that the responses of the host immune functions vary based on the genetic
makeup. The variability in the host has found to affect the distribution of the variations in
antigens. Further, as stated by researchers genetic polymorphism is found to affect the regulation
of the immune response (Hargreaves et al., 2015). This genetic polymorphism is developed due
to natural selection.
As per Boyle et al. (2017), natural selection provides a quantitative trait supporting the
immune defence. It has been observed that the parasites can present threats to the living species.
These threats have resulted in affecting the ecological as well as evolutionary processes of the
species. According to the evolutionary theory, the immune trait has the capability of stabilizing
the selection. This depends on the relation between the immune function as well as the life
history of the species. Several empirical data are available that supports the positive selection
and variation of the genetic composition result in the species.
These were found to affect the fitness components and the immune traits of the species.
According to certain researches, it has been documented that extensive variation in the different
species includes around 259 variants. These variants include around 12 genes of innate
immunity. This development and changes in the innate immune system genes are observed in
an Indian population where the incidence of a load of pathogens like malaria parasite was very
high. Genetic variation is essential for natural selection as natural selection can only decrease or
increase frequency of alleles. Natural selection can occur without or with the environmental area.
In addition, directional selection occurs when in case natural selection provides favour to one
extreme on the other side, disruptive selection creates when natural selection provides favour to
both extreme and continuous variations (Brunner & Eizaguirre, 2016). Rabbit cannot have the
different fur colour if they want as the fur colour comes from genetic mutation.
1.2 Rationale of the research
Many researchers have highlighted the importance of the infectious disease which has increased
the rate of human evolution (Quintana-Murci, 2016). Thus throughout the generation in the
human population, the resistance alleles in the genetic material start spreading with time.
However, it is important to understand the extent the one can exploit the natural selection theory
on the variation in the human genetic material. Although this process has been considered to be a