Research Methodology: Analysis, Philosophy, Approach, Strategy, Choice, Time Horizon, Data Collection, Analysis, Sampling, Ethics

This chapter discusses the research methodology used in the investigation, including analysis, philosophy, approach, strategy, choice, time horizon, data collection, analysis, sampling, and ethics. The section focuses on selecting the right method and tool for gathering and analyzing the data. Research philosophy is divided into three parts which are positivism, interpretivism, and realism. The investigator has opted for positivism research philosophy. The main purpose to use this is it gathers objective data regarding the impact of transformational leadership style. The investigator has chosen deductive research approach. The main purpose to use this is it analyzes quantitative data that helps in getting the effective solution for the identified research problem. The investigator has selected survey research strategy. The main reason for choosing survey is that it assists to collect quantitative data in an easier manner. The investigator has chosen primary data collection. The main reason for using this is fresh data is obtained that helps in providing a valid picture. The data collection technique is a questionnaire. The investigator has chosen probability sampling method. The main reason is that it selects the applicant in a fair manner by providing equal opportunity to get selected. The research ethics that is followed is voluntarily participants, confidentiality, and credibility.

Chapter: 3 Method of
Analysis
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Table of Contents
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................3
Research philosophy....................................................................................................................3
Research approach.......................................................................................................................3
Research strategy.........................................................................................................................4
Research choice...........................................................................................................................4
Time horizon................................................................................................................................5
Data collection.............................................................................................................................5
Data analysis................................................................................................................................6
Sampling......................................................................................................................................6
Ethical consideration...................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7
Books and journal........................................................................................................................7
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This is the most important chapter in the investigation that helps in addressing the research
problem in quite significant manner. the section focuses on selecting the right method and tool
for gathering and analysing the data. Research methodology provide solution for two crucial
question that are how data will be analysed and how it will measure (Fidahic and et. al, 2020).
Thus, it is defined as the scientific process for identifying, analysing and interpreting data for the
study. the readers and the participants of the study also focus on this part. It is because it assists
them to determine the overall validity and reliability of the investigation (Wohlin and Runeson,
2021). This section is further divided into various part that help in carrying the investigation in
appropriate manner. theses stages are discussed below with the help of the Saunders research
onion framework:
Research philosophy
This is the first stage in the research methodology that focuses on understanding the social
world in accurate way. research philosophy used the phenomenon that helps in gathering and
analysing information related to the specific study. It is divided into three parts which are
positivism, interpretivism and realism. Positivism philosophy is used when data is in numerical
format, interpretivism is chosen by the investigator when they want to gather and analyse non
numerical information (Nickerson, 2022). At last. Realism is the combination of positivism and
interpretivism philosophy. According to the study, investigator has opted for positivism research
philosophy. The main reason is that it gathers objective data regarding the impact of
transformational leadership style. With the help of objective information, a trend and pattern
about organisational efficiency can be understood in effective way. collecting and analysing
quantitative information is much easier (Mir and Greenwood, 2021).
Research approach
The second layer in the research methodology talks about the research problem. So
research approach is that stage were solution to address the research problem is being obtained.
The answer is get by testing the hypothesis and theories. There are two approaches that are
inductive and deductive. Deductive approach is the process of evaluating exiting information
with the assistance of quantitative data (Janiszewski and van Osselaer, 2021). On the other side,
inductive approach frames theme as per the quantitative data so that in depth information can be
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analysed. As per the present investigation, investigator has chosen deductive research approach.
The main purpose to use this is it analyse quantitative data that helps in getting the effective
solution for the identified research problem. The relationships between the dependent and
independent variable is also being analysed using the deductive approach. Another main purpose
to choose this is it helps in testing the exiting hypothesis instead of framing new themes (Zhang
and et. al, 2021).
Research strategy
Research strategy is the fourth layer in the research methodology that assist in providing
the effective strategy to accumulate information. It is a step by step plan to obtained the
information for the study. With the use of research strategies, direction is being provided to
gather the information for the study. There are various types of research strategies that are
survey, experimental research, case study, action research, focused group, systematic literature
review and many more (Wang and et. al, 2020). As per the present investigation, investigator has
selected survey research strategy. The main reason for choosing survey is that it assists to collect
quantitative data in easier manner. for gathering this information lesser time and cost is incurred
that helps in completing the investigation in economical way. With the use survey strategy mass
data is accumulated from large people. That helps in carrying the investigation in accurate way
by analysing large quantitative information in short duration (Luo and He, 2021).
Research choice
Using the right research method is very important for the carrying the investigation. This is
because it helps in showing the true picture about the chosen research subject. Thus, there are
three choices that is provide to the investigator and from that right method is being made to carry
the investigation. Mono, mixed and multiple are the three research choice. Mono is the method in
which either quantitative or qualitative method is selected (Qiu, Liu and Li, 2022). Mixed
method select both the type of data and in multi method both type of information that is
qualitative and quantitative are selected but for more than one time. In the current research,
researcher has chosen Mono method and in that quantitative research method is opted. the main
advantage to use quantitative method is that numerical data is obtained for the study. Data is in
numbers and figures that helps in carrying the investigation in sound way. interpreting and
analysing quantitative information is much easier as compared to qualitative. This is because less
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cost and time is spending as well as little knowledge and skill is required to obtain numerical
information (Zhang and et. al, 2020).
Time horizon
The fifth layer talks about the investing time for the study. time horizon is the framework
that helps in identifying the point of time at which data for the study need to be extracted, as well
as it also assists in determining the completion time for the research. Cross sectional and
longitudinal are the two roots of time horizon. Cross sectional is the time framework that obtain
data in lesser time duration (Aspeel and et. al, 2021). On the other side, longitudinal is the
framework that obtained data for longer time period. In the present research, investigator has
used cross sectional time horizon. The main reason to choose this is research is completed in
short time. As well as data is collected for the single time that helps in showing the real picture
of the study.
Data collection
In research methodology the sixth layer talk about the type of data used for the study. So
the data collection helps in gathering and measuring the kind of data needed for the investigation.
There are two branches through which data can be extracted for the study that are primary data
collection source and secondary source of data gathering. Primary data collection source is the
process of accumulating first-hand information. Using this source fresh information is being
obtained for the study. researcher made an interaction with the participants and then gather
information from them (Teixeira and et. al, 2021). Using this real information as per the time is
being obtained that assist in carrying the investigation in more reliable manner. Some of the
primary data collection source are interview, observation, questionnaire etc. whereas, secondary
data collection is the process of extracting second hand data. This data source is used when
investigator wants previous data for the study. no direct communication is being made between
the participants and the researcher as some other person accumulate data for their research or
investigation. Books, journal, article, magazine, online site etc., are some secondary data
collection method (Fattori and et. al, 2021).
According to the present investigation, researcher has opted for primary data collection.
The main reason for using this is fresh data is obtained that helps in providing valid picture. The
data collection technique is questionnaire.
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Data analysis
Data analysis is the process of testing the gathered data in order to obtain useful
information. It is that stage in the research where inspection and analysis of the data is being
made that helps in showing the useful information from the raw data collected (Kent, 2020).
There are so many data analysis methods such as frequency distribution, regression, data mining,
thematic analysis and many more. As per the current investigation, investigator has opted for
frequency distribution method. the main reason to select this is quantitative data can be measured
in easiest way. The data is also represented using graphs and tables.
Sampling
Sampling is the technique through which participants are taken out from whole population.
the main reason to select the respondent is to obtain reliable information from them. There are
two sampling tool that are probability and no probability sampling. As per the present
investigation, investigator has chosen probability sampling method (Lawson and Siripanich,
2022). The main reason is that it selects the applicant in fair manner by providing equal
opportunity to get selected. In probability method also simple random sampling is used to take
the sample. The purpose for this is it helps in extracting the data by rational and transparent
manner. The sample size is 30 employees from Marks and Spencer.
Ethical consideration
Ethical consideration is the collection of different principle and morale that ned to be obey
while carrying the investigation. The investigator follows the ethics so that they can execute the
investigation in valuable manner. in the present investigation the research ethics that is followed
is:
 Voluntarily participants: This is the first ethics in which researcher need to add those
participants for the study where there are voluntarily taking part.
 Confidentiality: Another value which need to follow is keeping or hiding the personal
information of the participants who are involved in the study (Matsui and et. al, 2021).
 Credibility: In this the authored whose data is being used in the research need to provide
credit by showing them in the reference list as well as citing the name in the part where it
is used.
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REFERENCES
Books and journal
Aspeel, A., and et. al, 2021. Optimal measurement budget allocation for Kalman prediction over
a finite time horizon by genetic algorithms. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal
Processing, 2021(1), pp.1-24.
Fattori, A., and et. al, 2021. Hospital workers mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic:
methods of data collection and characteristics of study sample in a university hospital in
Milan (Italy). BMC Medical Research Methodology, 21(1), pp.1-12.
Fidahic, M., and et. al, 2020. Research methodology and characteristics of journal articles with
original data, preprint articles and registered clinical trial protocols about COVID-
19. BMC medical research methodology, 20(1), pp.1-9.
Janiszewski, C. and van Osselaer, S.M., 2021. The benefits of candidly reporting consumer
research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 31(4), pp.633-646.
Kent, R., 2020. Data construction and data analysis for survey research. Bloomsbury
Publishing.
Lawson, N. and Siripanich, P., 2022. A new generalized regression estimator and variance
estimation for unequal probability sampling without replacement for missing
data. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods, 51(18), pp.6296-6318.
Luo, Y. and He, D., 2021. Research status and future challenge for CO2 sequestration by mineral
carbonation strategy using iron and steel slag. Environmental Science and Pollution
Research, 28(36), pp.49383-49409.
Matsui, K., and et. al, 2021. Principles of ethical consideration required for clinical research
involving children. Pediatrics International, 63(3), pp.248-259.
Mir, R. and Greenwood, M., 2021. Philosophy and management studies: A research overview.
Nickerson, C., 2022. Positivism in sociology: definition, theory & examples. Simply Psychology,
available at: www. simplypsychology. org/positivism-in-sociology-definition-theory-
examples. html.
Qiu, J., Liu, C. and Li, X., 2022. Evaluation method for the machining accuracy of diamond wire
squaring mono-crystalline silicon and its application in comparison of reciprocating wire
and endless wire. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology, 120(1), pp.1053-1069.
Teixeira, R., and et. al, 2021. Survey of data collection methods and retention strategies in
European birth cohorts of children and adults born very preterm. Paediatric and
Perinatal Epidemiology.
Wang, F., and et. al, 2020. Targeting stress granules: A novel therapeutic strategy for human
diseases. Pharmacological Research, 161, p.105143.
Wohlin, C. and Runeson, P., 2021. Guiding the selection of research methodology in industry–
academia collaboration in software engineering. Information and Software
Technology, 140, p.106678.
Zhang, Y., and et. al, 2020. Experimental investigation into downstream field of a horizontal axis
tidal stream turbine supported by a mono pile. Applied Ocean Research, 101, p.102257.
Zhang, Y., and et. al, 2021. Big data and human resource management research: An integrative
review and new directions for future research. Journal of Business Research, 133, pp.34-
50.
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