Analysis of Public Health Interventions

The provided assignment is an analysis of public health interventions, focusing on their effectiveness and the cultural practices that either hinder or support them. The report discusses various interventions, including antiretroviral drugs for treating HIV infection, public health approaches to mass gatherings, and addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health care. It also emphasizes the importance of ethical laws in medical practice and highlights the role of effective public health interventions in developing society.

Public Health

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Present document has presented the capability of the interventions within the particular
subject and i.e. obesity. Basically, there are food and eating habits, lack of nutrients knowledge,
promote healthy eating, supersize culture and more are said to be some of the crucial cultural
practices within the England, which basically aid in focusing upon all the global health issues.
These has also helped in enhancing or raising the standardisation for individuals in regards to the
healthcare. On the other side, it can also be said that an investigator could utilise both
quantitative along with the qualitative approaches in order to improve the overall interventions in
specified time frame. Basically, these approaches would aid in improving the benefits and hitting
the targets of developing the interventions for a particular subject.
If it is talked about effectiveness and efficiency of the intervention, then it could be
considered as one of the most crucial approach, which is required to be followed by a developer
at the time of delivering an intervention in regards to obesity, Away with this, basically
developing an intervention and in order to spread it at global level, there are a range of tools that
can be utilised to spread awareness in regards to the benefits that they majorly carries. This
would help in improving the overall performance level of the intervention and reduce all the
chances of increasing obesity in all over the world.
1

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
1. Identify and critically discuss four cultural practices in England that could be a help and a
hindrance to the intervention..................................................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
2. Explain how a qualitative and quantitative evaluation could be carried out for this
intervention.............................................................................................................................7
.............................................................................................................................................12
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................13
3. Evaluate the ethical consideration that could arise from the delivery of this intervention.
Outline 2 ways the intervention could be of benefit to global health and 2 ways the providers
could be held accountable ?..................................................................................................13
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................15
4. Discuss how the effectiveness and efficiency of the intervention will be determined. ...15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17
2

INTRODUCTION
Public health is considered as the art and science of curing or preventing disease so that
human beings can live longer on the earth. Medical industry mainly focuses on finding out
different measures with the help of which safety of communal health can be improved in positive
manner. The main measures of public health includes formulation of policies, educations and
research by which injury can be prevented in effective manner (Rosen, 2015). The present report
is based on the public health intervention within England. The main health issue chosen for
present report is obesity in England. The main intervention which could be used government of
UK in order to overcome Obesity issue is that the government should finalise certain standards
for the fast food manufacturer that they will not produce fast food up to certain level of calories.
The report will include discussion on different cultural practices in England which supports and
hinders the chosen intervention. Further, it reflects that quantitative and qualitative evaluation
which could help out in carrying out effective intervention. Along with this, it also evaluates
ethical consideration that could arise from the delivery of this intervention. It also includes two
different ways that helps in providing benefits to global health and 2 different ways that are
accountable for the providers. At last, it covers discussion on effectiveness and efficiency of the
intervention that will be determined in effective manner.
TASK 1
1. Identify and critically discuss four cultural practices in England that could be a help and a
hindrance to the intervention
The current intervention which has been taken by government of England is that they
clearly gives specific guidelines to fast food manufacturer to not produce fast food items by
crossing certain limit. It has been analysed that there are certain specific cultural practices that
clearly promotes these interventions and also works negatively as for these intervention too. It
has been analysed that basic culture of England support fast food eating habits. These habits
ultimately impacts negatively on the health of individual who consumes lots of these junk items.
As a result, they becomes victim of obesity. On the other hand, it has been later analysed that
these eating habits of individual places negative impact over the health of individuals which
ultimately impacts over their overall lifespan (Baum, 2016). In addition to this, it can be further
said that culture plays an essential role in the growth of every nation as it supports individuals in
3

living better life style. Along with this, it also contributes in providing better lifestyle to people
of England as they get better lifestyle to live a better lifestyle.
Food and eating habits: Modern day cultural practice of England includes food and
eating habits of people of United Kingdom. This means that people of this city are habitual of
using these fast food as it gives them higher level of satisfaction and taste experience. It has been
that the people of this nation gives priority to the fast food as it is easily available to them at low
cost. Along with this, they also feels that taste of these food item is good enough to satisfy them
at highest level. The culture of It has been identified that the chosen intervention works negative
for this cultural practice because, this food eating habits places negative impact over the efforts
of government because, when these manufactures will produce healthy food that it would not be
possible for them to develop products along with the taste (Gostin and Wiley, 2016). In addition
to this, it can also be said that there are numerous of people who will directly avoid eating food
produced by these manufacturers because recently developed products are not of good taste. As a
result, there are probable chances that business manufacturers of fast food industry will face
trouble in terms of sales performance as number of their customers reduces day by day. While
understanding positive influence of this practice, it has been analysed that there are numerous of
businesses which get positive influence of customers as they gives more preference to the those
companies who concerns about their health.
Lack of nutrients knowledge: This is consider to be a main reason behind increase in
the obesity of people within England and as people don't have much knowledge regarding the
things that they must consumer and up-to what quantity in order to remain healthier. The main
reason behind this is culture of that particular region where people are more foodie and have an
unmanaged dietary habit. Hence, it is very essential for an individual to have thorough
knowledge regarding the quantity of calorie or fat there are gaining over each diet for having an
understanding regarding up-to what extend they must cut up the ingredients. This help them in
reducing the issues that are arising due to obesity.
For reducing the quantity of obesity among the people of England the government has
taken several actions and also set up some standard that food manufacturer must followed in
order to offer healthier food to people. In these standard the quantity of calorie has been fixed by
government that are essential for a person to intake (Brownson and et. al., 2017). In addition to
this the rule has also been passed that it is essential to mention the ingredients that are mixed
4

within particular food along with nutrient label so that people can identify them and purchase
according to their health condition. But despite of all this lack of knowledge among food
manufacturers may also become a major issue for the people as they may not prepare food
accordingly which creates more chances of obesity.
Promote healthy eating: The rate of obesity has gone up in fast few years due to
introduction of unhealthy junk foods. This has attracted many young people to consume it. By
looking at this problem, UK government has started conducting awareness programs together
with free yoga classes in order to cultivate the habit of being fit and healthy. It is a good and
effective initiative taken by the government as obesity is a serious issue which needs a
permanent solution. This will help in motivating people to incorporate healthy habits which will
further reduce their weight and make them have weight proportionate to their height and weight
(World Health Organization, 2016). This will mitigate cardio-vascular problems which is a major
cause of death at early age. Also, there will be a control on cholesterol level which is a hub to
many other diseases. On the other hand, it has been identify that there are numerous of people
who gives effective support to government as they thinks it supports them in living a better
lifestyle.
Supersize culture: Culture is considered as major factor in making people obese during
their lifetime. Individual are consuming fast food because it is easily affordable by them but it
has low contents of nutrients but high in fats, refined sugar and calories which contributes in
making people obese during their life time for long term. As per traditional concept culture give
more value to heavy weight over less weight. The trend of super or over size culture emerged
because of traditional thinking of society as people think that oversized people are more healthy.
The intervention of obesity is prioritize individual-level risk behaviours. Moreover, individuals
are considered responsible parties to make rational, informed choices required to change their
diet and activity patterns. To overcome this problem government plays very crucial role in
England. Here the government can set or fix standards for fat content (World Health
Organization, 2015). Also, influences restaurants and fast food chain to produce and prepare
food products that contains more of healthy content as compared to refined sugar and fats. The
super size culture is initiated as fast food restaurants are located near by where it is difficult to
obtain healthy food. Now-a-days restaurants and hotel majorly focus on increasing more of
healthy content which can be salads, green vegetables, lentils, soups and many more.
5

The cultural is essential in shaping beliefs and practices which relates to food and eating
pattern along with perceptions and attitude of people about weight and health. The government
can adopt culture- centred approach for studying determinants of obesity which emphasis on
promoting healthy eating habits among people of England. It can also be said that family has
important role to enable and nurture healthy eating habits. Further, to reduce obesity community
can be engaged which will help in developing and transmission of programmes related to
hypertension and obesity (Kolodny and et. al., 2015). Their is negative impact on health of
people consuming fast food as they are not aware about the fact that this leads to many diseases
like hypertension and cancer. Super size culture can lay positive impact on economy as this
shows that country or economy is well established and developed and people & country both are
healthy in terms of health and money both and are free from diseases.
TASK 2
2. Explain how a qualitative and quantitative evaluation could be carried out for this intervention.
Qualitative and quantitative both are essential research which will help heath and social care to
carry out health (Obesity) intervention in England. Qualitative research is essential which will
help an investigator by providing quality data whereas quantitative research is also essential for
an investigator by giving information in percentage and hard facts. For this, questionnaire will
be prepared for people who have to faced obesity.
Quantitative evaluation: For quantitative evaluation, 40 respondents have been chosen with the
use of probability sampling.
Questionnaire
Question 1: Are you aware with the concept of public intervention?
a)Yes
b)No
Question 2: Does public intervention of obesity benefits health and safety of people?
a)Yes
b) May be
c) No
Question 3: Standards of obesity public intervention on food producing companies of UK must
be related with:
6

a) Food manufacturing
b) Food processing
c) Food packaging
d) All of the above
Question 4: Does this public intervention will impact on profitability of food producing
companies of UK?
a) Yes
b) No
Question 1: Are you aware with the concept of public intervention? Frequency
 Yes 30.00%
 No 10.00%
Question 2: Does public intervention of obesity benefits health and safety
of people?
Frequency
a. Yes 30.00%
b. May be 8.00%
c. No 2.00%
Question 3: Standards of obesity public intervention on food producing
companies of UK must be related with:
Frequency
a. Food manufacturing 10.00%
b. Food processing 10.00%
c. Food packaging 10.00%
d. All of the above 10.00%
Question 4: Does this public intervention will impact on profitability of
food producing companies of UK?
Frequency
a. Yes 30.00%
b. No 10.00%
Theme 1: Awareness with the concept of public intervention among people leave in London
Question 1: Are you aware with the concept of public intervention? Frequency
7

 Yes 30.00%
 No 10.00%
30
10
Yes
No
Interpretation: From the above mentioned information, it has been concluded Awareness with
the concept of public intervention among people leave in London . For this, 30% out of 401%
respondents have knowledge about the concept of public intervention. On the other side,
remaining 10% respondents don't have any knowledge about the same.
Theme 2: Public intervention of obesity benefits health and safety of people
Question 2: Does public intervention of obesity benefits health and safety
of people?
Frequency
d. Yes 30
e. May be 8
f. No 2
8

30
82
Yes
May be
No
Interpretation: According to this graph, it has been concluded, importance of public
intervention of obesity for benefits of health and safety of people. For this 30% respondents have
to agreed, 8% respondents have to confused and remaining 2% respondents not agree about the
same.
Theme 3: Standards of obesity public intervention on food producing companies
Question 3: Standards of obesity public intervention on food producing
companies of UK must be related with:
Frequency
e. Food manufacturing 10
f. Food processing 10
g. Food packaging 10
h. All of the above 10
9

10
10 10
10
Food manufacturing
Food processing
Food packaging
All of the above
Interpretation: According to the above given data, it has been concluded,Standards of obesity
public intervention on food producing companies of UK . For this, respondents have equal
opinion about the Food manufacturing, Food processing, Food packaging and All of the above.
All these are consider main intervention on food producing companies of UK.
Theme 4: Public intervention will impact on profitability of food producing companies of UK
Question 4: Does this public intervention will impact on profitability of
food producing companies of UK?
Frequency
c. Yes 30
d. No 10
10

30
10
Yes
No
Interpretation: According to the above given information, it has been concluded impact
of public intervention on profitability of food producing companies of UK. For this, 30%
respondents have agreed whereas remaining 10% respondents not agree about the same.
Qualitative evaluation:
Theme 1: Standards for obesity public intervention
Question 1: What are the standards for obesity public intervention which should be imposed
on food companies of UK?
Answer: There are different standards related with obesity public intervention such as Food
manufacturing, Food processing and Food packaging. All these are essential and help an
health and social care to overcome impact on obesity among people who live in England.
Theme 2: Merits and demerits of public intervention for obesity
Question 2: What are merits and demerits of public intervention for obesity?
Answer: Public intervention help an individual who faced issue related to obesity by
providing accurate information about such issue. This intervention also has demerit because
some time it provide inaccurate information about the obesity.
11

TASK 3
3. Evaluate the ethical consideration that could arise from the delivery of this intervention.
Outline 2 ways the intervention could be of benefit to global health and 2 ways the
providers could be held accountable ?
The intervention which is built under this health report is to improve the overall
standardisation that could help in reducing the number of people that are dealing with the
obesity. The limited integration of ethics in nutrition or obesity related public health policies and
interventions is one major concern for those who have the task of implementing them. Ethical
challenges that are overlooked during the development of such interventions could raise serious
ethical issues during their implementation and even after. As a result, these decision makers need
technical support and ethical guidance for adaptation of interventions to local (cultural, social,
economic, etc.) contexts. In present context, there is a process of health promotion
communication that is basically enclosed with various types of communication approaches and
strategies to encourage people to adopt recommended health practices (Ethical Issues in
Community Interventions, 2018.). This process often entails the articulation, development,
testing, and dissemination of practical suggestions, claims, and persuasive messages within
various communication formats and media channels (including social networks) for the purpose
of promoting the health of individuals and the public as a whole. If it is talked about ethical
issues that can come in while delivering the intervention and these are given underneath:
Biasness : This is considered as one of the element in ethical consideration while
developing the inventions. Biasness is a tendency where people tend to believe whatever they
wanted to believe. Individuals across the world says that who formed these interventions are
biased in nature as they only consider the factor of obesity. There are various elements along
with obesity which need to be consider by them while developing inventions. Along with this,
biasness is a tendency or act where individuals across the world have their own perception which
is different from others. Bias can be done through ignorance, it means people who develop
inventions can ignore various other factors which is ethical in nature. Therefore, it is very
important to consider these ethical considerations in an effective manner before developing any
kind of act.
12

Balance : According to this factor, it has been said that there should be a balance
between what they need and what is required. It is necessary for them to make a balance between
required things and available things. This is also considered as one of the most effective element
while developing any invention. It is necessary for them to provide high quality products and
services and make balance between the requirements and availability of the resources. Through
this, maximum benefits could easily be gained like reduction within the obesity disorder among
individuals and more. Basically, developing balance within the two sections might help
improving the overall intervention and its impact upon individuals who are dealing within the
same section.
On the other hand, if it is talked about the benefits that intervention which was developed
for reducing the obesity is given underneath:
 Primal most benefit that can be given to global health by developed intervention is that, it
will directly help public in becoming a much more healthier than they were before.
 Another benefit, that could basically being carried out by this intervention is that it will
directly improvise the eating habits and enhance awareness as well.
Along with this, there are two reasons behind making this intervention accountable and
these are given underneath:
 Basically, there are now more then 2.1 billion adults that are basically overweight (2013)
and this was approximately 857 million individuals within the 1980. this increased with a
rate of 31% if it is computed.
 Another reason behind developing the intervention was that majorly of individuals who
were overweight 23% in Europe. On the other hand, 24% in the Eastern Mediterranean,
29% in the America as compared to other nations these were less than the expected one
(WHO | Obesity - World Health Organization, 2019).
Therefore, these are said to be some of the crucial elements why the developed
intervention in much more beneficial for the global health. Along with this, it can also be said
that setting standards for a particular subject and i.e. improving the numbers of obesity, it is may
be possible that issues might faced by developers where public would not expect the change.
Therefore, it is vital for conducting a proper research that will cover all the sections like
13

TASK 4
4. Discuss how the effectiveness and efficiency of the intervention will be determined.
Intervention is the action which is taken by government for the purpose of bring
improvement in some aspect. In the current report, England is the nation suffer from the major
issue of the obesity. The basic cause behind the emergence of this issue with high rate is about
consumption of fast food which contains high amount of calories. Large number of new
restaurants and cafes are opened in the city that disburse unhealthy food at high rate. Earlier
government is not much aware is the basic reason behind the emergence of the issue of obesity at
high rate in England. The min intervention which is taken by the government to remove this
issue from the public is to create the standards that no one is allowed to sell the products which
are associated with the high amount of calories in comparison to the standards set by the
government. It is important for government of nation to check that how much successful they are
in the process of bringing interventions through ascertaining the benefits which are gathered after
application of these standards.
The aspects which are identified within the public of England in respect of their health
which shows the effectiveness and efficiency of the new intervention is understood from the
points which are defined below:
g. It is observed that large number of initiatives are taken by organisation to produce healthy
products to saviour from the process discontinuation.
h. Consumption of healthy products in England is increased with rapid rate as the public
identified that health is must and there are many issues are attached with the higher
amount of consumption of fast foods.
i. Reduction of the weight has seen over the decrement in the number of patients of
diabetes. The effectiveness of the intervention is also seen from the point that reduction
of weight improve glycemic control that results into the reduction of the patients
suffering of type 2 diabetes.
j. There are many other benefits which can seen over the public of the England after
introduction of the intervention by the government is about reduction of high blood
pressure and hypertension. It is ascertained that in recent time period there is huge
amount of reduction in the patients suffering from high blood pressure and hypertension.
14

k. The effectiveness of the intervention is also ascertained from the point that youth is more
motivated towards the consumption of less calorie food and involvement in the activities
which are health conscious in nature.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of above made discussion, it has been analysed that public health refers to
science which helps individual in protecting safety. It also contributes in improving health issue
with the help of education, effective research and required policies. It has been concluded that
there are different cultural practice within England that helps in executing interventions in
effective manner. Along with this, it has been also seen that there are also some other cultural
practices which ultimately hinders the desired intervention. In addition to this, the reports has
also contained both the qualitative and quantitative discussion on the intervention which
influences their effectiveness. Furthermore, it has been seen that it is essential for medical
practitioner to follow ethical laws when different but influential ethical issue can be developed at
the time of delivery of intervention. At last it has been identified that the intervention which have
been taken into consideration plays an effective role in the development of society as their
knowledge on specific health issue can be raised in effective manner.
15

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Rosen, G., 2015. A history of public health. JHU Press.
Baum, F., 2016. The new public health (No. Ed. 4). Oxford University Press.
Gostin, L. O. and Wiley, L. F., 2016. Public health law: power, duty, restraint. Univ of
California Press.
Brownson, R. C., and et. al., 2017. Evidence-based public health. Oxford University Press.
World Health Organization, 2016. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for
treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach.
World Health Organization.
World Health Organization, 2015. Public health for mass gatherings: key considerations. World
Health Organization.
Kolodny, A., and et. al., 2015. The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: a public health
approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annual review of public health, 36, pp.559-574.
Schneider, M. J., 2016. Introduction to public health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Betancourt, J. R., and et. al., 2016. Defining cultural competence: a practical framework for
addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public health reports.
Jones, D. E., Greenberg, M. and Crowley, M., 2015. Early social-emotional functioning and
public health: The relationship between kindergarten social competence and future
wellness. American journal of public health, 105(11), pp.2283-2290.
MacKenzie, J. M., 2017. Propaganda and empire: the manipulation of British public opinion,
1880–1960.
Hanna-Attisha, M., and et. al., 2016. Elevated blood lead levels in children associated with the
Flint drinking water crisis: a spatial analysis of risk and public health
response. American journal of public health, 106(2), pp.283-290.
Gulland, A., 2016. Zika virus is a global public health emergency, declares WHO.
Online
WHO | Obesity - World Health Organization. 2019. [Online]. Available though:
<www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/obesity_text/en/>.
Ethical Issues in Community Interventions. 2018. [Online]. Available though:
<https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/choose-and-adapt-community-
interventions/ethical-issues/main>.
16