School of Built Environment Analysis Report

SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
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Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary......................................................................................................................................3
2 Objective Statement......................................................................................................................................4
3 Specific Objectives.........................................................................................................................................8
4 Background....................................................................................................................................................6
5 Safety Practices at Construction Site (Explicit Knowledge)...................................................................14
5.1 Advantages...........................................................................................................................................16
5.2 Disadvantage........................................................................................................................................16
5.3 Implication on Industry........................................................................................................................16
6 Findings (Tacit Knowledge).......................................................................................................................17
6.1 Advantages...........................................................................................................................................18
6.2 Disadvantage........................................................................................................................................18
6.3 Implication on Industry........................................................................................................................19
7 Conclusion....................................................................................................................................................21
8 References....................................................................................................................................................22

1 Executive Summary
The key goal of this study is to recover Jobsite security management performs in insignificant
construction organizations. The subsequent stages are accepted out to attain the core
objective. (KUMAR & E 2014)
 To demeanor, a study between small extent construction companies Jobsite security
management performs.
 To demeanor a study between labor concerning security complaint.
 To evaluate the Jobsite security organization practice level and labor security
circumstance from the acquired data

2 Objective Statement
The security matters are to be measured correctly from the project phase until the conclusion
and giving over of the construction. Construction engineering hires expert and inexpert
employee’s topic to construction location coincidences and fitness hazards. (Thomas & Costa
2017)
An appropriate organization among servicers, customers, and employees is desired for
innocuous work circumstances which are actual much deficient in Indian construction
corporations. However, workers' security laws are obtainable; the frequent coincidences are
captivating place at construction locations are enduring. Management obligation near fitness
and security of the labors is similarly covering. (Ulubeyli, Kazaz & Er 2015)
A comprehensive literature study is accepted out to comprehend the reasons for
coincidences, alert events, and growth of harmless work atmosphere. This research shows the
outcomes of an inquiry form survey, which was disseminated between numerous groups of
construction laborers in the Kerala area. The research observes and deliberates in aspect the
overall occupied hours, work shifts, origin of the labors, number of coincidences, and
category of damages taking place in minor and huge construction locations. (Kanchana,
Sivaprakash & Joseph 2015)
In accumulation, risk valuation, risk anticipation, and coincidence investigation were the
research subjects with the uppermost quantity of analysis. The core objective of the analysis
is to contribute to information on the topic, presenting tendencies over an investigative
analysis that may assist as a preliminary fact for further investigation. (SÁNCHEZ, PELÁEZ
& ALÍS 2017)
However, workers' security rules are accessible; the frequent coincidences are taking place at
construction sites which are enduring. Management obligation near fitness and security for
the labours are also missing. (Ranjan et al. 2019)
A comprehensive literature study is approved out to comprehend the reasons for
coincidences, defensive events, and growth of harmless work atmosphere. (Ravikumar &
Varadharaj 2018)

There was an increase in the number of coincidences being described in construction
engineering, a demonstration that there has been a droplet in the work fitness and security
being measured in the area. There is a necessity for the culture to be assumed the supervision
on how to guarantee their wellbeing while transporting up constructions. Hence, the key
purposes of the report will be on:
 How to confirm that the workers in construction engineering are fronting a lesser
amount of coincidences and dangerous properties?
 Conducts to achieve the fundamental approaches of examining the fitness, security,
and working circumstances and implementing the correct events to maneuver,
mechanism, and impose.
Security is the main fear for construction corporations, as it is a foundation of considerable
direct and indirect prices. In certain countries, the number of entire workplace damages from
construction actions can be as significant as at the smallest 50%. This is unquestionably a
thoughtful substance meriting crucial consideration. (Ulang et al. 2014)
This research studied that the security difficulties at construction location with severe
damages instigated by it with support of different graphical facts of activities. It gives
comprehensive material concerning the damages category and bodily injury of humans from
this. This analysis has also exposed that the importance of security in construction should pay
more consideration as the damages harm human life and even postponement in the
conclusion of the project. (Bhole 2016)
An analysis accompanied in 2005-08 in the civil construction engineering originate that the
price executives positioned on security commanded to the level of security philosophy in the
office. Those that located a worth on security frequently found advanced importance on
exercise. The works designate that to create an influence on fundamental security
philosophies, creativities essential to be presented that have worldwide attention and
engineering sustenance producing a ‘convergence’ of arrogances and the following repetition.
(Bahn and Barratt-Pugh, 2013)

Construction engineering is well recognized as unique of the greatest hazardous in which to
work.
Notwithstanding the detail that the UK construction segment individual interpretations for
roughly 5% of workers in Britain, 27% of altogether described work-related mortalities and
10% of main damages are from the construction engineering, as expressed through the Health
and Safety Executive (HSE), the figure that accomplishes health and safety (H&S) in entirely
segments of the UK. (Ganah & John 2015)
The Institute for Work and Health (IWH, 2016) describes HSMS as “the combined customary
of administrative rudiments elaborate in an incessant series of preparation, operation,
assessment and repeated development, focussed near the reduction of work-related threats in
the workstation”. Inside the agenda of an HSMS, it is suggested that employee contribution
and H&S education and initiation exercise are significant forecasters of the H&S presentation
of a corporation. (Zulu and Haupt, 2016)
Construction engineering, frequently labeled as 'high-risk,' has an essential influence on the
fitness and security of the laborers. However, it is mutual to understand a construction
employee's effort at elevations with apparatus and construction resources. These situations
are overwhelmed through possibly unsafe circumstances and deprived working conditions.
They are unprotected to threats that are problematic to enumerate. Dissimilar job locations
have different actions and events classifying the foundation(s) that positions experiments to
OHS of the staff residues dangerous. (ASK EHS Blog, 2019)

3 Specific Objectives
This research observes work-related fitness and security contests on construction locations
within Bauchi conurbation and bare construction labors have unprotected to dissimilar fitness
and security threats, and this is accredited to non-compliance with strategies on locations,
unawareness and non-training of labors on fitness and security counting non-integration of
better approaches of fitness and security on construction locations. (Singh 2014)
The analysis decided that there is essential to evaluate fitness and security observe,
regulation, addition and presentation, and lastly, the necessity to mark a monetary payment
for all remaining hazardous substances. (Kawuwa et al. 2018)
The current deprived situation and historical archives of security events within the
construction engineering are foremost to a great amount of accidental. The main foundation
of these chances succeeds in the isolated segment in construction engineering. (Tarik & Adil
2018)
This research goals to exemplify the security presentation of small and average size plans in
private sectors in an overall concluded statement. The study concentrations on overall
security features associated with construction locations similar to worker individual defensive
apparatus (PPE’s), equipment, excavation, elevation, and fall defense. The results
internationally propose that there is a thoughtful necessity for the development of the security
of laborers in construction engineering. (Sah & Hussain 2019)
Great discernibility security vests with reflective striping are compulsory when staffs are bare
to vehicular circulation. In the nonappearances of vehicular circulation, great discernibility
shirts should be worn at wholly times. Altogether laborers must wear shirts with sleeves,
extended work pants, and robust effort shoes or boots when employed on construction or
revamp location. (Ehs.princeton.edu, n.d.)
The outcomes of the analysis designate that the issues instigating the susceptibility of
construction plans to office coincidences are resolute by 5 key issues which are: i) social
influence, ii) apparatus issue, iii) structural issue, iv) organization issue and v) ecological
issue. The consequences of the examination supplementary elucidate that ecological issues

are the uppermost influence monitored by apparatus influences and structural issues,
hominoid issues, and organization issues. (Arifuddin, Suraji & Latief 2019)
The investigation, valuation, and abolition of construction security hazards are distributed
within the strategy of professional security and fitness, which offerings one of the
construction organization's official papers in Slovakia. The suggestion of the strategy of
professional security and fitness dispensation for business center construction has been
obtained in this research. Security risk calculation and method of risk exclusion show the
input data into one element of the construction data model, which should be an essential
fragment of the combined construction plan. (Mesaros, Spisakova & Mackova 2019)
The main fitness-related risks in PSTU construction location are dropping from tallness,
knockout by the deteriorating body, excursions, and reduction; spinal pain; muscular pain
(due to physical handling); fitness problematic produced by compounds, dirt, sound; damage
from fire and additional tragedy. Occasionally workers hurt from diverse kinds of illnesses,
for example, cholera, diarrhea, jaundice, dysentery, typhoid, skin disease, cough, pneumonia,
and malaria. For this motive, the construction segment has been recognized as some of the
high-risk segments in this country by the Department of Labor. (Hasan et al. 2017)
The significance of the inspection exposed that there are various safety matters in the
growing corporate, for instance, nonappearance of knowledge about the necessity of earth
connotation for switch devices and nonappearance of knowledge about associations shield
from power-driven problems. Also, the exploration similarly proposes insufficient proposals
for safety in a growth business. (Divya, Bhavsar & Pitroda 2017)
One of the main requirements concerning the construction corporation is to improve experts’
benefits inactive security management and execution of consciousness programs, which must
be industrialized and applied between construction labors. Consciousness on thinkable hazard
influences and data on how to decrease these hazard influences among laborers and servicers
will improve location security. (Vitharana, Subashi De Silva & De Silva 2015)
The analysis endorses the usage of an additional practical and combined management
appliance to implement the current Security and Fitness guidelines in construction locations,
to avoid coincidences, damages, and hostile fitness on the location. (Adebayo & Emoh 2019)
Occupational health and safety (OHS) is an interdisciplinary zone troubled with armed the
security, fitness, and wellbeing of persons betrothed in work or service. The areas of work-

related security and fitness programs comprise the development of a harmless and fit work
situation. (Purohit et al. 2018)
OHS may also defend partners, domestic members, proprietors, clienteles, and several others
who might be exaggerated through the workstation atmosphere. The Workstation (Fitness,
Security and Well-being) Guidelines 1992 shield a wide variety of elementary fitness,
security and wellbeing matters and relate to maximum workstations (with the exclusion of
those workstations connecting building effort on construction locations, those in or on a
vessel, or those below crushed at a pit). (Muthuviknesh and Kumar, 2014)
The main aim of this analysis is to classify companies’ interactive security obedience
influences donate to inspire operatives’ near social security acquiescence. This research is an
early study with the confidence that the conclusion will hint at the founding of security
pointers for interactive security obedience in construction manufacturing. (Zin & Ismail
2011)
Numerous difficulties are met in the security practices, unawareness of labors on work
events, absence of economic distribution for security organization, absence of consciousness
between labors, and linguistic obstacles among administrators and labors. (N 2018)
Numerous plans have been recommended to overwhelmed the difficulties, such as to deliver
real security exercise, distribution of economic for security organization, occupied pledge
from the highest organization, and to deliver security brochures in numerous languages. The
proposals cover three features for the application of security performs, i.e. consciousness of
labors, promise of upper management and the distribution of assets. The results of this
research would decrease the breach of thoughtful on the feature of security performs at
construction location in Malaysia and can be used as a foundation of reference in the location
protection management. (KENG & RAZAK 2014)
The purpose of this research is to recognize and assess the security management in
construction plans to reduce and resistor health and safety (H&S) of construction labors.
Survey is used to composed an extensive variety of sentiments from knowledgeable experts
occupied in dissimilar construction locations for contrast between them. The evaluations of
the associated literature are the major stage in finding data from formerly associated studies.
(SAEED 2017)

4 Background
That is about the approach that construction plans do not function autonomously of the
civilization in which they are positioned. Therefore, the appearance of new rules, regulations,
values and encryptions is furthermore completed numerous construction groups to recover
their security performance. It is maintained that construction manufacturing must not method
construction security as just additional stage in evading unsolicited coincidences/prices but as
a thoughtful apparatus for exploiting competitiveness and effectiveness. In this esteem, whole
security management was planned through as a presentation-oriented method to construction
security that provides an administration a sustainable modest benefit in the worldwide
marketplace by establishing a safe work environment that is consistent with peak presentation
and incessant development concluded the addition of all features of construction security
(purpose, performance, philosophy and procedure). (Okoye, Ezeokonkwo & Ezeokoli 2016)
Management has effect on construction fitness and security [IX] exposed that fitness and
security is additionally connected with the assertiveness of the organization. If the
management has a lively association with its labours, then the labours will be fewer disposed
to the chances at construction locations. [X] Experiential that the OHS management system
too plays an important part in the contemporary construction. (Hasnain et al. 2018)
The main rudiments recognized include ‘providing security executives on site’; ‘providing
printed and complete security and health ideas’; ‘presenting project-specific exercise and
even security meetings’; ‘providing security and fitness orientation training’, and ‘connecting
workers in security and evaluation’. The results extra exposed that 16 of the 17 influences
damagingly affect the act of the organizations’ security programmes. (Okoro, Musonda &
Agumba 2017)
The recognized issues were, between others, ‘inadequate communiqué of security
programmes’; ‘absence of employees’ self-protection and awareness’; ‘servicers disregarding
security, due to the time burdens of the scheme schedule’; ‘deprived individual insolences to
safety’, and ‘unsuccessful rules and absence of enforcement’. Answers from this study should
be valuable to construction consultants looking for improvement in the security records of
their organizations. (Agyekum, Simons & Botchway 2018)

To deliver a complete opinion of present construction security practices and consistent
presentation, this paper reviews figures of construction mortalities and their reasons. It then
benevolences efforts led to stop work-related coincidences and damages by the central
security agencies and the manufacturing. Moreover, compensations and restrictions of present
practices in terms of construction security have been deliberated along with elevation of
features in construction effort atmosphere. (Dai, Yoon & GangaRao 2016)
Certain investigates conclusion presented that they have absorbed on single difficulties
related to fitness and fitness influences leaving worldwide refining workplace security. In
overall, this literature reviews relate numerous studies output founded on their research
technique and results to fills gap and enhance worth to a body of information. (Jilcha &
Kitaw 2016)
Replicas to examine and compute the prices of deterrence in the construction engineering are
not easy to relate in this zone. Initially, because they are founded on studies approved out in
the engineering subdivision; and furthermore because the out-dated replicas for analysing
these prices are incomplete to recognizing and categorizing them. This scheming replicas
need to be better. Henceforth this study is an effort to fill the break by grows a security and
wellbeing cost outline from pre-construction period until to construction phase in command
to contribution customer to permit the obedience of security aspects in a tender document can
be guaranteed. (Kamar et al. 2014)
The model comprised 5797 unionized and 38,626 non-union construction companies. Entire
entitlements charges were 13% advanced (1.13, 1.09 to 1.18) in unionized firms because of
advanced permissible no-lost-time entitlement charges (1.28, 1.23 to 1.34), whereas the lost-
time entitlements amount was 14% inferior (0.86, 0.82 to 0.91). Unionized construction
companies associated with non-union companies have advanced no-lost-time and inferior
lost-time entitlements charges. Unionized companies may inspire work-related injury
commentary and lessen dangers over exercise and hazard documentation and control plans.
(Amick III et al. 2015)
The study exposed that the big projects show a great and reliable level in security whiles the
small projects revealed a little and diverse security levels. The association among the
influences can be gotten from the survey. They are administrative promise, issue persuading
communiqué between colleagues, employee related issues, individual role and managers’ part

influences, obstacles to security and safe behaviour issues and management promise at all
heights in streak with the management construction and danger taking behavioural issues.
The results of the current study exposed priceless suggestions to the building executives
particularly in cultivating the construction employees’ attitude towards security, health and
atmosphere and henceforth good security philosophy in the structure construction
productions. (HASSAN, BASHA & HANAFI 2007)
Concluded widespread evaluation of literature, an abundant amount of issues have recognized
and afterward grouped under five influences as customer-related, consultant-related,
contractor-related, construction workers-related, and construction site-related. Though, there
has been a lack of research in the alliance of coincidence donating influences. The
documentation and thoughtful of these influences will go a extended way in justifying
construction coincidences, joined with established events taken in definitely speaking them.
Exertions to avert these causal issues comprise inter alia removal of dangers from project,
actual security management, and passable preparation of actions and employ of experienced
specialists by the customer. (Williams, Hamid & Misnan 2018)

5 Safety Practices at Construction Site (Explicit Knowledge)
Essentially, it is a great danger when labours are occupied at an elevation that is susceptible to
coincidences. Though, the hazard may be abridged by applying the security practices at construction
location. Consequently, everybody has to play their part in instruction to stop coincidences.
 Security Strategy:
The corporation delivers their own security policy for the works on location. The fillings of the
security strategy will be shaped by the project manager. Usually, dissimilar corporations have diverse
security strategy but the general content is parallel. The contents of this corporation’s security strategy
are highlighted on the accountabilities of all the main players in instruction to stop chances from
trendy. The objective of this corporation is to attain damage and incident-free workstation.
Furthermore, they have an actual preparation to evaluation the security strategy every 2 years. As for
now, this corporation is under development of promotion the security strategy.
 Education and Preparation
The corporation always highlights the implication of security and health on construction locations.
One of the conducts to instruct security culture among the main players is by cultivating them by
training sequences.
 Site Security Check
Site security review is a required practice that desires to be showed to guarantee the security practices
at the construction location are consecutively easily. Based on the applicant’s view, the mainstream of
the security officers at the construction location will ways security examination but the efficiency of
the security examination has always been interrogated.

 Security Reviewing
Security inspecting is significant to measure the level of security at the construction location.
After the checking meeting, the security officer may determine the level of security at the
construction location whether it meets the security normal responsibility or not. (KENG &
RAZAK 2014)
 Security Consultation
The applicant harassed that these schemes intricate thousand numbers of labours in the
construction location at times. Therefore, the risk of hazard is advanced associated to other
projects. Consequently, it is significant to manner a monthly security meeting in command to
deliberate how to achieve and control the security of workers at the construction location.
Throughout the security meeting conferences, the security board will deliberate present safety
subjects at the construction place and the group will plan policies to continuously keep and
preserve the location security level. (KENG & RAZAK 2014)
 Location Security Association
Rendering to the interviewee, security is the most significant issue in this scheme thus the
business has selected security officers and security supervisors to mechanism the security on
site. Owed to the meaning of security and health at building site, this corporation originates a
protection and fitness group which contains of all main players who are complicated in the
project. (Sarkam et al. 2018)
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
As the security officer for this scheme, the applicant severely urges all labours at the construction
place to attire and usage basic particular defensive apparatus such as security helmet and security
boots.
 Reduction Protection Systems
The applicant specified that participation in a great rise building scheme is extra dangerous than
additional schemes. In order to decrease a danger of decreases during execution responsibilities for

this project, the corporation delivers security harnesses to altogether labour who work at a 2.5 metre
height. Other than that, they also deliver security nets, handrails and guardrails, security ladder to stop
falls.
5.1 Advantages
From the research conclusions, it is decided that usually the construction location is having
decent and organized security performs specifically security strategy, edification and training,
site security review, security checking, security conference, site security group, personal
defensive equipment’s, extra support and security measuring strategies, fall defensive
systems, and security elevations. (KENG & RAZAK 2014)
5.2 Disadvantages
 High cost for getting helmets and such security elements
 Time consuming for providing the knowledge of safety to workers
5.3 Implication on Industry
numerous main difficulties are come across in the security practices;
1) Unawareness of labors on effort events
2) Inattentiveness of labors in execution their errands
3) Absence of monetary distribution for security management
4) The exercise for security captain is expensive
5) Absence of knowledge of labors on security substances
6) Absence of consciousness among employees
7) Verbal fences between managers and labors
8) The labors use faulty apparatus or implements
9) Absence of consciousness among the organization team
10) Absence of supervise for security department
11) Absence of elevation on security stuffs
12) Poor management commitmen(KENG & RAZAK 2014)

6 Findings (Tacit Knowledge)
Numerous plans have been recommended to overwhelm the difficulties, such as to deliver
effective security training, distribution of economical for security management, full promise
from the upper management, and to deliver security pamphlets in numerous languages as the
plans to decrease difficulties in security practices. (Okoye 2018)
The propositions cover three features for the application of security practices, i.e.
consciousness of labours, promise of upper management and the distribution of assets.
(KENG & RAZAK 2014)
Jobsite security organization, like numerous other organization events, contains of
preparation, establishing, regulatory and communications.
 Planning
Planning is vital to the on-going achievement of any scheme and the mechanisms of the
project, counting security. A well-planned process includes a sequence of thoughtful stages.
First, the security consultant must prediction the requirements of security department for the
pending year. This includes studying the archives of achievements and disappointments as
well as all the assets used in the past. This predicting of pending requirement or predicting
when will happen is a consequence of observing at the historical and learning the future.
(KUMAR & E 2014)
 Organizing
Security typically works from a chastely staff situation. The line engineer/site incharge has
the accountability to create the foreman to comprehend the harmless work condition and
make them to do harmless presentation.
 Controlling
Controlling happens through a number of sub purposes. It includes looking at what is trendy
in the group by observing, associating the consequences of the explanations to found values,
and then taking suitable corrective movements. This happens through reviews, reviews,

records reviews, meetings with staffs and managements, and a cautious lookout on what is
fashionable in the society. (KUMAR & E 2014)
 Communication
The capability to communicate efficiently is dangerous to the achievement of security
consultants. They must be capable to speak in positions that the jobsite in charge or security
engineer can comprehend. This necessitates knowledge of secretarial, finances, and modem
manufacture and superiority theory. (KUMAR & E 2014)
6.1 Advantage
 Improved hazard management permits for superior control of important business
matters
 Innovative business zones growth(Muhammad, Abdulateef & Ladi 2015)
 Classify faintness in the complete system of control (organization, security, creation,
economics)
 Fewer unwanted business disturbances from unexpected tragedies
 Additional inexpensive
 Superior incomes
 Upsurge market portion
 Optimistic declaration (moral)
 Deliver initial announcement of possible difficulties
 Company evolution and expansion
 Attention on plan background
 Recovering hazard controls hints to lesser capital charge from chance and stoppage
 Improved attention on correct processes
 Improved work philosophy
 Labours composition part of a corporation, in its place of just employed for a
corporation
 Additional reception to variations/expansion
 Fewer management period and reserve expended on engineering unpredictability
 Improved custom of management period in active consecutively of corporation
 Extra likely to realize company purposes and areas
 Problematic directing (great risk fundamentals)
 Capability to agreed accurate action strategies
 Continuous observing of areas an accomplishments
6.2 Disadvantage
 It can be inefficient
 Takings directors away from their every work.
 Can be intimidating to supervise if fingered thoughtlessly
 Can be distorted by unprincipled executives
 Staff understand it as espionage or contravention of moralities
 Do not recognize all the feeble relations

 Precisely plan to aim precise zones (fleece responsibilities)
 Cannot be used as a everyday administration control system.
6.3 Implication on Industry
Fig. (1): Defendants’ sentiments about main damages (SAEED 2017)
Figure 1 exemplifies six mutual categories of coincidences that root main damages; the
consequences obviously demonstration that deteriorating from tallness on one hand and slip,
trip and reduction on the further have about parallel heights of H&S hazard rendering to most
defendants, with 36% and 32% correspondingly. Furthermore, 15% of defendants thought
that interaction with machinery is the essential issue to happen main damages, 11% of
defendants designated hit by a dropping body. (SAEED 2017)

Fig. (2): Respondents’ opinions about lost working time injuries (SAEED 2017)
The utmost possible coincidence to source incurable and main damages to workforces in the
construction manufacturing is falling from height. Throughout coincidences, deadly damages
could be decreased (and alleviated to misplaced employed time damages) by declining falling
from height. This reduction could be attained concluded using of protected edge defense,
harmless access, and an suitable support with decent advantage defense. Furthermore, an
actual way to defend labors from falling from high seats is by security belts. A large quantity
of defendants (39%) is exciting and treatment harms according to the consequences
established in Figure 2, consequently, lost employed time damages is most probable to
happen due to this, and blunder, trip, fall similar level is the additional largest amount (30%).
(SAEED 2017)

7 Conclusion
The consequences of this investigation recommended that the administrations should be more
taken care about H&S of their building groups to reduce construction hazards to an
satisfactory worth. Businesses should make staffs beforehand preliminary building work and
deliver them with pertinent data to classify hazards to prevent hazards on their H&S.
Servicers should inspire labors to monitor H&S commands. Furthermore, administrations
concluded hand managers can decrease H&S dangers through providing employee managers
for every side/ set of employees betrothed in dissimilar places within the similar schemes,
particularly in great projects. The employee managers should have adequate knowledge and
information to inspire the labors to transmit out their mechanism securely. (SAEED 2017)
Therefore all the essential influences which disturbs the jobsite security organization in
constructional schemes and issues disturbing security circumstances of labours are expressed.
(KUMAR & E 2014)
From the investigation conclusions, it is determined that normally the construction location
has decent and organized security performs specifically security policy, education and
exercise, location security review, security checking, security conference, location security
group, individual defensive equipments, alternative provision and security calculating plans,
reduction defensive schemes, and security elevations. Yet, numerous main difficulties are met
in the security practices; the difficulties are unawareness of labors on work events, lack of
monetary distribution for security group, lack of consciousness between labors, and language
obstacle between managers and workers. (KENG & RAZAK 2014)

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