Research Methodology in Health and Social Care

Research Methodology in Health
and Social Care

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
Overview of the research........................................................................................................2
Background of the research....................................................................................................2
Research aim..........................................................................................................................2
Research objectives................................................................................................................3
Research questions.................................................................................................................3
Rationale of the research........................................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................3
The basic understanding of smoking......................................................................................3
The impact of smoking and its consequences on human body..............................................4
The strategies for making society free from smoking to improve health...............................5
METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................6
Types of investigation............................................................................................................6
Research design......................................................................................................................6
Research approach..................................................................................................................6
Research philosophy...............................................................................................................6
Data collection method...........................................................................................................7
Data analysis...........................................................................................................................7
Sampling method....................................................................................................................7
Ethical considerations.............................................................................................................7
RESULTS........................................................................................................................................8
Questionnaire..........................................................................................................................8
Data Interpretation................................................................................................................12
DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................20
RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................21
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22
APPENDICES...............................................................................................................................23

ABSTRACT
This project will focus to analysis of the harmful impact of smoking on human body and its
consequences. It includes the utilisation of qualitative method and descriptive research design in
order to gather appropriate information to analysis and gain respective findings. It will focus on
consequences of smoking and strategies to make smoking free society by efforts of government
as well as medical practitioners. However, the government and care professionals should perform
together for making people able to quit smoking and improve health of society.
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INTRODUCTION
Overview of the research
The act associated with inhaling as well as exhaling fumes of plant that are being burned is
referred to as smoking. Wide range of plant materials are being smoked by individuals such as
hashish and marijuana but mostly this act is related with tobacco that is smoked within pipe,
cigar or a cigarette. This has nicotine that acts as alkaloid which is addictive as well as is liable
for stimulation and tranquilization of psychoactive impacts. This has been widely spread across
the world despite the fact that various religious, medical and social arguments are being made. In
21st Century, it has became one of the most highly addictive as well as devastating cause behind
wide range of diseases and deaths. This can be understood by some figures, in 1990s there were
near about four million people who died per year across the world. In 2003, 2011 it increased to
5 million and 6 million respectively (Smoking, 2020). Along with this, it is anticipated that by
2030 this figure may reach to 8 million deaths per year.
Background of the research
The root cause behind escalation within number of incidents and deaths of diseases due to
tobacco is increased by smoking cigarette. All the products are addictive and toxic along with
this within the some regions across the world smokeless tobacco products acts as critical health
concern. The smoke that is being produced when additives and tobacco is burned then it
comprises of near about 4000 chemical compounds and many of these are highly toxic as well
as leads to creation of adverse impact on health. The primary elements within tobacco smoke
include tar (residue of combustion), nicotine and gases like carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide. They have profound addictiveness and quick health impacts as they pass from lungs to
bloodstream where they are liable for binding haemoglobin normally red blood cells which are
responsible for transferring oxygen to other body (Kim, Cho and Park, 2016). Carbon monoxide
will displace oxygen on haemoglobin molecule that will be isolated slowly. Thus, smokers hoard
higher levels of carbon monoxide that will starve oxygen and will lead to massive strain on
cardiovascular system.
Research aim
“To analyse the harmful impact of smoking on human body and its consequences.”
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Research objectives
 To identify the basic understanding of smoking.
 To evaluate the impact of smoking and its consequences on human body.
 To analyse the strategies for making society free from smoking to improve health.
Research questions
 How to identify the basic understanding of smoking?
 What is the impact of smoking and its consequences on human body?
 How to analyse the strategies for making society free from smoking to improve health?
Rationale of the research
The purpose to carry out this study is to acknowledge the influence that is being created by
smoking and what are there their probable consequences. This harmful impacts are not restricted
to smokers only but toxic components are also found within the environment as they are being
exhaled by them. The non-smokers those who are exposed routinely towards environmental
tobacco are at enhanced risks for same disease which afflicts smokers that comprises of
cardiovascular and lung cancer diseases (Parmar, Forrest and Freeman, 2016). The reason to
conduct this study is to analyse all the perspectives associated with this so that appropriate
conclusions can be attained by understanding the influence that can be created their
consequences and recommendations can be given for dealing with these situations. It is
necessary that adequate measures are being taken up as both the one who smokes and who do not
are facing health issues.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The basic understanding of smoking
Smoking can be described as a kind of hard habit to break tobacco as it is responsible containing
an addictive substance which has harmful impact of health. As per views given by Tham, (2016),
it includes the habit of people to use cigarettes to fulfil their desire of intake tobacco though
smoke of cigarette. Basically smoking is known as harmful habit of an individual in which they
intake cigarettes on daily basis. It is observed that cigarettes smoking are responsible for causing
around more than 480000 deaths which can be considered as nearly one in five deaths. It is
observed that combination of smoking with several aspects including HIV, illegal drug use,
alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries and firearm-related incidents cause deaths among people.
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However, it has been analysed that smokers are more likely to develop health problems like heart
disease, stroke and lung cancer. Moreover, smoking habit is accountable for acquiring more risk
developing disease like coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times, stroke by 2 to 4 times, lung cancer
by 25 times etc.
In addition to this, smoking can cause cancer anywhere in human body such as bladder, blood
(acute myeloid leukaemia), cervix, colon & rectum (colorectal), oesophagus, kidney & ureter,
larynx, liver, oropharynx, pancreas, stomach and trachea. According to views of Rehman and et.
al. (2018), it includes smoking a habit is responsible for developing complications in pregnancy.
Meanwhile, it is observed that there are different types of cigarettes available including menthol
cigarettes, cigars & little cigars, clove cigarettes, flavoured cigarettes, e- cigarettes, hookhas
(water pipes) etc. It involves that smokers are also have various types like social smokers,
anxious smokers, skinny smokers and addicted smokers. However, smoking can be considered as
either active or passive but both of them are harmful for human body. The active smoking refers
to act of intake cigars whereas passive one is considered as condition when someone is smoking
and other standing nearby also inhale that smoke then that other person is conducting passive
smoking which also cause various deaths among people.
The impact of smoking and its consequences on human body
Zhang and Tsao (2016) states that the consequences of smoking includes complications in
pregnancy including preterm (early) delivery, stillbirth (death of the baby before birth), low birth
weight, sudden infant death syndrome (known as SIDS or crib death), ectopic pregnancy and
orofacial clefts in infants. It is responsible for interrupting in fertility by reducing fertile ability
along with increasing birth defects as well as miscarriage. Basically, it has been analysed that
smoking reduce health of gums and teeth along increasing risk for cataracts. It has general
adverse effects like inflammation and reduced immune function. It is responsible for causing the
health problems of rheumatoid arthritis. However, it is observed that smoking can cause
respiratory diseases because it damages airways and small air sacs (alveoli) of lungs due to
which several problems may develop such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
lung cancer, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis etc. Moreover, it involves that smoking can
be considered as a cause for developing diabetes type 2 mellitus which is difficult condition to be
control.
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