STI, Pregnancy, and Contraceptives: A Comparative Study

The provided assignment is a research-based study that delves into the topic of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), pregnancy, and contraceptive methods. It highlights the transmission of STIs during sexual contact and emphasizes the importance of safe sex practices to prevent disease transmission. The study also compares the effectiveness of various contraceptives, including hormonal pills, condoms, and diaphragms, with IVF being discussed as a treatment option for infertility or genetic problems. The research aims to educate readers on the significance of using effective contraceptive methods to control pregnancy and prevent STIs.

Reproduction

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
2.1 Research on additional area of reproduction....................................................................1
2.2 The findings of this research ...........................................................................................3
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES:...............................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Reproduction is a type of biological process in which the new individuals are being
produced from their parents (Lim and Ang, 2016). Of all the known life reproduction is a
fundamental feature. The sexual and asexual reproduction are the two types of reproduction.
Without the involvement the individuals can produce in asexual reproduction. However in sexual
reproduction, between two individuals the sexual interaction is needed.
In this report the additional area of reproduction such as transmitted disease,
contraception etc will be researched and their findings will be presented.
2.1 Research on additional area of reproduction
Sexually transmitted diseases (STP)-: From one human to another through sexual
contact sexually transmitted disease are being passed. They are type of infections that can be
spread from one person to other. The bacteria, parasites, yeast and viruses are some of the causes
of sexually transmitted diseases. More than 20 types of sexually transmitted diseases are there.
Some of them are as follows-: Chlamydia. HPV, Syphillis, Trichomoniasis and genital herpes.
Both men and women are being affected by sexually transmitted diseases. But the problems of
health can be more severs for women in many cases. For a baby the serious health problem can
be caused if a woman who is pregnant have STD. By sex specifically vaginal intercourse , anal
sex or oral sex the STP are being caused (Jodar and Oliva, 2017). The vaginal discharge, penil
discharge , pelvic pain are some of the symptoms and signs of disease. Before or during the birth
of child sexually transmitted disease can be transmitted. With the ability to get pregnant some
STD may cause problems. By not having sex is the most effective way of preventing STD. The
risk of certain infection such as hepatitis B can be decrease by some vaccinations. The safer
practice of sex can be sued by the people .To prevent some infections circumcision in males can
be effective.
Contraception – In order to prevent pregnancy as a outcome of sexual intercourse the
contraception is the deliberate that is been used. It is also known as birth control. In order to
prevent the pregnancy it is been used (Types of Contraceptives, 2017). There are different types
of contraceptives that are available which allows to enjoy sex without having the risk of getting
pregnant. The condoms, the contraceptive pill, implants etc are some of the methods of birth
control. The condom or a cervical cap comes in the category of barrier methods, the pill comes
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in hormonal methods. By preventive a egg from being release every month most type of
contraceptives work. From reaching the egg the sperm is being prevented by most of these
contraceptives or in men or women the reproductive function is being blocked. The most
commonly used contraception of the condom and the pill (Fauser and Lerner-Geva, 2014. ). In
95 % of the cases the contraceptive pill will prevent from getting pregnant. In two forms these
pill can come .They are combined contraceptive pill and the mini pill. The pill need to be taken
every day in case of mini-pill. The most common contraception methods of the male condom. It
is also the best protection against sexually transmitted disease and it is easy to use, affordable.
The contraceptive method is also comes in the lies of barrier methods. In the vagina it is being
placed so that sperm is being prevented from getting into the uterus. The IUD also comes in the
category of contraceptive methods. The contractive implant last for about three year on average.
Against sexually transmitted areas it does not protects. For both men and women sterilization
provides an option.
Advantage of IUD:-
 It is highly effective method and is suitable for lactating women.
 It do not cause weight
 It does not affect sex drive or mood
Disadvantages:
 It does not offer any protection against sexually transmitted infections.
 It may lead to menorrhagia
 There are risk of ectopic pregnancy
Advantage of hormonal contraception method-
It protects from long term birth control that is more than 3 years. Also, it is a very effective
method against pregnancy. By using this methods there may not be menstrual periods.
Disadvantages:-
It requires a minor surgery to insert a tiny rod and remove it. Also, it can cause infection in area
where capsule is implanted. Moreover, it can lead to certain side effects like irregular menstrual
periods, hair loss, etc.
IVF – It is been used to treat fertility or genetic issues and in vitro fertilization is not an easy
procedures (In Vitro Fertilization: IVF , 2017). With the conception of a child it assist. From the
ovaries the mature eggs are gathered during IVF and in a lab by sperm they are fertilized. In the
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numerous then the fertilized eggs are implemented. About two week are been taken by one cycle
of IVF. The most effective form of reproductive technology is IVF. From a known or
anonymous donor the IVF may involve eggs, sperm or embryo. On the factors such as age, cause
of infertility the chances of having healthy by using IVF may depend. Over the age of 40
sometimes IVF offers as a primary treatment for infertility. If there is an ovulation disorders can
IVF can be considered as options.
Advantage of IVF method-
It is the best methods of successful pregnancy. It can be used to help in solving bypass problems
of women's fallopian tubes. If this procedure fails then next step can be taken again by trying
ICSI method. Also, it enables option to test embryos some abnormalities before transferring it
into the uterus.
Disadvantages:-
It does not guarantee success of pregnancy. Also, operation has to be done that can cause
infection. Moreover, it is a very expensive medical procedure. Furthermore, the embryo can be
implant in wrong place which results in ectopic pregnancy.
2.2 The findings of this research
STD are being transferred during sex and the various disease are been caused due to this.
The safe sex practices need to be adapted in order to stop transmission of diseases.
Against pregnancy or STI contraception does not offer 100% protection. Over 95%
effective or more are hormonal contraceptive methods that is pills. And the condoms are about
99% effective (De Bond and Smith, 2014). The protection rate between 80 to 90 % is been
offered by other barrier methods such as diaphragm. The higher is the effectiveness of each
method if the person will be more careful. The effective rate drop to nearly 84% will be there
due to careless use of condoms.
In order to treat infertility or any genetic problems one can use IVF. When the fallopian tubes
are blocked and damaged it can be used. The breast tenderness, mild bloating , mild cramping
are some of the side effects after IVF.
CONCLUSION
Thus summing up the above report it can be concluded that through sexual contact
between two person the STP are being transmitted during this time. Some of the STD are
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Chlamydia. HPV, Syphillis, Trichomoniasis and genital herpes. The contraceptive is been used
in order to control pregnancy. The pill and condoms are more effective in comparison with
hormone methods.
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REFERENCES:
Books and journals :
De Bond, J.A.P. and Smith, J.T., 2014. Kisspeptin and energy balance in reproduction.
Reproduction, 147(3), pp.R53-R63.
Fauser, B.C.J.M. and Lerner-Geva, L., 2014. Health outcomes of children born after IVF/ICSI: a
review of current expert opinion and literature. Reproductive biomedicine online, 28(2),
pp.162-182.
Ingaramo, P.I. and Luque, E.H., 2016. Effects of neonatal exposure to a glyphosate-based
herbicide on female rat reproduction. Reproduction, 152(5), pp.403-415.
Jodar, M. and Oliva, R., of Reproduction, M.B. and Development Research Group, 2017. Semen
proteomics and male infertility. Journal of proteomics, 162, pp.125-134.
Lim, C.T.K. and Ang, L.W., 2016. Basic reproduction number of coxsackievirus type A6 and
A16 and enterovirus 71: estimates from outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in
Singapore, a tropical city-state. Epidemiology & Infection, 144(5), pp.1028-1034.
Online :
In Vitro Fertilization: IVF. 2017.[Online] <http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/in-vitro-
fertilization/>
Types of Contraceptives. 2017.[Online] <https://www.dred.com/uk/types-of-
contraceptives.html/>
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