Organizational Behavior Research Paper

This assignment requires students to write a research paper examining key concepts in organizational behavior. The paper should delve into various theories and models related to motivation, leadership, organizational culture, and ethical conduct within organizations. Students are expected to utilize scholarly sources and employ rigorous research methodologies to support their arguments and analysis. The assignment emphasizes the application of theoretical knowledge to real-world organizational settings.

ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Organisational structure and culture.....................................................................................4
1.2 Relationship between organisation structure and culture and effects...................................5
1.3 Factors influencing behaviour of individual.........................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Effectiveness of leadership styles.........................................................................................6
2.2 Link of organisational theory to style of management..........................................................6
2.3 Approaches of management and leadership theories adoption.............................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1Impact that different leadership styles have on motivation...................................................8
3.2 Comparison of the application of different motivational theories within the workplace ....9
3.3 Theories of motivation........................................................................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
4.1 Nature of groups and group behaviour within the organisation..........................................10
4.2 Factors affecting or promoting the development of effective teamwork within the
companies..................................................................................................................................11
4.3 Impact of technology on team functioning within the companies......................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour refers to the examination on the way of interaction by the
employee's and group of employee's within the organisation. It is an science which can be
applied within the firm in management of individuals and group of individuals. A city college is
under a private ownership (Champoux, 2016). It have a good number of worker working in three
departments i.e., teaching departments, human resource department and administration
department. These all department focuses on achieving the goal and are linked with each other.
Rent-a-Car enterprise work with the large number of employee's. It is an service agency. This
firm has organisational behaviour in such a way that it focus employing individuals who can act
as an leader in the organisation.
TASK 1
1.1 Organisational structure and culture.
The structure of organisation is linked with the frame work of company. The structure of
city college is based on the private ownership. The structure of the rent-a-car is based on the
managers of the enterprise. The structure of college is controlled and managed by the private
owners of the college. The controlling powers are under the managers of car enterprise. The
change in organisational structure can be done by the college by transforming from private
ownership to the hands of trustees. The change in car enterprise can be done but it is harder as it
is working on a large scale (Haslam, 2014). The structure of college is tangible and based on and
lies in the hand of the owners of college also the car enterprise structure is tangible but it depends
upon the management personnel. The culture refers to the values, beliefs, work moral and mind
set of the owners and work force of the firm . The city college uses cut throat culture here the
staff and department completely focus on achieving the objectives and goals of the college. The
car enterprise have a free culture in environment and it as all depended on the managers of the
company and it has focus only in customer service and customer requirement. The culture of the
organisation can be changed any time when owners and the managers have to. The culture can be
change by reliving the rules and regulation. The Charles Handy model consist of following
 Power- The power in city college is only in the hands of the owner of the college where
the controlling power is in the hands of management in car rental enterprise.

 Task Culture- The task culture in rent-a-car enterprise is good performed by the
managers whereas the in city college tasks are performed by departments (Donaldson and
Ko, 2010).
 Person culture- Both city college and rent-a-car are on basis where organisation is given
more importance.
 Role culture- In both the organisation roles are specified for each department and
individuals.
1.2 Relationship between organisation structure and culture and effects.
The any of the organisation can't run without man power. The all the organisations are
developed for attaining there primary objectives. For attaining these primary goals and primary
objectives every organisation have need to develop the organisation structure and culture. To
attain these goals and objective of firms effectively and efficiently it is necessary to develop
formal structure. Formal structure helps to divide work within the workers. City college divides
its works to the working department whereas in rent-a-car enterprise works are divided to
leadership and managers working in the firm. Distribution of work helps in not performing same
task by two groups at same time (MacKenzie, Podsakoff and Podsakoff, 2011). The formal
organisation help in interaction with departments which help to creates culture in the
organisation. Structure is a chassis for the organisation culture. The culture of organisation
directly defines the structure of the organisation. Culture specifies the development of the
organisation structure. The structure and culture of the organisation directly affect the working of
the organisation. The bad developed culture will effect the interaction among the department and
leaders. The effect of interaction directly lead to the working with miss management whereas the
effective culture and structure will help in long run of organisation.
1.3 Factors influencing behaviour of individual.
There are many factors which can influence the working of individual and group of
individuals. The structure and culture have adverse effects on the working of departments and
leaders. The bad structure in city college will develop worst culture these will lead to miss
communication in the departments. These bad way of interaction also effect the working of
leaders in rent-a-car enterprise (Hartnell and Kinicki, 2011). This all leads to not attaining of
goals by both of the firm. The good leadership qualities will help rent-a-car enterprise to attain
his objectives. The better interaction between department of city college will help to achieve his

objectives within a time frame. The policy of the organisation influence the works of the
individual in the organisation. The cut throat policy binds the workers to perform the work in
given time frame where the free policy makes labour force free do work as per themselves.
These free policy of work don't hep in attaining the goals and objective of the both the firm.
TASK 2
2.1 Effectiveness of leadership styles.
The leadership styles have different effect for every organisation. These leadership styles
may improve the productivity or it may have bad effect on the productivity which is not good for
the organisation. The styles adopted by the leaders in the organisation should be according to the
structure and culture of the organisation. The autocratic leadership style makes no involvement
of the workers of the organisation. All the decisions are taken by themselves only. If city college
college uses autocratic type of leadership the inter department will feel helpless in taking
decision. This will have adverse impact in working of the college (Organisation Studies, 2017).
This style will help both city college and rent-a-car enterprise to take fast decisions and
implement them in the organisation.
The participative leadership style is the most of used style in all the companies either it is
service company or a college. This is a style in which the managers involves participation of of
the members of the organisation. This style of leadership is purely opposite of autocratic style of
leadership. The use of this style will help departments of city college in making decision and
taking help from other department. Rent-a-car enterprise will helped by this style in increasing
the service by involving all the members of the enterprise(Berry, Carpenter and Barratt, 2012).
The laissez fair leadership is a less effective style. This style of leadership is mainly not
used in the organisations. This style allows all the working group and individuals to take all the
decision themselves. The use of these style will affect the flow of working if used in both city
college and rent-a-car enterprise. This will lead to the miss management as all have the right to
take their decision.
2.2 Link of organisational theory to style of management.
The style of management used by the organisation directly affect the productivity of the
organisation. The good style of management will help in increase of the productivity effectively
and efficiently. It helps in good working of the organisation and for long term. Style of

management will help in creating the better cultural environment (Journal of Economic Behavior
& Organization, 2017). The style of management helps in retaining the labour work force for
long term in the organisation. The style of management adopted will create the motivated
environment in the organisation. The organisation must choose styles as per the organisational
environment. A city college must practice autocratic style of management whenever they have to
take quick decision this style should also be practice by rent-a-car enterprise whenever the time
arises to take quick decisions. These style will help in applying quick decision taken by the
managers . These style has a limitation and it cannot be use by every time in all the cases.
Paternalistic is a style where managers focuses on the working and needs of the workers.
In these style of management managers takes the review and consult with the employees of the
organisation. The views of the workers are taken in seriously by the management and actions are
taken whenever required. A city college must use this style all the time in day to day working
(Chiang and Hsieh, 2012). This will help in interaction among the departments of the college and
it will create healthy cultural environment among the members of the college. This style of
management is must preferred for rent-a-car company it will help in building team spirit and
satisfaction of customers .
2.3 Approaches of management and leadership theories adoption.
The city college and rent-a-car enterprise will adopt the the autocratic approach a of
management in there organisation. These will help these organisation to cope up in emergency
period as at the time of emergency there need arises to take urgent decision. As autocratic
approach does not allow involvement of any members of the enterprise at the time of taking
decision will reduces the time of taking decisions. In autocratic approach only senior officials
have power to take and implement decision.
Paternalist approach will also be use by both of the company. As these approach is most
significantly used by all the business (Chun, 2013.). These approach make involvement of all the
employees of the organisation. This helps in better results in decision making and
implementation. This approach increases motivation in the employees by involving workers in
decision making. Both the firm will use behaviour theory of leadership which will focus on what
the better leader can do it can also adopt the trait theory where it can assume leader are born not
made.

TASK 3
3.1Impact that different leadership styles have on motivation
Leadership is a union through which an individual affects the behaviour of the other in an
organisation. “Motivation is the process by which the attitude of an individual is affected by
others, by their power or by the needs and the objectives of an individual's satisfaction.
Leadership is influencing, controlling and encouraging the people. The management usually
works on achieving the targets and objectives by using proper and optimum human resources and
in an organised manner (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011). Productive use of human resources
cannot be achieved without encouraging the employees in an organisation. Accordingly, to
motivate the employees leadership styles has an important role in making the organisation's
culture the affects the performance of an organisation an the organisation as well (McShane and
VonGlinow, 2011). There are several types of leadership styles and each has its impact on the
motivation of the employees in an organisation and are as follows autocratic, democratic and
laissez-faire leadership.
 Autocratic leadership: In Autocratic leadership style, leaders have full and absolute
power over their employees or the team. They don't ask the opinions or suggestions from
the employees or the workers of the organisation instead they tell the people what to do.
Following are some of the traits of this leadership style that are: only leaders tends to
make decisions, no inputs are given from the group members, group leaders commands
all the working methods and all the processes (Colquitt and LepineWesson, 2011). Group
members are not trusted easily with their respective decisions or in any important and
crucial tasks.
 Democratic leadership: this style of leadership also known as participative leadership
style and in this type, the members of the group take more initiative and has more
participative role in the decision making process. Every employee in the organisation
which follows this kind of style has given the opportunities to participate, ideas are
exchanged freely, and employee is motivated while discussing the work (Pinder, 2014).
The democratic leader is the one who decides who is in the group and who will be in the
group and who will be contributing to the decisions in the organisation. Survey has done
and in that it's found that the democratic leadership style is one of the most effective and
it directs to the higher productivity, better contributions from group and increased group

morale. Following are the characteristics of democratic leadership: innovating and
creating new ideas and they are rewarded, group members are motivated to share new-
new thoughts, better ideas and opinions and more solutions to the problems
(Miner, 2015). Members of the group feels that they are more involved in the group
activities and making decisions for the organisation. This leadership styles has also
shown that democratic leadership which leads to the higher productivity in the whole
group.
 Laissez-faire leadership: this leadership also known as delegative leadership, in this type
of style leaders are hands-off and allows members of the group to make the decisions. It
is found that in this style of leadership the productivity is very low among all the group
members (Nadiri and Tanova, 2010). Following are some of the characteristic: guidance
from the leaders is very less, leaders provides tools and resources only when it is needed,
complete freedom for making decision, the members of the group have to solve their own
problem and also all the power is handed to the followers, leaders take responsibilities
only for the group decisions and actions. This is because the team members are expect in
the particular area of their specialisation.
 Transformational leadership: this kind of a leadership is that in which the leader works
with its subordinates to evaluate the changing need of the organisation, also to create a
vision to guide the changes though motivation and executing the change in the
placements with the respected team members (Ashkanasy and Humphrey, 2011). This is
the approach that causes change in the environment in the organisation. It can be seen in
all the levels of the management. These kind of a leader are visionary, motivator, daring,
risk takers and thoughtful. This leaders has a relative approach to a leadership that
focuses on how leaders actually creates value to the organisation and how they
implements changes in the organisation positively. It is a process where the leaders and
the group members raise one another's level of motivation and morality factor.
3.2 Comparison of the application of different motivational theories within the workplace
Various motivational theories are used to stimulate the employees for attaining
exceptional output in all the fields of work (Umphress, Bingham and Mitchell, 2010). For
encouraging the employees the managers need to know that every worker has its own set of

needs. There are 2 motivational theories that is Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two
factor theory:
Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Maslow's believed that the needs can be expressed in the
form of levels. Most basic need is food shelter and clothing, then the worker is motivated to gain
the sense of security then to improve the social networks after that looks for self esteem and
lastly focuses on self-fulfilment.
Herzberg's two factor theory: Herzberg on the other felt that certain conditions or hygiene
factors to satisfy the employees and its not necessary to motivate them (Stein and Cropanzano,
2011). Hygiene factors when met workers should focus on to remember the achievements of the
employees and provide opportunities to rise.
3.3 Theories of motivation
Maslow's hierarchy of need, represents as a pyramid in which all the needs of an
individual are mentioned to describe the stages of growth in an individual like physiological
needs also known as basic need, safety needs, security needs, esteem needs and self-actualization
needs.
 Physiological needs: In this need, all the physical requirements for the survival of an
individual are there. This is the basic need and the most important among all the need.
This include food, clothes and shelter.
 Safety needs: As the person is satisfied with the basic needs, their safety needs arises
accordingly. This needs focuses on the future like need for food, clothings and so on
should satisfied tomorrow.
 Social needs: this need comes in the third level that is sense of belongingness. When
social needs become strong, an individual will strive for the meaningful relations.
 Esteem needs: in this, need for status, respect, power, recognition is very high.
 Self-actualization needs: in this level the person refer to his full potential and focuses on
the desire to complete the goals.
TASK 4
4.1 Nature of groups and group behaviour within the organisation
Group is a number of people who has a common goal to achieve. Group dynamics means
the interaction between the member of the group, this is a social trait of an individual to interact

among themselves (Elangovan, Pinder and McLean, 2010). There are several types of nature of
group which are as follows normative, group building and team dynamics. Normative nature
refers the state of team in which it is managed and performance is carried out. Building a group
is the way of training the members of the group by self managed group.
In both the companies, City College and Enterprise Rent-a-car, there are formal and informal
groups. Those members who are working in the projects are known as formal groups and when
members are gathered for a social events like interest and friendship groups are informal group.
Both the companies has a clarity in their work roles, they have a sound communication system,
dedication for achieving the goals as they share the common objectives (Fisherand and To,
2012). Group behaviour within these companies includes group feasibility, satisfaction level and
performance level of the employees.
4.2 Factors affecting or promoting the development of effective teamwork within the companies
Teamwork is the process of working associating with the group of people to attain a goal.
Factors that influence the effective teamwork are as follows:
 Leadership: formal groups have managers as their supervisors and in informal group,
leaders are selected by all the members of the group collectively.
 Synergy: this refers working together and helping one another that is the combination of
the activities of a group.
 Team building: both these companies builds team from each departments so to know the
different members of the team. It boosts the morale of the members.
 Communication: these companies has a sound communication system between the
employees and the department ( DiPaola and Tschannen-Moran, 2014). It clears the job
responsibilities of the employees. In fact, they also motivates the employees to give
advice and suggestions.
 Diversity: both the companies has a variety of cultures and personalities. This boosts the
creativeness among the members and also the innovativeness.
4.3 Impact of technology on team functioning within the companies
The impact of technology can be negative and positive within City College and Enterprise Rent-
a-car (Walumbwa and HartnellOke, 2010). Following are the positive causes of the technology:
 Mobile phones: for communicating without any restrictions mobile phones are used,
without clear interaction the functioning of the team is disturbed.

 E-mails: for sharing of documents, interacting, pictures, files among team members.
 Groupware: it is a software designed to facilitate a association, plan meetings within a
visual surrounding of the business, it can be used from anywhere in the whole world.
CONCLUSION
From above report it is being concluded that both the business works for different
services. A city college is an educational institution whereas rent-a-car enterprise provide a rental
services to the customers. In both the business management is must needed for working. Thus
for achieving goals different styles of management, leadership theories and motivational theories
are applied in the organisation.

REFERENCES
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Online
About Organisation Studies. 2017. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/faculty-research/organisation-studies/about-organisation-
studies>. [Accessed on 29th April 2017].
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 2017. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01672681>. [Accessed on 29th April
2017].