SEM Analysis during Conventional Treatment of CMP Process Wastewater

This paper explores and evaluates the conventional treatment using the SEM analysis concept. The concept has been utilized over the past decades and has essential advantages in line with the wastewater treatment. Nanomaterial and nanoparticles have got a wide range of application in the wastewater treatment and the engineering concept as a whole.

SEM Analysis during Conventional Treatment of CMP Process Wastewater
Student Name
Institutional Affiliation
Abstract
This paper explores and evaluates the conventional treatment using the SEM analysis concept. The concept has been
utilized over the past decades and has essential advantages in line with the wastewater treatment. Nanomaterial and
nanoparticles have got a wide range of application in the wastewater treatment and the engineering concept as a
whole. These materials mainly adopted in various industries basing on their chemical as well as physical properties
in line with the bulb counterparts. In essence, these materials can confer to different elementary toxicity in the due
course. These materials mainly generated from the semiconductor, and they can enter the makeable municipal
wastes. However, the overall impacts which this materials have on the broader application and the overall ecosystem
is anticipated to be unknown. Thus, the study focuses on the whole fate which these materials have on the more
widespread utilization in the ENMs systems. The application is not limited to chemical but also extended to the
global mechanical planarization. In the process, the polishing process is often repeated with the aim of ensuring that
semiconductor the procedure has a decisive norm in the long run. The process involves the sample collection of the
wastewater at the overall on-site fabrications points at the treatment facility. The objectives for the study
incorporated the testing and assessing the size-dependent of the filtered particles. Furthermore, statistical data
evaluation also included and the results obtained established that there is no significant difference in the overall
particles sizes.

SEM Analysis during Conventional
Treatment of CMP Process
Wastewater
Introduction
Nanoscale materials are some major
impurities emerging from engineering
processes and disposed of in waste waters
which become a significant source of
toxicity. Nanotechnology has led to an
increase in the rate of production of
nanoscale materials[1]. The increased rate
of production has an equivalent effect in
increasing the rate of pollution. For this
effect to be dealt with, the producing
companies have to put in place rules and
regulations that have to be adhered to in the
long run. Wastewater treatment procedures
have been put in place to determine the
number of nanoscale materials present.
Scanning electron microscopy was used in
the determination of whether nanoscale
electrons are available in wastewater. This
process will determine the rate of pollution
caused by nanoscale elements. The
nanoscale electrons are determined to
contain silicon and aluminum electrons
which are profoundly harmful to the
environment if disposed of inappropriately.
The primary sources of this electrons are the
industries which release their untreated
waste into wastewater systems and end up in
water bodies or to the dry land and as a
result cause harm.
Metal oxide present in the nanoscale
electrons has been identified to have a
tremendous negative impact on aquatic
animals. This occurs as a result of its
affinity in dissolving in water and as a
resort, the aquatic animals readily absorb it
into their bodies. This metal oxide then
causes the death of the marine animals and
also leads to drying up of aquatic plants.
Different government agencies in
collaboration have implemented regulations
to help in the management of these
materials. Such provisions will assist in the

reduction of the possible effects of
nanoscale electrons to human health [2].
Nanoscale electrons also have an
impact in the general human activities such
as the wastewater treatment process. The
availability of the particles in wastewater
will require additional procedures to be
implemented in the water treatment
procedures. These other procedures lead to
other costs which affect the general
performance of human activities. Most of
the water treatment procedures include
natural methods such as siltation and
decantation which do not require
complicated processes and equipment to be
performed.
Experimental materials and methods
The innovative elements are meant for the
procedural wastewater treatment which
contains the nanoscale electrons. The
system is divided into two major sub-
systems. One of the systems holds waste
water which includes acidic slurry while the
other consists of the general wastewater
slurry. The mud first accommodated in the
solid waste tank whereby the liquid waste
overflows to the adjacent basin. The
wastewater is then passed through the first
filter which removes particle sediments.
The screen is referred to as a terrible
polyester filter. The wastewater is then
passed through another which is made of
carbon canister which helps in the removal
of organic materials in the sewer. The third
filter removes copper and it is made of
cation-exchange resin canister. The fourth
filter is made of a plastic drum which
contain fine sieve and its purpose is to
remove fine particles that may be remaining
in the water.
After the various water treatment
procedures, effluents are after that combined
in one tank, and all the filters that were used
in the filtration process are emptied
manually [3]. After the combination of the
effluents, pH neutralization of performed to

reduce the acidity or alkalinity of the water
before it is disposed of to various water
bodies or the appropriate place of disposal.
After wastewater treatment, the water can be
recycled back to the industries of companies
for reuse as it is safe and free from harmful
substances.
Sedimentation
This is a wastewater treatment procedure
which is facilitated by the forces of gravity.
Heavy sediments settle at the base of septic
tanks and allow effluent to flow. The
advantage of this treatment procedure is that
when it is performed on non-toxic slurry, the
recovered residue can be used for a more
useful purpose. The waste can be used for
agricultural purposes in making fertilizers as
well as manure. This improves the soil
fertility of a given piece of land and results
improved on yields. This method does not
require technical know-how since it is
facilitated by the force of gravity[4].
Sedimentation eases the process of
wastewater treatment since it promotes the
decantation of possibly all the solid particles
available in the wastewater.
Oxidation
Oxidation significantly reduces the
biochemical oxygen demand by wastewater.
This helps in the reduction of the wastewater
toxicity. Once the wastewater is oxidized, it
becomes less harmful to the environment
upon which it is being released. This
procedure is performed to all wastewater in
the early stages of water treatment.
Oxidation is done in two different methods.
Biochemical oxidation entails the dissolving
of colloidal organic compounds into the
sewer. The primary purpose for this
oxidation is to remove organic compounds
that are useful in the ecosystem. This type
of oxidation is mostly performed in sewage.
Chemical oxidation, on the other hand, helps
in the eradication of persistent organic
pollutant. Additionally, it helps in the
killing of bacteria and pathogens available in

wastewater that are harmful to the
environment.
Removal of ammonia from CMP process
Ammonia is one of the most harmful
substances when released into the
environment. It leads to the death of aquatic
animals once the wastewater is discharged
into streams[5]. Ammonium hydroxide is
mainly used in the planarization process as
an extractor of oxide. After the process it is
then removed from the wastewater using
Ovivo system. This system has an added
advantage of extracting pure water which
can be recycled. The ammonia retrieved
from this process can also be reused in the
extraction of oxide in a concurrent
purification process.
Importance of Ovivo systems in
wastewater treatment
It helps in the control of silicon to avoid
clogging of the system. This makes the
water treatment process effective and fast
due to reduced clogging which would stop
the water treatment process. Additionally, it
is a chemical-free process which is more
recommendable for water treatment since
there is no addition of water contaminants
into the wastewater during the treatment
process. Moreover, it contains a robust
membrane which is active and treatment
process which reduces the cost of
purification hence low cost of operation.
Water reclaimed from this process is useful
for reuse or can be safely disposed into
water bodies without causing any effects to
be aquatic or human life.
Importance of wastewater treatment
Restoring water supply is one of the
significant concerns about water treatment.
A company needs a lot of water to facilitate
its normal operations. Most machines in
companies need water to cool down their
temperatures as well as to enhance their
functioning. Water after being used in the
industries becomes wastewater which needs
to be treated before it is disposed of. A

company can implement its internal water
treatment procedures and use the treated
water through the recycling process back in
the operations. This would help in saving
the cost of getting water from external
sources [6].
Additionally, protecting the environment
and the planet as a whole is an important
aspect. Wastewater is a major source of
environmental pollution. Treatment of
sewage would help in the improvement of
the general outlook of our planet. The Nano
electrons found in wastewater have a major
negative impact on the drying up of
vegetation. Once wastewater is treated,
these harmful substances will not be
released into the environment, and as a
result, environmental pollution will be
reduced. Water pollution also leads to the
reduction of water volumes available in
water sources. This happens as a result of
the sediments available in wastewater
settling at the base of water sources making
them dry up.
Challenges facing the treatment of
wastewater
High energy consumption is a major
challenge in the treatment of sewage. This
energy is consumed by the machines that are

used in the process of water purification.
The heat used ads up to 3% of the overall
energy produced in a country. Through the
use of upcoming technologies, scientists are
creating new methodologies that can be used
in water treatment without much energy
consumption. Future technologies are
providing alternative methods to be used as
a source of energy to be used in the water
purification process.
Additionally, staffing is a problem in the
treatment of wastewater. This is because
wastewater treatment requires qualifies staff
that is capable of performing the regular
duties according to the procedures
necessary. They have to possess the
technical know-how of running of machines
and playing of other processes. The cost of
containing such qualified staff is high and
which becomes a significant hindrance in
water treatment. This problem can be well
sorted through the adoption of new
technologies whereby a small number of
personnel is needed in the running of these
machines[6]. It also helps in saving time
and facilitating the efficient and effective
performance of duty. Imposing an in-house
water treatment plant in a company would
be highly beneficial as there would be no
need to employ new staff for the wastewater
treatment. The available team only needs
additional training on the performance of the
duties.
Moreover, insufficient infrastructure had
been a significant hindrance in the smooth
running of water treatment processes. These
infrastructures include pipelines, septic
tanks, tunnels, dams as well as treatment
facilities. These infrastructures facilitate the
treatment of wastewater to enhance the
removal of all harmful substances before
disposal. To deal with this limitation, the
government in each country should take
responsibility to ensure that there is
sufficient infrastructure in the sewerage
sector. Finances are also a significant

limitation in the water treatment process.
The machines need adequate investments for
the initial purchase and continued
maintenance. The high cost of spare parts of
devices poses a significant challenge to
water treatment. This leads to the disposal
of untreated wastewater in water bodies or
on dry land leading to environmental
pollution [7].
Opportunities
Prior identification of wastewater containing
nanoscale electrons would help in the
determination of the appropriate water
treatment method to be used. Wastewater
containing another slurry can be isolated and
purified using a lesser expensive method.
This will help in reducing the cost of
cleaning wastewater using the purifying
machines which need a lot of energy. The
implementation of rules and regulations by
the government in each country concerning
the treatment and disposal of wastewater
will improve on the environmental well-
being. Environmental conservation will
help in the preservation of the rare species
especially in marine life for the sake of
future generation. Disposal of contaminated
wastewater will, therefore, hinder the
achievement of this specific goal. The rules
will help in offering guidance to all the
existing industries and future ones on the
precautions to take before indulging in
wastewater disposal and the possible
consequences.
Additionally, public education is a
significant opportunity which is focused on
the appropriate methods to be used in
wastewater treatment. This can be imposed
in different learning institutions as well as
done on open day public education
forums[9]. Education may entail the
appropriate water treatment machines that
are cost friendly, effective and efficient for
the treatment of wastewater. The public can
also be educated on natural ways of treating
water which does not contain toxic materials

which need complex procedures to deal
with[8].
Preferably, environmental and release fate
forms the essential areas for further research
in due course. There is an extensive
application of silver nanoparticles in line
with the overall wastewater treatment unit.
The nanoparticles often transform into the
parametric silver sulfide and the result in
sludge. The concept mainly viewed as a new
concept in line with sliver life cycle
nanoparticles. The overall analogy used
primarily on further investigation into the
environmental impact. Silver has been
utilized as an antimicrobial specialist for
centuries, and the expanded surface region
offered by the nanoparticle type of the metal
provides the more noteworthy germ-
executing limit for the overall reaction.
Today, makers add silver nanoparticles to
many shopper items, including sustenance
stockpiling compartments, dress, PC
consoles, beauty care products, pads,
phones, and therapeutic machines. Silver is
water solvent, so contact with dampness, for
example, a shower or a turn in the clothes
washer wash some out and sends it into
wastewater frameworks. "We needed to
realize what type of silver enters the earth
after it goes down the deplete and goes
through sewage treatment plants," says
Michael Hochella, a geochemist at Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University
and chief of natural and accidental
nanoparticles for the multi-organize Center
for the Environmental Implications of
Nanotechnology. Muck from sewage
treatment offices can wind up as landfill or
soil changes in agrarian manures, or it very
well may be signed in incinerators. In 2006
and 2007 the U.S. Ecological Protection
Agency (EPA) investigated sewage slop
tests from 74 municipal wastewater
treatment offices across the country and
tried for 28 metals, including silver (which
was distinguished in all the samples).

Through the EPA, Hochella and
postdoctoral individual Bojeong Kim
acquired solidified examples of muck from a
Midwest office [10]. They presumed it
would contain the nanosilver particles
presently utilized in buyer items even
though the EPA's objective in testing was to
acquire national evaluations of the
centralizations of chose analyses, not
recognize nanoparticles.
Discussion and Results
Nanoparticles Distribution in Wastewater
Treatment Unit
The distribution of the particles in the
wastewater treatment is not only essential
but also essential in the meantime. The
distribution analysis as far as the study is
concerned mainly grounded in the
investigation of the TiO2 as well as ZnO.
The overall evaluation and the treatment
procedure adopted in the examination often
described via the application of the
treatment unit as indicated in the diagram
below [9].
Figure Showing the Distribution of the
Nanoparticles in the Treatment Unit
The statistical data analysis as far as the
study is concerned mainly summarized as
indicated in the table below.
The results report a wide range of variance
as well as the denoted reduction in their
occurrence as far as the statistically first
results is concerned. Additionally, the
particles often prepared in the situ state in
which the dying concept was applied and
this mainly aimed at reducing the prevalent

particles which exists the overall sampling
particles. This aims at reducing the
makeable surface layer impacts in the long
run. The application of the SEM imaging
facilitated the observations of the total
nanoparticles which could not have been
attained via the implementation of the
necked eyes in the long run. Furthermore,
the analysis established that the particles
often tend to be present in the overall
process even in the parametric weir box. In
essence, the weir box is the prevalent and
the final point from which the municipal
wastewater tends to be discharged to the
stream. The particle means value
established from the analysis indicated an
overall diameter of at least 54 nm with the
total standard deviation marked as (SD ± 18
nm). Subsequently, the spherical shaped also
denoted the similar average size as well as
shape in comparison to the ones recorded for
the CMP slurries samples in the preferred
processes. Size distribution for the overall
particles gathered from the analysis mainly
illustrated as indicated in the figure below.
The data primarily grounded on the EDX
data analogy in the meantime.
The figure was showing both the comparison
between the nanoparticle diameters as well
as the cumulative percentage recorded [10].
The figure above mainly used in the overall
sizing approach for the nanoparticles in line
with the weir box. The samples used in the
process primarily drawn from the overall
weir box results gathered for each week. The
first graph showed the size ranges for the
particles recorded for each week. On the
other hand, the plot below indicates the
cumulative ratios recorded for each particle
in line with normalized size denoted as
100% in line with data for each week.
Interactions between Engineered
Nanoparticles and Sludge Particulates:
Uptake Mode

First and foremost, there is a study on the
interaction which tends to exist between the
makeable sludge particles in line with the
nano-TiO2 alongside nano-ZnO. In essence,
this study reported that there is an actual
interaction often denoted in the meantime
and this preferably results in the larger
sedimentations which are marked by the
ENP capture. The particles mainly reported
as the vital norms, and they tend to settle as
the demarcated sludge particulates. Also,
there is the application of the preferred
sedimentation method due course, and this
leads to the development of the laboratory
concept often marked as the free
nanoparticles mass, and they tend to have
ENP and sludge particulates. Notably, the
results gathered can be used to analyze the
overall effects in the finite form in line with
the adsorption isotherms. The whole process
of uptaking the ENP in front with the sludge
particulates mainly described via the
application of the Freundlich adsorption
isotherms. The equation for the process
mainly expressed as q = kC1/n, and in this
expression the parameters essentially
denoted as q, k, C as well as n is the
adsorption density, constant, equilibrium
free concentration of ENP, and exponential
constant, respectively [11]. Furthermore, the
overall concept in line with the parametric
linearized Freundlich adsorption illustrated
as summarized in the table below.
Furthermore, the results for the overall
analysis mainly illustrated as shown in the
graphical analysis below.

Interactions between Engineered
Nanoparticles and Sludge Particulates
Graphical Analysis
Expected Outcomes
Preferably, there is a comprehensive
application when it comes to the
nanotechnology utilizations, and the usage
often ranges from the industrial, agricultural
as well as environmental sectors. In essence,
the nanotechnology in line with the
wastewater treatment has got the utilization
which incorporates the microbial array chips
as well as the molecular fabrication
assemblies. Furthermore, the norm not only
has the essential advantages in line with its
application in the current set up but also has
significant disadvantages which cannot go
unnoticed. Some of the disadvantages
impact in different areas such the air, water,
soil as well as environmental compartments
and the effects of this affects human health
either directly or indirectly. Subsequently,
the effects mainly result from the action of
the common metals in the environment. The
effects of the nanoparticles in the
wastewater treatment depicted primarily in
line with the significant hazards grounded
on the size and the shape.
Furthermore, the nanomaterial mainly
believed to results from both the industrial

as well as the household commodities. The
nanomaterial introduced primarily on the
system via the waste disposal routes, and
then they move through the various actions
into the wastewater treatment facticity as
well as the end in the wastewater sludge in
the long run. If not adequately controlled
and managed, the effects of the
nanoparticles tend to result in the
contamination of the soil as well as the
overall aquatic environment. Therefore, the
overall understanding of the undulation and
the concept of the wastewater as well as the
makeable particles in line with the impacts,
behavior as well as the presence of the
particles in the system is not only crucial in
due course but also essential in the long run.
Furthermore, various studies have indicated
that nontechnology have got a broader
application in line with the overall toxicity
wastewater as well as in the whole content
of the wastewater sludge in the long
run[12 ].
Conclusion
Water treatment is an essential aspect
of the promotion of a healthy environment.
This occurs as a result of reduced
environmental pollution that happens as a
result of the disposal of wastewater in water
bodies or dry land. Sewage disposal in water
bodies lead to the death of both aquatic
plants and animals, and as a result, the
natural ecosystem is affected. This happens
as a result of the harmful substances
available in wastewater. Companies should
implement procedures to ensure that all their
wastewater is safely treated before being
released into the environment or being
reused. Water treatment entails the removal
of harmful substances such as monocratic
electrons, ammonium, and other
contaminants
.

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