Psychology - Paper Critique

This paper critique explores the impact of social media, specifically Instagram, on romantic relationships. It examines the role of self-esteem and narcissism in shaping attitudes and behaviors within relationships. The article provides a literature review, methodology, and statistical analysis of the data gathered through an online survey. It also discusses the positive and negative effects of social media on relationships.

Psychology - paper
critique - individual
differences

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Background information.........................................................................................................1
Previous literature...................................................................................................................1
Literature review....................................................................................................................2
Rationale ................................................................................................................................3
Hypothesis .............................................................................................................................4
Method.............................................................................................................................................4
Design used in article.............................................................................................................4
Variables used in article.........................................................................................................5
Material and procedure used..................................................................................................5
Ethical guidelines...................................................................................................................6
RESULT..........................................................................................................................................6
Statistical analysis..................................................................................................................6
Sufficient data ........................................................................................................................7
Table and graph labelled........................................................................................................7
DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................................9
Summary.................................................................................................................................9
Interpretation of result............................................................................................................9
Result support hypotheses....................................................................................................10
Limitation.............................................................................................................................10
Contribution..........................................................................................................................10
Conclusion............................................................................................................................10
GENERAL COMMENTS.............................................................................................................11
Presentation..........................................................................................................................11
Psychological language........................................................................................................11
Writing style.........................................................................................................................11
Referencing consistent..........................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Background information
The information provided within the article is sufficient as it clearly depict the main
concept behind the research topic. The information presented for support this article is mentioned
over the Instagram as a social networking site and changes that it brings within the relationship
that partners share due to changes anticipated in the way of sharing feelings, interacting etc. In
addition to this it also present the information regarding both the positive and negative changes
that get anticipated with the increasing use of social media among people for maintain their
romantic relationship. This present a clear picture by explaining that concept or depicting the
whole story that the researcher want to study over this topic. Hence the information presented
within the article is appropriate and clearly explain the main aim behind the research topic. It
explains that Internet today become a most crucial part of everyone's life which reduces the time
barriers among the interaction of people by providing them a digital platform to interact and
share their feeling, thoughts or information with their loved ones. The active internet users
throughout the world uses social networking site (SNS) as a medium of communication for
maintaining their personal relationship (Lee and et. al., 2019). This paper reflects a light over
demonstrating the influence of digital technology as well as social networking sites over the
romantic relationships. Further information can also be include by the authors within article
which make it more clear and understandable for the readers. This information can be about the
basic concept over which report depends such as Social networking sites have played a major
role in forming up a the social as well as romantic relationship as online platform provide more
access to broader network instead of an offline relationship (Guerrero, Andersen and Afifi,
2017).
Previous literature
For presenting this clearly specific gist from the previous report has been taken into
consider so that proper understanding can be presented over the current paper. In previous
literature, it has been suggested that the use of Facebook has increase the chances of obtaining
additional information regarding the social interaction performed by the partner which leads to
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creation of jealousy or may increase the concern about the relationship. Hence the content from
the previous investigation has been presented by the author in order to use it as a base to present
further investigation over social media networking sites by making use of another application i.e.
Instagram. Therefore, the information from previous literature is presented along with the current
information to compare one another and support the information. But on the other side Instagram
provide a platform which is not text based rather it is photography based platform which provide
a different medium to people for sharing their feelings. Hence this report focuses over
determining the impact of Instagram over the romantic relationship of customer and evaluating
its result on the bases of two behavioural factor such as self-esteem and narcissism.
Literature review
The presented article cover up the literature in an appropriate manner by presenting the
detailed information regarding the topic by providing several aspects it involves. It present the
information regarding SNS relationship that provide several medium through which people can
express their feeling to their partners and strengthen their bond in a relationship with their
partners. Hence, the literature presented literature in effective manner as it consider each and
every aspect of the current topic. Despite of this it also contain information regarding both the
positive and negative impact which social media sites bring to an individual life who maintain
the romantic relationship. Therefore, it can be said that it consider each and every aspect of the
information so that the topic can be explained in effective manner by using the literature review
which represent whole information much clearly so that readers become able to develop
understanding regarding the changes that has bought by social media networking within
relationships and reason behind that. This is because it is consider to be a best medium of
expressing their feelings. But on the other side, SNS relationship can also have a darkest side by
involving practices like monitoring the activities of partner. Seeking romantic alternatives or
increasing jealousy (Sorokowski and et. al., 2015). These all may lead to increase in the conflicts
among the partners which affect the sweetness of their relationship. Instagram has provided a
platform where people express their feeling with the help of pictures and videos. With the help of
several kinds of self-exhibition visualization as well as status update, it has been identified that
personality trait positively influence the self image such as self-esteem and narcissism that are
linked with the Instagram usage posting behaviour. In term of romantic relationship, the factors
like narcissism and self esteem have different effect over the loving relationship that brings up
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different relationship outcome. Like, individuals that are high over narcissism involves more
concomitant benefits and less commitment within relationship. On other side individuals with
high self-esteem stay in romantic and stable relationship. In the light of this, individuals may
have positive attitude toward the behaviour they present while interacting such as liking their
shares and instantly messaging them with potential relationship partners (Hill, 2014). Thus, it
can be said that people with high narcissism reflect a positive attitude toward positing the
photographs of their loved ones. But on the other side the people who stand high over the self-
esteem usually present greater trust within their self-worth and love to their partners which
creates satisfaction among the romantic relationship of people. Since these people not favour
interactions with the potential partner when they are in relationship but they do not use SNS as a
medium for finding other alternative romantic partners.
In addition to this, it also presented that the more use of SNS and positing of picture
brings sometimes negativity among the partner which creates conflicts. In such cases, people are
less loyal to their mates likely to accept friend request from others who are potentially in
romantic interest and started interacting with them which results into conflict, divorce, conflicts
etc. But unlike text-based SNS, Instagram has gained popularity as per the photography based
platform which allows users to share their feeling and special moment of life with visual image
and short videos and evident it by using hashtag (Sorokowski and et. al., 2015).
The literature review provided within the article is appropriate as current study focuses
over examining the influence of self-esteem and narcissism within two different contexts i.e.
interaction with the potential dating partner and presenting the current partner on social
networks. This paper critique focuses over showcasing the positive and negative influence of
Instagram over the relationship of couples by studying about their psychology while SNS by
judging the factors like narcissism and self-esteem (Choi and et. al., 2015). This will also involve
the discussion of previous literature which depict about the general use of SNS within the
romantic relationship but the current study extend this scope by focusing over the attitude and
behavioural intention toward potential and current romantic relationship.
Rationale
The rationale presented for this report is clear as it represent the main aim behind
conducting of this report i.e. role that self-esteem and narcissism plays in presenting the
individual attitude toward the behaviour in current as well as possible romantic relationship by
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considering the Instagram as the main promoter of such relationship (Dredge, Gleeson and De la
Piedad Garcia, 2014). This support in presenting the information regarding several aspects that
are involved within the Instagram or other social networking sites which directly or indirectly
influence the romantic relationship of people. This is because SNS guide or direct the behaviour
of people in a manner in which they use such platform to share their views or feeling and manner
in which they maintain their relationship. Despite of this it also focuses over determining the
positive and negative impact of Instagram and other SNS on the romantic relationship, so that
proper influence can be determine by using this platforms.
Hypothesis
The Hypothesis for this article has been state clearly as it properly depict about the main
aim behind conducting the investigation and criteria that are used for performing investigation
effectively so that data can be gather against hypothesis in order to prove them right or wrong.
This will support the researcher in getting direction regarding the area to be consider for
performing investigation in effective manner. The hypothesis of this report are mentioned
below,
1. Narcissism predict positively about the attitude and intention of an individual to
communicate with potential romantic mate over Instagram while in relationship.
2. Self-esteem negatively predict the attitudes toward and intention for communicating with
the partner on Instagram while in a relationship.
3. Narcissism positively identify the attitude toward behaviour related with the current
romantic partners on Instagram within a relationship
4. Self-esteem positively determine the attitude toward behaviour related with current
romantic partner on Instagram while in relationship.
Method
Design used in article
The methods or techniques used for performing investigation plays a crucial role within
the final outcome of an investigation as it help in providing a direction in term of gathering,
analysing, evaluating and interpreting the information so that proper outcome can be extract for
supporting the hypothesis created. This investigation is based on the use of Instagram in
formulating the attitude or behaviour toward the current or potential relationship of people using
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STS. For perform this investigation descriptive research design used which is easier to determine
while going through this article as the content is presented with more explanation that support in
providing proper understanding among the readers regarding this topic (Brailovskaia and
Bierhoff, 2016). The design is more appropriate as the data is gathered by considering qualitative
mean within the support of main aim of investigation so that proper estimation can be provided
over the area or number of people being observed for this investigation. But on the other side,
current report is based on a social concept or situation that is required to be presented in detail
and descriptive manner for making it interesting and understood to the reader as in this topic
statistical information would not be able to represent the concept which author wants to raise.
This is because it require description of these information to make to information more clear
which support in determining the accuracy of information available so that readers be able to
determine the actual cause that Instagram is creating within the romantic relationship of people.
Variables used in article
In order to conduct this investigation three variables are being used i.e. Narcissism, self-
esteem and Likert scales which support in measuring the data gathered and help in concluding
the result of investigation performed. Among them Narcissism and self-esteem are the those
factors over which the questions are being formulated by the researcher in order to gather the
information. In addition to this the Likert scale also used as a variable which consists of 7 main
points over which the answers provided by the respondents will be scale and measured to bring
up desired outcome.
Material and procedure used
Within the presented article the material required for performing investigation is not
mentioned clearly but the procedure for conducting the investigation is clearly defined. The
procedure for performing the investigation is presented more clearly by the reader in term of
each and every step which it consider by them to perform the investigation effectively. It will
support the reader in determining the methods, sources as well as process which is used to
perform investigation which represent the reliability of investigation. This is because it help in
determining the systematic flow which is consider by the researcher to perform investigation. In
this article it has been presented that information is firstly gathered from secondary sources to
perform a literature review with the help of various journals, online articles, newspaper etc. so
that literature review can be performed in a manner that help in developing an understanding
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about the basic concept or area of discussion within the report. On the other side, primary
information is gathered by performing an online survey which was conducted over Korean
people. The main reason behind conducting the survey is to gather larger amount of data on
quickly basis. For performing this online survey an open ended questionnaire has been
formulated which support in specifying the area over which respondents have to present
information. For this online survey, 310 respondents are being selected. The procedure followed
for performing the online survey for this investigation begins with the recruiting the respondents
from the online panel within Korea where the condition was presented that only the active
Instagram users are allowed to participate within this survey. After selection 310 respondents
among which 300 (150 female) were included within the final sample after eliminating the 10
respondents (Isaranon, 2016).
Ethical guidelines
While performing this investigation ethics has been considered in term of informed
consent where the respondents are already being discussed about the main aim and reason behind
conducting this project so that they would be able to present their responds in fair manner.
Despite of this, confidentiality of respondents are also kept to be secured and decided not to
disclosed it among public which help in keeping them free from any kind of fear or anxiety.
RESULT
Statistical analysis
The information presented within the article is sufficient to compliment the main aim
over which whole investigation is based. In this investigation data is gathered through the online
survey and information gathered has then evaluated with the help of statistical analysis which is
presented through article in summarised manner. Hence, it performed statistical analysis in
effective manner over the data gathered from the survey which support the investigator in
comparing it with the hypothesis that was created for setting up the criteria of investigation. In
addition to this the information is also sufficient for the reader to understand the motive behind
the information which it present. For presenting this information several techniques has been
used such as average, regression and correlation so that appropriate understanding can be
developed. These statistical methods are appropriate as average of responses will support in
weighting the most common answer which make it easier to interprets particular concept despite
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of evaluating all the available factors. On other side regression support in determining the actual
relationship between two variable i.e. Narcissism with persons behaviour in its romantic
relationship and so on. Apart from this correlation method is also appropriate for this
investigation as it help in making better prediction by presenting a view regarding where a high
correlation exist among two variables.
Sufficient data
The researcher has gathered sufficient data by presenting the questionnaire to around 310
respondents which help in ensuring bulk availability of information so that it can be evaluated
and then presented in more meaningful manner. Hence, it can be said that it contain appropriate
information which is required to support the hypothesis in effective manner. The data gathered
by researcher is consider sufficient as it perform overall investigation over the positive and
negative side of the SNS relationship along with comparing it with the last performed
investigation. From this analysis it has been found that the Narcissism has a positive correlation
with the all outcome variables, on the other side self-esteem is negatively associated with the
attitude of people toward potential romantic partner behaviour but have a positive behaviour
toward posting picture within a romantic manner. For this number of hierarchical multiple
regression has been performed that support in testing the influence of individual different
variable over the attitude toward behaviour of romantic relationship on Instagram.
Table and graph labelled
The tables given within the article for representing the information are clear and labelled
appropriately which doesn't create any confusion on the reader's side as they get a clear view
regarding the which table shows the data and in what direction. From this, it has been found that
the individuals that are high within the narcissism are more likely to providing such behaviour
that open ups door for building up alternative romantic relationship over Instagram even though
they were already being within a relationship.
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DISCUSSION
Summary
After evaluating the article it has been found that the results are summarised properly as
it clearly depict about the factor in which majority of people are in favour along with the
presenting correlation among the variable that are considered within the questions to determine
the views of respondents. By performing the investigation and evaluation of data it has been
found that the attitude toward Instagram use while in a relationship is differ as per the personality
characteristics as narcissism and self-esteem results into different view point of the romantic
potential partners (Goodcase, 2019). Apart from this it has been found that the people who still
high over the narcissism and in a relationship present a positive attitude while interacting the
partner, attitude approaches from potential partner and experiencing of interaction from the
partner(More, Phillips and Colman, 2019). With the previously performed literature it has been
determined that the individuals that are having high self esteem tend to have both value to their
relationship that they are holding currently and practising things to make it stronger y maintain
their romantic bond with the partner (Hensley, 2018).
Interpretation of result
The researcher has interpreted the data in appropriately by summarising all the
information with the help of table but if the questions that are being asked by the respondents
may also be mentioned by them, then it will be more appropriate as it develop understanding in
more effective manner. After interpretation of data it has been cleared that Instagram is a
platform which provide people a chance to present themselves visually and remain connected
with others without any kind of regional boundaries which help in confirming their beliefs
toward the attractiveness and fulfilment of desire to pursue the multiple dating to the people as
well as for one who are seeking for the romantic partner. This become possible because the
platform of Instagram allows the individuals to get engaged with the private communication i.e.
direct messages with the online only friends including those who are unknown to one's current
loved one. These kind of behaviour give rise to miss understanding among the people sharing
romantic relationship and as a result of which it detrimental to romantic relationship. This results
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into creation of desire among individuals to maintain more then one relationship within their life
by interacting with people using SNS.
Result support hypotheses
The results support the hypothesis and information presented by investigator also clearly
showcase the relationship of variable over which the hypothesis put emphases. In addition to this
the questions for the survey are being formulated by the investigator as per the main topic of
investigation and the criteria over which the hypothesis are being formulated. Hence it can be
said that the research outcomes support the hypothesis in effective manner and proves tehm right
by supporting it with the primary as well as secondary information. The outcome of this
investigation has been represented as the people that are having high narcissism and self-esteem
were similar within the Instagram activities that are related with the current loved ones. In this
narcissism significantly predict all kind of attitude toward the online behaviour which involves
posting picture taken by the romantic partners, positing the photos of partner and disclosing the
information about the romantic partner (Durvasula, 2015). These finding are on behalf of the
previous performed investigation from the studies of narcissism within a relationship from which
it has been found that romantic relationship which offer servers to shape narcissistic self-
construction within which people exploit relationship which express about the affirm narcissistic
esteem, superiority and enhancing the positive self view.
Limitation
The limitation for this investigation are not mentioned properly which is a missing factor
about this investigation as limitation of research not only help in presenting the authenticity of
work but also support other investors to consider those factors while performing their future
invest9igation to present information more effectively.
Contribution
The contribution is also not mentioned within the investigation which make it unclear for
the readers to relate the sources used for performing investigation and their role within
representing the final outcome.
Conclusion
The current report is presented in a manner that support in help in concluding the findings
and understanding in effective manner. The investigator has fully conclude the findings that are
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being identified through the investigation. For this investigator has concluded the basic factors of
the investigation in order to provide gist to whole investigation and relevant information which is
gathered from the investigation. From this report it can be concluded that present study explains
about the relationship between the individual differences and the use of Instagram with the
romantic partner and with the potential. The finding of this study will support the researcher and
practitioner alike further understanding the importance of individual difference as well as its
influence over the relationship which is related with the behaviour on the social media. In
addition to this it also identified that the people sharing the narcissism behaviour likely to have
or try for maintain multiple relationship that get formed over the SNS and the people having self-
esteem remains loyal to their partners and use Instagram to show their loved to their romantic
partner despite of interacting with other to form a new relationship.
GENERAL COMMENTS
Presentation
The presentation of article is not that much good as the introduction is missing and
hypothesis are also not presented by supporting the content of literature review instead
hypothesis are presented after the literature review.
Psychological language
The article contains psychological language by using several keywords which represent
the mental situation that an individual have while using Instagram or other SNS in a romantic
relationship.
Writing style
The writing style is clear as the content written in support of research topic compliment
the information provided by the investigator which make it more easy for the researcher to
understand the reader.
Referencing consistent
The referencing used within this investigation is not appropriately consistent as it also
involve the data which is gathered from the articles that are published by more then 10 years ago
but it involves updated information as majority of references are from current 6 years.
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REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Dredge, R., Gleeson, J., & De la Piedad Garcia, X. (2014). Cyberbullying in social networking
sites: An adolescent victim’s perspective. Computers in human behavior. 36. 13-20.
Durvasula, R. (2015). Should I Stay Or Should I Go: Surviving A Relationship with a Narcissist.
Simon and Schuster.
Goodcase, E. (2019). Every picture tells a story: A directive content analysis of the investment
model on Instagram posts for new romantic relationships (Doctoral dissertation).
Guerrero, L. K., Andersen, P. A., & Afifi, W. A. (2017). Close encounters: Communication in
relationships. Sage Publications.
Hensley, R. E. (2018). Why Do You (Un) Friend? Motivations for Friending and Unfriending
Others on Facebook (Doctoral dissertation, San Diego State University).
Hill, C. L. (2014). An investigation of the connections between use of Facebook and the self-
esteem/well-being of students with disabilities in the University Of Iowa Reach
Program.
Hull, J. C. Narcissism, Parenting, Complex Trauma: The Emotional Consequences Created for
Children by Narcissistic Parents Donna M. Mahoney, Lucy Rickspoone and.
Isaranon, Y. (2016). Narcissism and affirmation of the ideal self on social media in Thailand
(Doctoral dissertation, Goldsmiths, University of London).
Lee, E. & et. al., (2019). Using Instagram While “In a Relationship”. Journal of Individual
Differences.
More, K. R., Phillips, L. A., & Colman, M. H. E. (2019). Evaluating the potential roles of body
dissatisfaction in exercise avoidance. Body image, 28, 110-114.
Brailovskaia, J., & Bierhoff, H. W. (2016). Cross-cultural narcissism on Facebook: Relationship
between self-presentation, social interaction and the open and covert narcissism on a
social networking site in Germany and Russia. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 251-
257.
Choi, M. & et. al., (2015). When social media isn’t social: Friends’ responsiveness to narcissists
on Facebook. Personality and Individual Differences. 77. 209-214.
Sorokowski, P. & et. al., (2015). Selfie posting behaviors are associated with narcissism among
men. Personality and Individual Differences. 85. 123-127.
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