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Sample Assignment on Public Health pdf

   

Added on  2021-04-16

12 Pages3077 Words70 Views
Disease and DisordersPublic and Global Health
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RUNNING HEAD: PUBLIC HEALTHPublic health
Sample Assignment on Public Health pdf_1

Public Health 1Assessment Task 1Question 1Answer: Cervical cancer is the third leading disease among the women, caused by HPV, afterbreast and colorectal cancer. In 2012, 527,624 new cases of cervical cancer and 265,653 deaths were estimated because of this disease. The mortality and incidence rate has been declined at a rate of 1.6% across the world. This decrease is because of the improvement in treatment, reduction in risk factors, and access to the health services. However, in LMIC, there are more than 80 percent of the cases of cervical cancer and 88 percent of the deaths due to the same. Increase in the rate is been reported in some areas of the world, including economies of Europe and Central Asia (Denny et al. n.d).Regionally, Africa has the highest rates of cervical cancer; in Giunea and Malawai, the incidence rate is over 50 per 100,000. On the contrast, countries in North Africa and Middle East, rates are below 10 per 100,000 women (Denny et al. n.d).Question 2Answer: The screening programs in cervical method in high resource settings helps in identifying cancer and treating it at an early stage. These programs are based on methodologyof cytology screening. The “gold standard” cervical screening method used in developed countries is Pap smears (Papanicolaou test). It was developed and named after the Greek doctor Georgios Papanikalaou. This screening method is simple, safe and effective to apply for discovery of cancer cells. The cells are collected by opening the vaginal canal and then these cells are examined for detecting any abnormalities. This approach has led to a dramatic decline of deaths by cervical cancer (Boone, Erickson & Huh, 2012).Question 3
Sample Assignment on Public Health pdf_2

Public Health 2Answer: The alternatives or techniques used in low resource settings are cytology (Pap), VIAand a HPV DNA test. VIA was comparatively much better than cytology in aspects of sensitivity in disease. Two types of HPV test were developed by a new initiative taken by PATH named as Screening Technologies to Advance Rapid Testing. This is also a low cost test, simple to use, provide accurate results and is affordable for poor women also. By the efforts of PATH and QIAGEN, the test became portable and does not require refrigeration. It provides results in two and a half hours or less which stimulates quick treatment of the disease. Question 4Answer: The advantages of VIA were: Much better in terms of sensitivity, when compare to cytology. Requires less specialized personnel and fewer equipment.Screening through it can be done in remote areas and the clinics having less equipment. It gives instant results, which makes it possible to treat and screen women on the samevisit. The speedy treatment on single visit reduces the number of women who lost their treatment because of the inconvenience. Advantages of HPV DNA test: Performs much better than cytology and VIA. A test having low cost, developed for low resource settings.Portable, powered with batteries, provide quick results and facilitate instant treatment.Question 5
Sample Assignment on Public Health pdf_3

Public Health 3Answer: One of the major requirement of HPV-DNA test was its acceptability by the womenand their families, as it was simple, accurate and easily affordable. In order to ensure this, PATH established partnerships with QIAGEN and the WHO. The role played by organization was to develop the technologies and to assess the new test for the purpose of international procurement by UN agencies. Apart from them, PATH also partners with Jhpiego, a nonprofit agency, having an affiliation with The Johns Hopkins University, with an aim to lay the basis for the future outline of new test. The PATH and QIAGEN, in early 2007, developed a portable HPV DNA test which provides instant results in the same visit. This is how the requirement of the new test was met and addressed. Question 6Answer: Certain conditions were placed for the use of screening technologies. Following are:There should be an adequate supply of HPV and cervical cancer tools at reasonable prices. In order to support access to the new tools, partnership should be there between the components of civil society, medical associations, donors, researchers, health institutions and government.A financial commitment for effectively treating, screening and vaccinating women and girls. Also establishing a sustained political leadership. Question 7Answer: The three initiatives have same goals but the challenges faced by them are separate.They differ on the basis of nature of work and nature of partnership. Alliance for Cervical Cancer Protection: the main challenge faced was the absence of attention in the work which resulted in friction in the early days. Moreover, the
Sample Assignment on Public Health pdf_4

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