Physiological insight of salt tolerance in wild and cultivated rice

Physiological insight of salt tolerance in wild and cultivated rice Contents Methods 2 Results and Discussions4 Conclusion and Recommendation 15 REFERENCES 17 Methods Primary data refers to information which is collected directly from respondent. As per the above mentioned primary method of data collection, it has been evaluated that questionnaire is considered as best suitable method in relation with the salt tolerance in wild and cultivated rice.

Physiological insight of salt tolerance in
wild and cultivated rice

Contents
Methods............................................................................................................................................2
Results and Discussions...................................................................................................................4
Conclusion and Recommendation.................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

Methods
Primary data refers to information which is collected directly from respondent. It is
considered as raw data that is gathered from original sources. This data is highly helpful in
finding out actual conclusion for the problem or research topic. There are various types of
methods which are used by investigator to collect primary data from targeted audience or
respondents. These methods are described as below:
Interview: In this method of primary data is collected by asking questions from chosen
respondents in interview. It can be said that information gathered in this method is true as person
is less likely to lie during face to face interaction. These interviews can also be conducted on
telephonic based conversation.
Questionnaire: Questionnaire is combination of various question which are framed in
order to find out solution for specific problems (Bose, Rodrigo-Moreno and Shabala, 2014). The
questionnaire includes different option along with the questions from which respondents are
required to give best suitable answer. This method is helpful in gathering information from huge
population in less period of time.
Observation: In this method researcher gathers information on his own observation
without taking any suggestion from investigator. This method is helpful in finding out
appropriate conclusion as it is free from biasness. Along with this, willingness and favouritism is
avoided due to no guidance of respondent. It is considered as time consuming process as
researcher have to give more time in observing all activities in surrounding and further it
evaluated in order to conclude it.
As per the above mentioned primary method of data collection, it has been evaluated that
questionnaire is considered as best suitable method in relation with the salt tolerance in wild and
cultivated rice. This method is helpful as it less costly and suitable for large population. It
provides actual data as respondents are free to represent their own knowledge on question which
is asked to them. As a result, gathered information is free from biasness which is helpful for
researcher to find out actual and most relevant conclusion. In relation to research topic,
questionnaire is helpful for researcher to conduct appropriate comparison between cultivated rice
and wild rice. After collection of information it can be estimated that which type of rice can
tolerate more salinity and continue its growth without affecting level of cultivation.

In order to conduct this research, researcher has selected 30 number of respondents which
was sufficient of performing the same.
Ethical issues:
Ethics refers to the principles or moral duty of individual which guides him what is right
or wrong. In relation to the research, the field itself owns some sort of ethics which are required
to be followed by researcher while executing whole course of conduct. It is essential for
researcher to use all gathered information by taking permission of respondent as it includes some
personal details of them. Along with this, gathered information is required to be kept confidential
as this might not be safe and secure for the respondent. It can be said that every respondent gives
true information to research so it is the responsibility of investigator to value their support by
keeping the information confidential. In addition to this, ethical responsibility is not limited
towards respondents but it is includes respect for intellectual property. It is important for the
researcher to not copy work of any other person. And if required information is compulsory to
take then it should only be taken after taking permission.
Limitation of research:
Every research suffers from difficulties which interrupts in completing work in effective
manner (Gupta and Huang, 2014). In context to this research, researcher have gone through
number of difficulties. Time given for conducting research was not satisfactory as it requires
huge amount of time to deeply study actual scenario of company. Along with this, money which
was allotted was not enough as it if more money would have been available for researcher then
their might be a chance of making this research more appropriately.

Results and Discussions
Q 1)Are you aware with the concept of rice cultivation?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 2) Do you know difference between cultivated rice and wild rice?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 3) Does rice consumption is the staple for south-east Asian countries.?
a) Yes
b) No
Q4) What are the major condition problem can be faced in rice production in near future?
a) Increase in sea water level
b) reduction in salt water
c) Salt salinity
Q 5) Which type of rice can sustain longer in salt water?
a) Cultivated rice
b) Wild rice
Q 6) Does wild rice cultivation is more efficient to increase production?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 7) what is the importance of rice cultivation?
a) Staple food
b) Economic growth and development.
c)Provides high nutrition value.
Q 8) What are the major drawback of salt in cultivation of rice?
a) Damages root length of plant.
b) Stops fruitification of plant
c) Minimises sustainability of plant.
Q 9) Does Australian wild rice is genetically different from other cultivated rice?
a) Yes

b) No

Q1 Are you aware with the concept of rice cultivation ?
Yes 11
No 19
Interpretation: As from this above graph, it has been shown that out of 30 people 11 people are
familiar with the concept of rice cultivation and 11 shows the minority of people. In Australia
less number of people are engaged with the activities related to agriculture and the rice
cultivation is the another specific activity which is a part of a particular agriculture style and
there are different types of rice that grows in the domestic and forest region of Australia and
there cultivation process are also different and only 11 people knows the original concept of rice
cultivation as they are doing this process form one generation to another generation. While there
is majority of people that are 19 who does not feel even familiar from the concept because there
working activities and work are not related to the farming activities and due to which they are
not known of the concept of rice cultivation. The one who even belong from the agriculture
activities might be they are not known of this specific cultivation process of rice or they could be
of the cultivation process of wheat or other cereal.
yes No
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20

Q2 The difference between cultivated rice and wild rice?
a) Yes 16
b) No 14
Interpretation: As per the above mentioned graph it has been evaluated that mainly
there are two types of rice that is cultivated rice and wild rice. Cultivated rice is the one which is
grown in the field (Zhu and et. al., 2015). Plant of these rice are less tolerable for salt water as
they are not able to sustain with salty particles for longer duration. On the other hand, Wild rice
refers to the edible grain which mainly looks like lengthy aquatic grass with vegetal taste and
normally consumed in North America, China and India.
In relation to the respond of respondent, approximately 16 people said that they are
aware about difference between cultivated rice and wild rice as they have read about it some
studies of the education and others internet surfing practices. In this, they have evaluated that
cultivated rice is mostly preferred by maximum number of people but due to increasing salinity
in water its level of cultivation is decreasing day by day.
On the other hand, 14 respondents among 30 said that they do not know actual difference
between wild rice and cultivated rice. As in their native countries, they do not give preferences to
a) Yes b) No
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
16
16
14
Column F

rice as the staple food. This is the main reason for their lack of knowledge about rice and its
variety in it.
Q.3 Does rice consumption is the staple for south-east Asian countries.?
a) Yes 19
b) No 11
a) Yes b) No
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20 19
11
Column F
Interpretation
The above graphical representation represents the information reflects the perspective of
community subject to rice consumption. Whether It is staple commodity in South-east Asia. 19
respondents assumes that rice is staple commodity for consumption for daily whereas 11
respondents thinks that rice consumption in not staple in comparison to South-East Asian
countries. It is one of the essential aspect in terms of building the stable position and planning
force for deploying strategies and plans for growing the sections in south-east countries.
Rice consumption is east and south Asian countries is staple commodity for regular
consumption level. To analyse the relevancy for the this 30 respondents are chosen to derive the
sections. For effectiveness of evaluation the analysis made upon the respondents the respondents
are chosen form different continental areas and sectors for better evaluation and control. The
management not only identify the potential areas but also the reason of being more popular and
significant for developing the culture of staple rice in Asian countries. On ACIAR different
methods and criteria are analysed for deploying strategies different sections.

the results are positive subject to carried out the research. The projected results are
relevant to the research context as insight of salt tolerance in wild and cultivated rice. As most
adequate results also found parallel to Wild rice.
Q4) What are the major condition problem can be faced in rice production in near future?
a) Increase in sea water level 11
b) reduction in salt water 9
c) Salt salinity 10
11
9
10
a) Increase in sea
water level
b) reduction in salt
water
c) Salt salinity
Interpretation
The above graph helps in demonstrating the results subject to determine the major
condition problems in near future. The as per expert's perspective few aspects come across as 11
respondents assumes that if water level of sea increased that contingency of salted rice will be
increased and it will deployed with different aspects. 9 respondents analyse gave their response
in respect of eduction of salted water that will impact the overall consumption and will not get
impacted form sea levels and different physiological aspects. The aspect is more over related to
the suggested fields because the 90% area of South is occupied for agricultural purpose due to
viability and adequate climate (Yan and et. al., 2013). Raining system and climate stability rate is
stated to 8% and analysed more probable for contingency reserves for wild rice.

Q 5) Which type of rice can sustain longer in salt water?
a) Cultivated rice 18
b) Wild rice 12
a) Cultivated rice b) Wild rice
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20 18
12
Column C
Interpretation
Above graphical information shows the results in order to determine the sustainability of
type of rices. Wild rice and cultivated rice are the two different nature of rices considered to
evaluate the results for better understanding. 18 respondents shows presents positive aspect in
terms of cultivated rice and 12 respondents subject to wild rice. Results are positive in terms of
cultivate rice There is a huge impact fall upon merging and migrating the gaining rate and
analysing the cultivated across 114 countries. Globally it is observed that the quantitation of
immediate rice was evaluated for determine the process of analysing the technical aspects for
more critical and demonstrative analysis. The reduce rate was counted stable for salinity
tolerance due to addictive gene effects. However the salinity of wild rice found more complex
and reduced in terms of managing the stability and re productivity. In this case the stability states
for crop yield ad the biochemical and physiological aspects. Reproduction rate of cultivated rice
is sustainable for long term perspective in comparison to wild rice. Evaluation of cultivars was
precise at morph-physiological level by estimating parameters like tiller number, leaf area,
panicle length, root length, biomass elements for more flexibility and determining the plants.

Q 6) Does wild rice cultivation is more efficient to increase production?
a) Yes 19
b) No 11
a) Yes
b) No
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
19
11
Column C
Interpretation
The above graphical information presents the favourable results in term of analysing the
efficiency of production for more better and innovative way. The possibilities of changes also
remain compressed for wild rice comparatively to cultivated rice. 19 responders consider that
the wild rice are more effective and considerable for in order to attain the effectiveness of salt
and salinity nature. The process of ultra structural and formal changes are the main aspects
considered adequate for Wild rice crops (Zhang and et. al., 2016). At present, salinity is the
second type of stress and is the most predominant hindrance to rice production acer drought of
salinity on the growth and yield of rice in field have been well studied including the study of
phenotypic variance for salt tolerance amongst the climate nature. It is evaluated that the exert
services are more stretching and remain harmful for products and services in regular rigid.
The some of the salt affecting factors are the essential part to inbound the process of
gaining crops (Lu and et. al., 2014). The inflexible time duration extend the process in more
synchronised manner so that desirable outcomes get collected in time. The desirable biochemical

level attains the effectiveness of concentration of salt with enhanced osmotic potentials. This
issue majorly reduce the transactions for more summarised function ability.
Q 7) what is the importance of rice cultivation?
a) Staple food 11
b) Economic growth and development. 9
c)Provides high nutrition value. 10
11
9
10 a) Staple food
b) Economic
growth and
development.
c)Provides high
nutrition value.
Interpretation
The above results shows the perspective of thirty respondents in order to determine the
importance of rice cultivation for better results and assumptions. As per above analysis it is
analysed that staple food mainly intend the less sustainability with 10 and 9 respondents presents
the information for economical growth and development in rice crops and growing section. 10
respondents presents the perspective subject to nutrition values that will bring more sustainable
aspect. The perspectives presents the relevant results for compressing to fulfil the results.

Q8 What are the major drawbacks of salt in cultivation of rice ?
a) Damages root length of plant 7
b) Stops fruitification of plant 8
c) Minimises sustainability of plant 15
Interpretation: In the above graph it has been concluded that only 7 people agreed that salt
damages the overall root length of the plant as the root length it is not possible to measure every
time and it is less effected because by properly giving decent amount of manures and fertilizer
the damage of root length could be stopped and 8 people agrees that if the amount of salt is more
than fruitification of the plant is stopped as converting flower into the fruit requires time and
some time the insect can also harms the fruitification process which could also be stopped by
spraying the fertilizers and through this insects can be repel for the plant and the above two
points that is root length and fruitification salt does impact them for short period of time, but 15
number of people agreed that salt mostly harms the overall sustainability of the plant as it harms
the region or particular area where the cultivation process is going on . In addition also salts also
slows down the process of oxidation due to which overall life of the plants also decreases and
due to the nature of salt the fertility of salt also destroys. So when the process of seeding would
done for the next season then it growth and sustainability decreases to the higher value then the
previous one.
Damages root length of plant
Stops fruitification of plant
Minimises sustainability of plant
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16

Q 9) The Australian wild rice is genetically different from other cultivated rice?
a) Yes 19
b) No 11
Interpretation: Genetic seeds are unlike any other seeds and they are grown in the
ground but what makes them difference is that they are genetically modified and have desirable
traits (Kim and et. al., 2014). Under this, seeds are generally modified with the help of traditional
plant breeding techniques. Therefore, in terms of Australasian wild rice it is genetically different
if it is compared with rice which are cultivated. Australasian wild rice, provides with
opportunities to cultivators because they are improved. Therefore, in relation with customers
their prime choice or priority is wild rice because of its cooking methodologies as it represents its
quality. As compared to other cultivated rice they wild rice contains more nutritional value.
Henceforth, with the help of above mentioned graph it has been evaluated that Australasian wild
rice as per the 19 respondents out of 30, they are agreeing with the fact and saying “Yes”, which
means according to them Australasian wild rice are genetically different from other cultivated
rice. Whereas other 11 respondents have chosen the option “No”, which shows that they are not
a) Yes b) No
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20 19
11
Column E

agreeing with the fact and according to them as Australasian wild rice are genetically modified
so it can put an negative impact on the health related problems.
Conclusion and Recommendation
From the above mentioned discussion it has been concluded that cultivation of rice is
considered as main aspect for the future food production. It has been observed that rice belongs
to the staple food of the south east Asia which is mostly consumed by their native citizens.
According to its requirement in the future, it is important to preserve its cultivation and remove
other barriers which might affect its growth. It can be said that main component which is
important in growing rice is water which is required to utmost in order to grow rice crop
effectively. But, as per the research it has been found that approximately 71% of earth is consist
of sea water which is mostly occupied with salt water. This is considered as one among major
drawback which affects cultivation level of rice. In this research, investigator has conducted
experiment in order to find out that which type of rice can sustain longer in salt water. After the
experiment, it has been found that wild rice owns some new genes which helps the plant of wild
rice to sustain longer in salinity water. On the other hand, cultivated rice is not able to survive in
salty water.
It has been also evaluated plant height is considered as another factor which affects the
growth of rice. It can be said that if height of plant is taller than it will enhance its level to catch
sunlight which helps them in preparing their food in effective manner. Unlike, smaller plants
whose height is not that much do not own capability to reach sunlight which affects its growth. It
has been analysed that if plant does not receive proper sunlight it stops them to prepare their food
through photosynthesis. This is considered as the main reason which affects the growth of rice
plant. Thus, it is important for cultivator to initial focus on the height of plant as if they are
capable to its height then its chances for survival can be increased.
It has been observed that Australian wild rice are genetically different from other types of
cultivated rice. Its important for researcher to evaluate that acceptance of consumer is considered
as the major priority because cooking methods depends upon the quality of rice. Because rice is
the staple crop for people which is important to be cultivated in regular manner. Therefore, it is
important to grow rice as it is basic need for its user. It is important to find out actual solution
and ways which are helpful in increasing cultivation of rice with same salinity issue.

Recommendation:
Rice is a staple food product which is high on demand and consumption. From the
research, it is recommendable that rice crops should grows in new and better way and do not
treated like machine to be manipulated and forced to do anything against the nature. It is
advisable to use System of rice intensification(SRI) which has discovered and demonstrated
some important methods for helping rice plants to achieve their potential outcomes (Five ways
System of Rice Intensification (SRI) practices and ideas can help “feed the world”, 2016). This
system will help in increasing the roots and tillers to consume more water which they receive
through irrigation, so that plants would become more productive and usable. There should be
proper management of soil, water and crops in order to effective preservation of rice cultivation.
It can be cultivated by using advanced method and technology for reproduction of crop through
effective soil management, essential irrigation techniques and time to time supervision. Climate
change also plays influence on rice crop production.
It is also advisable to farmer to become experimenter to apply their own methods of
maintenance of rice crops. Adequate drainage canals are require to make ensure about proper
water control. Levelling the crop field is also important and sufficient water layer on the field. It
is important to make sure that soil would be well-drained inside the crops and utilized by the root
of the rice crops. It is my suggestion that farmer should observe their rice crop and rice field
carefully, looking for any sign of harm or poor growth of a rice crop. Farmer should feel free to
make some adjustments in practices like timing, spacing, weeding and soil preparation etc.
Innovation for proper cropping should be tried first in smaller area rather than applying on whole
and big field. Farmers should be encouraged to experiment with different varieties of rice. It
must ensure rice crops must be well-managed before spreading water to the dry crop and
maintain water level for optimum absorption by sun rays. It is also advisable to using less salt
based water to stop harming rice crops by using filter technology to clean water and again using
same water again and again. Soils generally harms roots of crops, it is required to avoid using
salt based water. For this SRI system is efficient one to protect crops and production of rice
more.