Analyzing Research Papers and Data

This assignment focuses on critically evaluating a collection of research papers spanning various disciplines. Students are tasked with identifying key elements like the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions within each paper. Additionally, they must analyze how different research approaches (deductive and inductive) are applied in these studies. The assignment emphasizes understanding the structure and content of academic research and the diverse methodologies employed.

RESEARCH
PROJECT

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 3 ...................................................................................................................................1
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................1
3.1 Overview...............................................................................................................................1
3.2 Research design.....................................................................................................................2
3.3 Research philosophy.............................................................................................................4
3.4 Research Approaches ...........................................................................................................5
3.5 Research Strategy..................................................................................................................7
3.6 Choice ..................................................................................................................................8
3.7 Time Horizon........................................................................................................................8
3.8 Data collection and analysis..................................................................................................9
3.9 Sampling ..............................................................................................................................9
3.10 Ethical consideration.........................................................................................................10
REFRENCES ...............................................................................................................................11

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Overview
A research methodology can be described as a systematic plan which is helpful in
conducting an effective research. It can be considered as a process which can be used by
researcher to collect data and information. The major purpose of collecting data and information
is to create an effective business decision in order to attain organizational goals and objectives.
The researcher is an essential part of the research because he or she is responsible for collecting
data and information for carry out the research work in the right direction. The major purpose of
conducting this research is to identify the implication for the management of healthcare
professionals in multicultural teams (Su, Beltrami and Weinstock, 2011). The research
methodology can be categorised as qualitative and quantitative method which includes
interview , experiments, observation and secondary data. The basic aim of the quantitative
method is to divide features, count them and establish an effective statistical model to measure
the hypotheses and justify the observation in a detailed form. The major aim of qualitative
methods is to complete the observations with the help of recent events and circumstance.
Research methodology may includes , publication research, interview and various other
techniques for both present and historical information can easily be included in order to reach the
best output and result. Onion digram is helps in providing effective explanation about research
methodology. This can be described with the help of various steps which includes research
philosophy, design, research approach, data collection, sampling techniques, data analysis,
ethical consideration and limitations. The research onion gives an effective progress through
which an effective research project can be made.
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(Source: Onion digram 2017)
The research onion helps in describing all stages of research methodology which are
essential for carrying out the research project in an effective manner. Research philosophy
creates a significant topic or any point for conducting the research in a right direction to adopt
research approach which is most significant element on research. After this most suitable
strategy has to be taken among the available alternatives, a researcher create a time frame work
in which time is divided in to various parts for performing each and every task so that research
can be done in desired period of time. At the end researcher use most appropriate method for
data collection which are required for carry out the research work. The major benefits of research
onion is to establish a series of stages in which various methods of data collection has to be
taken for gathering proper and relevant information. Onion digram used by the researcher
because it helps in creating a systematic understanding of the given research work. It provide a
brief discussion about the all aspects that are included in the research methodology. This digram
helps the investigative to conduct step by step research without facing any issue and conflict.
With the help of systematic analysis issue and problems can be easily resolved by the researcher
in order to achieve more relevant and appropriate result.
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Illustration 1: Onion Digram

3.2 Research design
It is most essential aspect of research methodology which refers to the strategies that are
adopted by researcher to integrate various components of study in a proper way (Barro and Lee,
2013). This helps an investigator to effectively resolve the issues and problems which are occurs
at the time of collection of data for running out the research project. It can be described as a
blueprint for providing a direction to carry out the research. It consist collecting, measuring and
analysing the data from various resources. Research design can be categorised into various parts
such as descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review and meta-analytic.
These are described as under:
Descriptive research design:
It can be described as the study which create a blueprint to assign the participants in to
proper and right direction for carry out the project work. In this data has to be collected through
observation, case study, naturalistic and interview . Quantitative research are falls into two areas
such as studied that are based on events and studies which are depend on discovering inferences
or casual relationships.
Correlational research design:
This study is based on qualitative method of research in which researcher have more than
2 variables that are related with same groups and subjects and the investigator is focuses on
determining the relationship among the desired variables. In this design data has to gathered
through case control study, observational study.
Semi-experimental research design:
It helps in conducting an empirical study to identify the impact of an intervention on their
desired groups without any random assignments. In this data and information has to collected
with the help of field experiment and quasi experiment (Aguiar and et. al., 2011).
Experimental research design:
This can be describes as the blueprint of the process which helps an investigator to
measures the hypothesis by reaching at appropriate conclusion and suggestion which are based
on the relationship among dependent and independent variables. It helps in providing a
conceptual frame work in which researcher can conduct an experiment for finding the proper
result.
Review research design:
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In this research is conducted on the basis of systematic analysis of data and information
which are collected through literature review and systematic review for running out the project
in a right direction.
Meta-analytic research design:
it can be considered as a process of statistical analysis which combines the output of
various different relevant scientific studies. This design is adopted by researcher because the
important tend of this design is it provides a common truth from each conceptual study which are
involved to reaching at the final result.
In this research descriptive research design has to be taken into proper action because it
helps in conducting a depth study about the given topics which are important for researcher to
identify. For evaluating the implication for management of healthcare professionals in
multicultural teams (Ohgaki and Kleihues, 2013). this design is widely used by the researcher to
describe the characteristics of a targeted population which needs to be considered in a proper
action. This design cannot be used as the foundation of a simple relationship, where one variable
can impacted on other. The major purpose of selecting a research design is to give an effective
plan of study which provide suitable and accurate assessment of major effects and positive or
negative cause of relationship among dependent and independent variables. A depth study is
required for conducting an effective research in respect of gaining proper outcomes and results.
3.3 Research philosophy
It is most significant process of research methodology in which data has to be collected,
analysed and used in an effective manner for carry out the research work. It is a term which helps
in defining the opposite difference among epistemology and doxology which consists the what is
known to be true and what is believe to be true. It encompasses the different philosophies that are
related with research approach. Research philosophy is a appropriate way of improving
knowledge with the help of philosophical paradigm and aspects of different scientist. This
improvement and development of skills and knowledge is based on certain illustration which are
based on practical consideration at the time of selecting a significant topic for research project.
The perspective of world is slightly different from practical consideration of research. The
investigator mainly focuses on quality of products process which are applied by producer of
supply chain management. In which former is focused of feelings and other one is concerned of
facts. It is based on various perspectives of scientists and sociologist or their adopted strategies
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are also different from each other. Research philosophy categorised into three parts which are
described as under:
Positivism:
It focuses on reality and believes that reality is stable and sustain which can be explained
from an objective point of view. In this result is always low such generalisations as is the cause
with physical or natural scientists. When researcher is concern about the real facts than
positivism provide help to finding out the relevant data and information for carry out the work in
a right manner (Gopalakrishnan, Minsker and Valocchi, 2011). In this quality maintenance such
as machines, raw material and computer are included, these all provide helps in producing more
effective products for potential buyers. The researcher who are conducting research on the basis
of quantitative data are use positivism philosophy.
Interpretivism:
It is totally based on understanding of human nature and playing the role as a social
performer. The basic role of interpretivism is to explicate the roles of an individuals in
accordance with humans own perspectives and nature. This position has to be adopted by
researcher on the basis of feelings, it is required for researcher to analysing the human emption
and their social roles. In this an approach is related with qualitative are involved in this in respect
of collaboratively build a sensible reality and truth.
Realism:
it is basically concentrated on scientific inquiry which emphasising on the reality of
particular project acceding to their own sense or true feeling. This aspect is related with
positivism because it believes that objectives are created on the bases of an individuals own set
of mind and perceptions. It has a combination between critical realist and direct realist.
In this research report interpretivism philosophy has to be taken into proper action
because it helps in providing a better understanding about the facts and findings which create
value for researchers (Sultan, Tata and West, 2013). This helps in evaluating the implication for
the management of various teams in the multi culture areas. Interpretivism provide support to
investigator to find out the appropriate solutions and recommendation for the given report which
is based on qualitative data and information. In the current research work interpretivism
philosophy has been used by the researcher because it is significantly based on the understanding
of the humans nature and point of view. In this particular research data has to be gathered with
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the help of conducting an effective interview process. In this section various people give
different opinion on the basis of their norms and thoughts. This philosophy is bed on the norms
of social science , it is opposed the positivism of natural science. In is mainly used in qualitative
research because an overall inquiry has to be conduct in order to collect data and information for
carry out the research work in a right way.
3.4 Research Approaches
It can be described as the frame work of procedures, practices, rules and regulations
which are used by people who are involved in the investigation process. It is a vital part of any
kind of scientific study, in this it is required to describes the major differences among inductive,
deductive and select the best approach which is suits the most for the cited project. Research
approaches are classified in to three major types which are critically described as under:
Deductive :
This approach is based on creating hypothesis for the work, it focuses on developing
hypothesis and hypotheses on a predetermined theory or practice which is formulated with the
help of research approach in order to evaluate it. The major purpose of this research is to test the
best suited contexts where the project is focused with measuring the observed phenomena. In this
it is evaluated that the observers phenomena fits with previous expected research. Deductive
approach is mainly suited on positivist approach which gives permission the formulation of
statistical testing and hypothesis of expected output to accepted range of probability. It is
required for researcher to formulate a set of hypothesis for conducting the dissertation which
needs to be accepted or rejected in the period of research process investigator would be focused
on deductive approach. This approach is based on some steps which includes theory, hypothesis,
observation and confirmation or rejection.
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(Source: Deductive Approach 2017)
The given graph describes that in deductive approach researcher needs to considered theory
which is suits the most on their topics and than create hypothesis and conduct an observation
process for checking the effectiveness of hypothesis, after the observation the data has to be
accepted or rejected.
Inductive:
It can be described as a move from specific direction to general. This approach is starts
from the observation and informations are in different kind of patterns. This approach does not
contain a particular frame work which helps in collecting data and the focuses of the research is
formulated after the data has been collected in an appropriate ways (Norton and et. al., 2014). It
is a point where new and innovative theories are generated, after analysing the data it can be
evaluated that which theory is suited for the research.
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Illustration 2: Deductive Approach

(Source: Inductive Approach 2017)
As per the above graph it has been evaluated that inductive approach is based on
observation, test and theory, these three elements play an essential role in this approach. It is
starts with observation of the population of universe it run towards more innovative and ideas. It
is known as bottom up approach in which investigator apply observation to create an described
image of the studied phenomena.
In this research inductive approach has to be taken in to consideration for finding the
proper result and output for the research. This is most suitable approach for reaching at final
report. In this research needs to conduct an interview process for gathering data and information
related with research project. In this current report inductive approach has to be used because it
is based on the qualitative research. This approach is concern on implementing various theories
that are emerging from the available information. This is focused on human observation and
develop various theories as per the data. This is most significant approach which helps in carry
out the research activities in a proper direction to reaching at final conclusion.
3.5 Research Strategy
It is an essential aspect of every research, in which research needs to slect the best
strategy among alternatives in order to conduct their research work in an effective manner to
reaching at final results. It refers how an investigator carry out the all activities of research in an
appropriate manner. In this various approaches are involved like research on the basis of
experiments, action research, interviews, , case study research and most important systematic
literature review (Dean and et. al., 2011). Experimental research consist to the strategy of making
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Illustration 3: Inductive Approach

a process related with research which helps in examine the out put of an experiment against the
desired output. It can be applied in all areas of research and includes the circumstance of a
comparatively limited factors. The relationship among the factors are measured against the
expected research results. Action research is known as practical approach to a certain research
problem related with a community or different practices. It helps in measuring the practices and
identifying the most suitable corresponding approach for the research work. In the systematic
process professional practices and experiences of the researcher can be assessed in an effective
manner which tends to involve reflective practices. Case study research is considered as single
unit in respect to implement its key features and create a generalisation. It basically based on
cultural features and helps in establishing cultural difference among various cases. When an
investigator conduct a research related with financial report than this research play an essential
role like comparing the financial statement of two different companies.
Interview helps in finding out the result of quantitative research work. The interview
includes sampling representative of the cited population or public. The interview helps in
producing quantitative data which can be evaluated theoretically. interview is used for collecting
the data from various sources.
It is important for researcher to identify the best strategy which suits the most for their
research project because it helps in providing a significant direction to run the activities in an
effective manner. With the help of interview researcher can easily get the appropriate data for
their research project. In today's scenario people are more conscious towards their health and
security, so it is required for health care to give proper services to their customers in order to
satisfy their needs and wants.
The current case study is based on the qualitative research and data has to be gathered
through interview. This helps in generating proper and relevant data and information which are
required for the research work. In this researcher conduct an effective interview process and ask
question from their tagetes respondents in respect of collecting different viewpoints of people.
This section mainly concern towards resolving the issues and problems which directly impacted
on research work. With the help of interview accurate data has to be gathered from the
respondents. With the help of interview researcher can easily get to know about the attitude of
people and an individual can give opinion as per their own beliefs and attitude.
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3.6 Choice
The choices is depend on mono methods, mixed and multi methods. Mono methods helps
to identify the one research approach for the study. The mixed method describes as the
combination of two or more than two methods, and it is mainly used in qualitative and
quantitative research works. In the multi method a wider methods are used which are helps in
finding out the results of complicated research works (LeClair and et. al., 2011). In this given
research work researcher use multi methods for conducting the research in an effective manner.
In this investigator apply various methods which helps in evaluating the collected data and
provide support to implement them in a proper way.
3.7 Time Horizon
It is most essential element for research project, the researcher having the responsibility
to create a time frame work in which all activities intend for completion. In the onion research
time horizons are specified in to two parts such as cross sectional and other one is longitudinal.
The cross sectional research horizons can be described as the established time horizon which
helps in collected data from a certain point. This is applied at the time when the investigation is
focused with the study of certain phenomena at a certain period of time. The longitudinal time
horizontal is used for collection of data which are repeatedly used over a certain period of time.
This is beneficial for those researcher who are work on similar king of research for implementing
change and development (Joshi and et. al., 2012).
It is required for investigator to create a time frame before starting a research project, it
helps in establishing effective time management in order to completion of work on desired
period of time. A cross sectional research helps in assigning a particular time for a single task in
respect of completing the task in most efficient manner. This process is widely applicable in
dividing the task into different segments as per the desired period of time. It is required for
researcher to complete the task in given period of time so that outcome can be ascertain in most
effective manner.
3.8 Data collection and analysis
These two elements are depend on methodological approach which is used by the
researcher for their research. There are so many tools and techniques are applied for collecting
data and information, some are described as under:
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Primary data: It is the data which is collected for first time by the users. These data are
called as the first hand data as they are fresh and are collected with the help of applying different
tools and techniques which are used in the research process. Primary data are very accurate as
they are collected with the help of research (Hair Jr and Lukas, 2014).
Secondary data: Secondary data are those which are already available in magazines,
books, newspapers and journals. They are those data which are already available. The analyses
can be done on the basis of the data which was used in the past research. Thus these does not
reflect correct and accurate results.
3.9 Data Analysis
It is one of the most essential part of the research work in which collected information
and data has to be evaluated in most effective manner. It is required for researcher to take
qualitative either quantitative techniques for analysing data and information which are necessary
for reaching at significant output. This is most important process and it is based on the adoption
of most appropriate techniques which suits on the research project. In this present case an
effective interview has been conducted among the managers of the firm in order to collect
required data and information for carry out the research work in most appropriate manner. Here
in this research work thematic analysis has been created by researcher on the basis of different
themes which are related with the questions of interview. In this the process of interview has
been created among organisational people because they are having a wide range of knowledge
about the firm, so they are more reliable to give the answer of questions which are asked by the
researcher.
3.10 Sampling
A sample is a representative of a population. It is important for researcher to select the
group for their research. In quantitative research the size of sample and how it is selected can be
used. In qualitative research the characteristics of sample is important. For this single case study,
qualitative approach is the best approach. The data collection will derived from interviews of
between eight to ten manager who belong to the Imaging, Pharmacy, and Nursing departments.
In this report interview is conduct among the people who are working in the firm. This helps in
ascertaining the proper and accurate information regrading the research project. Researcher use
various tools and techniques for evaluating the collected data and use them for carry out the
research in a right direction.
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For this present research qualitative research is best because all data and information is
based on the human observation. In this data has to be acquired with the help of conducting an
effective interview process. Personal interview is the best way of exchanging information and
creating effective impression about the people. Researcher can evaluate the knowledge level of
respondents with the help of conducting personal interview. Qualitative research is based on the
gathered data which are depend on the quality aspects. In this researcher is focused on the quality
measures of data.
Methods of sampling:
Random sampling: In this method all people who are involved in the particular reserch are
having similar chance to being selected. Random sample needs to give naming and numbering to
the target population and than adopt some different kind of methods in order to select sample. It
is the best way to select their sample among the interested group and population.
Stratifies sampling: The researcher have identified different type of people that are building
target population and working of different propositions that are needed for sample to become
representative.
Opportunity sampling: This is based on the observation of researcher, in this people who are
involved in the target group and very much willing to taking part in the research activities. This
most popular way of choosing respondents and participants but this is not able to provide a
representative sample, this can be cause as the major disadvantage of this method.
Systematic sampling: In this sampling is based on the systematic selected subjects. In this
observation is based on the data which are collected through systematic analysis. In this
participants are arranged in a systematic way and than resercher can easily select their target
group as per their requirements.
In this present research report random sampling technique has to be taken because it is
most appropriate for gathering data and information through various people who are having their
own set of interest. Interview is conduct among the experienced people in an organisational and
they are helps in providing most significant idea and knowledge about the cited topic.
3.11 Ethical consideration
This is the most important element of for conducting a research in an effective manner. It
required for research to taking proper care of all parties who are involved in the cited research.
Research should never ask the questions which hurts the sentiment and emotion of people. It is
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necessary for researcher to keep personal information more confidential because some people
take wrong advantage of the information. For conducting an effective research researcher should
ensure that all activities of research are performed on the basis of desired objectives. It is
required for researcher to fulfil the research aims and objectives in an effective manner. No
personal issues and conflicts are mentioned in the project. Always keep personal crises out from
the research work. Before start a research it is important for researcher to set some gold and
objectives related with research objectives (Rothwell and Fowkes, 2011). Always follow the
aims and objectives to finding out the appropriate results and findings. Personal detail of
customers and respondents are never discussed in the over all work.
Time consideration is the major issue which is faced by me at the time of conducting
research, I have very less period of time in which I need to do so many activities through putting
my all affords. If time duration of research is more than I can effectively conduct interview
process in order to get more beneficial detail for completion of research work. Time is a major
factor in every work. If I got more time than is is easy for me to create an effective time schedule
for each task. One more major issue is faced by me is privacy error, before login with any site is
is essential to take permission of the owner. It is necessary for me to taking the permission of the
director of the company before conducting research, it is most time consuming process in the
over all research work.
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D'Urso, P.I., and et. al., 2012. miR-155 is up-regulated in primary and secondary glioblastoma
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