Chi-Square Analysis of Self-Image Indexes and Relapse Rates

The provided content appears to be a statistical analysis report, likely from a psychological study. The report includes various statistics and tables related to the variables gender, age, weight, number of relapses, self-image index at three different times, self-referred, diagnosis, and intervention or control group. The report also provides summary statistics such as mean, standard deviation, skewness, range, and missing values for each variable. Additionally, it includes Chi-square tests and cross tabulations to analyze the relationship between variables. The report seems to be part of a larger study exploring the effects of an intervention on relapses in individuals with a specific diagnosis.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................1
Background of the research.........................................................................................................1
Rationale of the research.............................................................................................................1
Aim and Objectives.........................................................................................................................2
Chapter 2 - Methodology.................................................................................................................1
FINDINGS.......................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 3 Results.............................................................................................................................1
Analysis 1 Independent Sample T-Tests.....................................................................................1
Analysis 2 Partial Correlation......................................................................................................2
Analysis 3 Descriptive statistics..................................................................................................4
Analysis 4 Post Hoc Tests...........................................................................................................9
Analysis 5 Chi-square Tests........................................................................................................9
Range and skewness....................................................................................................................9
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test.....................................................................................................11
Interpretation..............................................................................................................................12
Analysis from the generated findings........................................................................................12
Chapter 4 Discussion.......................................................................................................................1
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................3
APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................4

Chapter 1 Introduction
Background of the research
The medical term for diabetes is Diabetes Mellitus. It is a group of metabolic diseases in
which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period (Hancock, 2011). It is a kind of
defect in the human body’ ability to convert glucose to energy. It is evident that glucose is the
main source of fuel for the body (Cunha, 2015). When the food is digested it changes into facts,
protein and carbohydrates. Foods which has an impact on blood sugars are called carbohydrates.
The carbohydrates on become digested transforms into glucose. Glucose is transmitted to the
blood and it is used by the cells for the purpose of energy. Diabetes develop when the pancreas
fails to produce sufficient quantities of insulin (Martin, 2014).
There are 3.9 million people fighting with diabetes in UK and that is more than one in 16
people in UK who has diabetes. The figure has been doubled since 1996 when there were 1.4
million. According to the reports, it is estimated that by the end of 2025, five million people will
have diabetes in UK (Stretch, 2015). Many individuals have blood sugar level above the normal
range but not adequate enough to be diagnosed as having diabetes. It is important that diabetes to
be diagnosed as early as possible because it get worsened with the passage of time.
Rationale of the research
The purpose of this research study is to measure the effectiveness of intervention and
control group on the treatment of diabetes among the patients. It means this research stated how
intervention and control can assists in the treatment of disease like diabetes. The test score are
being measured at three different time points which are as follows
Time 1: pre-intervention – It is the time before the treatment of the diabetes disease
Time 2: Post intervention – It is the time during the treatment of the diabetes disease
Time 3: Follow Up – It is the time after the treatment of the diabetes disease
It is evident that with the changing environment, people are becoming more concerned
about their health. In the desire to remain fit and healthy it is important that people should know
about different types of health diseases which might occur to them. The main purpose of
performing this research is to enhance the knowledge of the readers about the diabetes. It will
measure the effectiveness of control and intervention on the treatment of diabetes.
1

Aim and Objectives
The major aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention and control
group on the treatment of diabetes among the patients. Following objectives have been laid
down:
 To assess significant difference between intervention and control strategies of treatment
procedure of diabetes
 To examine the impact of treatment procedure on the occurrence of relapses
 To examine the effect of diagnosis on self-image index
 To assess the relationship between weight time and different scales of time during the
treatment procedures of diabetes
2

Chapter 2 - Methodology
Longitudinal design has been kept for the research. It is a randomized study performed
over 6 weeks. It was also a mixture of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The participants
were randomly selected and were segmented into two groups. First group is of intervention
group and other one is control group. The given data is made up from the intervention study on
adults. Test scores and quality of life ratings have been collected over three time points: pre-
intervention, post-intervention and follow up. Half of the group have been randomly assigned to
receive a brand new therapy/intervention. The other half is a control group receiving regular
care.
Following variables have been used for the study:
 Gender and age of participants
 Whether the client is in the intervention or control group
 Test scores over 3 time points. The data is entered as percentile scores for age
 Self-image at 3 time points (possible scale range is 0-15)
 Weight at time 1 only
 Whether patients were self-referred or not
 Number of relapses experienced
 Diagnosis
The test score are being measured at three different time points which are as follows
Time 1: pre-intervention – It is the time before the treatment of the diabetes
Time 2: Post intervention – It is the time during the treatment of the diabetes
Time 3: Follow Up – It is the time after the treatment of the diabetes
1

FINDINGS
In Appendix
1

Chapter 3 Results
Analysis 1 Independent Sample T-Tests
Appendix 1
Research question – Is there any significant difference between intervention group and
control groups at each time point
In general, T-Test is used to make comparison between the values of the means from two
different samples. Along with this, it mainly focuses on evaluating whether that the samples are
from population which possess different mean values. According to the present study, T-Test has
been used to compare the two variable at a different time point. However, first variable is
intervention group and second variable control group. Furthermore, through the means of this
test researcher will be able to evaluate and analyse whether there is any significance different
between intervention group and control group during pre-intervention, post intervention and
follow up stages.
pre-itervention post-intervention follow-up
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
26.52 25.39 26.57
32.05
29.73 29.55
control intervention
Outcomes from the Independent Sample T-Tests
Time 1: pre-intervention
At this stage, the value of t = 3.886 and p = .074. The significance value is higher
than .05 which means that there is no too much significance difference between intervention
group and control groups at pre-intervention level (time 1). This clearly indicates that, during the
1

treatment in pre-intervention stage, both category get equal treatment due to which there is no
such significance difference for the patients of diabetes.
Time 2: Post intervention
The results are showing that value of t = 3.236 and p = .017. The significance value in
this case is less than .05 which shows that there is high significance difference between
intervention group and control groups at follow up level (time 2).This clearly illustrates that, the
patients which are getting new treatments are different from the traditional treatment users.
Time 3: Follow Up
The results are showing that value of t = 2.496 and p =.100. The significance value in this
case is greater than .05 which means that there is no too much significance difference between
intervention group and control groups at follow up level (time 3). Herein, it can be said that,
during the follow up stage patients of both category intervention and control group acquire
similar type of treatments due to which there is not significance difference between them.
Analysis 2 Partial Correlation
Appendix 2
Research question: Is there any correlation between weight time and test score over 3 time
points during the treatment process of diabetes
Partial correlation helps in evaluating relationship between two or more variables along
with the external variable that controls all the dependent variables. However, the main purpose of
this test is analyse whether there is any relationship between crucial or essential variables of the
study. However, according to the present given scenario, variables consist of time for three
different times and weight of patients during each time of the diagnosis.
Outcomes from the Partial Correlation
Time1:
2

Time2:
Time 3:
3

The test was selected because age of participants and test scores are normally distributed
and the sample size is more than 30 that is n=45. Partial correlation has been used to identify the
relationship between age of participants and test score over 3 time points after 6 weeks
intervention.
Analysis 3 Descriptive statistics
Graphs
Figure 1: Gender distribution of the respondents
4

Figure 2: Age distribution of the respondents
Figure 3: Intervention and control of diabetes
5

Figure 4: Number of Relapses
Figure 5: Time scale score at pre-intervention
6

Figure 6 Time scale score at Post intervention
Figure 7 time scale score at Follow Up
7

Figure 8: Number of people who are self-referred
Figure 9: Number of people diagnosed
Outcomes from the Descriptive statistics
The descriptive statistics shows that there is no missing data since the recorded sample
size, n=45 is the same as the number of participants took part in the study. It can also be seen that
mean value of the dependent variable time 1 was 29.22 with a standard deviation of 5.47, in case
of time 2 the mean value was 27.5 with a standard deviation of 4.9 and in case of time 3 the
8

mean value was 28.02 with a standard deviation of 4.23. This suggest that the sample of
participants were more associated with the time 1 that is pre-intervention level.
Correlation
The results of the partial correlation discloses that there was a high and positive
correlation between the weight time 1 and the different time level. The value of correlation are
coming very high in all the time cases. This shows that there is very high correlation between
weight time and test score over 3 time points during the treatment process of diabetes. The
weight variable had very high influence in controlling the relationship between all the three
variables.
Analysis 4 Post Hoc Tests
Appendix 3
Research question – What is the effect of diagnosis on self-image index
From the results so far it was concluded that there are significant differences between the
groups as a whole. The Multiple Comparison results discovers which groups are different from
each other. The Tukey post-hoc test is generally the preferred test for performing post-hoc tests
on one-way ANNOVA. The p-value are suggesting that there is no significant impact of
diagnosis on the self-image index.
Analysis 5 Chi-square Tests
Appendix 4
Research question – What is the impact of treatment procedure on the occurrence of
relapses
Chi square test is used to prove the hypothesis prepared. However, the main purpose
behind using this test is that it helps in analysing the relationship between two variables and
accordingly generating the desired results and outcomes. Herein, researcher has not prepared the
hypothesis and focused on analysing the research question in which one variable is intervention
or control group and other is the occurrence of relapses. Through the means of these variables
researcher focusing on understanding the number of relapses occurring during attaining the
treatment from both the groups.
9

Outcomes from the Chi-square Tests
In order to test the above hypothesis Chi square test was conducted. The purpose was to
examine whether treatment procedure has any impact on the occurrence of relapses or not. The p
value was discovered less than .05. Hence this indicates that there is high relation between the
variables. It means treatment process has an impact on the occurrence of relapses. The results are
showing that there is an effectiveness of intervention and control group on the treatment of
diabetes. Herein, the generated outcome clearly identifies that, whenever patient gets the
treatment there is impact on the occurrence of relapses. Therefore, it is important for the people
suffering diabetes to attain proper treatment whether they are preferring traditional or modern
method of the services.
Range and skewness
Appendix 5
From the results it can be interpreted that Skewness is a measure of symmetry or
asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real valued random variable about its mean. The
value of skewness can be positive, negative or even undefined. For the following data set the
measure of skewness is having a symmetrical distribution because most of the values are
positive.
10

11

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Ranks
N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
selfimageindextime1 -
interventionorcontrol
Negative Ranks 3a 7.00 21.00
Positive Ranks 31b 18.52 574.00
Ties 11c
Total 45
a. selfimageindextime1 < interventionorcontrol
b. selfimageindextime1 > interventionorcontrol
c. selfimageindextime1 = interventionorcontrol
Test Statistics
selfimageindexti
me1 -
interventionorco
ntrol
Z -4.762b
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .000
a. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
b. Based on negative ranks
Intervention group Self image
Z-value -4.762b -4.762b
p-value <0.001 <0.001
Outcomes of the Wilcoxon Tests
12

The Wilcozon test indicates that groups, control and intervention are having a better self-
image at the mentioned time period. The z-value and p-value are coming out to be <0.001. Hence
it indicates that both the groups portrays a good self-image.
Analysis from the generated findings
In the current study, different types of aspects can be concluded to evaluate the
effectiveness of intervention and control group on the treatment of diabetes among the patients.
In order to carry out the analysis, investigator undertook the sample size of 45 participants from
both segments in order to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment on the diabetes patients.
Following analysis has been developed for the current study:
Difference between intervention and control tactic of treatment procedure of diabetes
It analyse the difference between intervention and control tactic of treatment procedure of
diabetes. According to the respondents, there is significant difference between both the tactics
for the patients of Diabetes. Furthermore, they states, during the post intervention time patients
feel the difference because patients are getting extra treatment as compared to the control tactic.
Impact of treatment procedure on the occurrence of relapses
Researcher aims at evaluating that whether there is any impact of the treatment procedure
on the occurrence of relapses. When asked to the respondents, most of them said that there is
significant impact of treatment procedure for both intervention group and control group of the
diabetes patients. Furthermore, number of relapses has been occurred during the treatment
through the new methods employed by the healthcare practitioner in providing treatments to
patients as compared to the traditional control methods.
Effect of Diagnosis on the self-image index
The main purpose here is to understand the effects that diagnosis procedure puts on the
self-image index of the patients. However, it is important for the patients to be positive at the
time of treatment so that desired results and outcomes can be generated. When asked to the
respondents of both intervention and control group it has been identified that there is no major
impact of diagnosis of the self-image index as people of both category are positive during the
treatment.
Relationship between weight time and different scales of time during the treatment procedures
of diabetes
13

Here relationship between two of the most significant variables has been focused upon.
One of which is the weight of patients and second is the time during the treatment procedure of
diabetes patients. According to the above study, it has been analysed that both these variables are
not highly correlated. But when asked to the patients of both intervention and control category it
has been analysed that weight of the patients affect the level of diabetes positively. Treatment
user with higher weight will be suffering from more percentage of diabetes. Therefore, there is
positive relationship between weight time and different scales of time during the treatment
procedures of diabetes.
14

Chapter 4 Discussion
Summary of findings
The above study was performed on some diabetes adults. The main objective of the study
was to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention and control group on the treatment of diabetes
among the patients. The findings discovered that there is high effectiveness of intervention
(therapy) on the health of the people. The people who belong to the intervention group have
more potential to fight with the diabetes.
Limitations of the study or area of future research
On the basis of above study there are several limitations that affected the course of the
functioning for the researcher. One of which is limited number of participants. This may lead to
collection of insufficient and inadequate information.
Time is another bigger constraint in the research work. Research is a complex process
and it requires lot of concentration & focus. For this study lot of time was consumed in the
collection of the data. Collection of the different time scores at different intervals was a difficult
process.
Use of different statistical tool is another big limitation while this study. I was required to
attain the proper knowledge about all the tools so that I can apply them with ease. Reading their
use and application was a difficult task for me.
Furthermore, in future research can be carried out with larger number of respondents so
that wide range of information can be gathered and better results can be generated. Along with
this, further study can be carried to evaluate or analyse the role of healthcare practitioner in
treating the diabetes patients and providing them quality of services.
Clinical Application
In the present study investigator has focused on evaluating the effectiveness of
intervention and control group on the treatment of diabetes among the patients. On the basis of
generated outcomes it can be said that, top level management of hospital can make the use of
new approaches in treating the patients of diabetes as they are getting better results with the help
of this. However, in comparison to traditional control measures of diabetes, new or modern
therapy is effective for the patients as intervention group of patients are providing positive
feedbacks regarding the services offered to them in order to treat them from the diabetes disease.
15

It is important that diabetes to be diagnosed as early as possible because it get worsened
with the passage of time. Hence this research indicates that control measures are very essential to
be adopted as they reduce the probability of diabetes in the human beings. It is required that
more this type of studies are to be conducted so that people can get awareness about the diabetes.
Relations with other studies
Carey D and et.al., 2005 also performed a similar study. The aim of the research was to
compare the effect of Orlistat Vs Placebo on the predicted 10 year cardiovascular disease risk in
obese people. The cardiovascular risk factors were treated for 12 months in relation with the fat-
reduced. The study concluded that there was no difference in the change in 10 year CVD risk
between both the groups that are Orlistat and Placebo.
McKenzie and Neiger, (2009), Also performed a similar study. The aim of the study was
to analyse the impact of control group and intervention group on the treatment of Diarrhoea
among the patients. The results of the study discovered that is high effectiveness of intervention
(therapy) on the health of the patients. The people who belong to the intervention group have
more potential to fight with the diarrhoea.
16

REFERENCES
Cunha, B. A., 2015. Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine. 2nd ed. CRC Press.
Martin, V., 2014. Leading Change in Health and Social Care. Routledge.
Stretch, B., 2015. Health and Social Care. London: Heinemann.
Hancock, C., 2011. Non-communicable diseases in the UK. [PDF]. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.c3health.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/NCDs-briefing-paper-
20111010.pdf>. [Accessed on December 18th, 2014].
17

APPENDIX
Appendix 1
Independent Sample T-Tests
Research question – Is there any significant difference between intervention group and
control groups at each time point
Group Statistics
Interventionorcontrol N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
time1 intervention 22 32.05 5.420 1.156
control 23 26.52 4.044 .843
time2 intervention 22 29.73 5.202 1.109
control 23 25.39 3.690 .769
time3 intervention 22 29.55 4.595 .980
control 23 26.57 3.342 .697
Independent Samples Test
Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig.
(2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95%
Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
time1
Equal
variances
assumed
3.357 .074 3.886 43 .000 5.524 1.421 2.657 8.390
Equal
variances
not
assumed
3.861 38.812 .000 5.524 1.431 2.630 8.418
time2 Equal
variances
assumed
6.207 .017 3.236 43 .002 4.336 1.340 1.634 7.038
18

Equal
variances
not
assumed
3.212 37.731 .003 4.336 1.350 1.603 7.069
time3
Equal
variances
assumed
2.820 .100 2.496 43 .016 2.980 1.194 .573 5.388
Equal
variances
not
assumed
2.479 38.270 .018 2.980 1.202 .547 5.413
Appendix 2
Partial Correlation
Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std.
Deviation
N
time1 29.2222 5.47676 45
time2 27.5111 4.95260 45
time3 28.0222 4.23454 45
weighttime
1 160.0444 48.06622 45
Correlations
Control Variables time1 time2 time3 weightti
me1
-none-a time1 Correlation 1.000 .886 .883 .428
Significance (2-
tailed)
. .000` .000 .003
df 0 43 43 43
time2 Correlation .886 1.000 .916 .273
Significance (2-
tailed)
.000 . .000 .070
df 43 0 43 43
time3 Correlation .883 .916 1.000 .359
Significance (2- .000 .000 . .015
19

tailed)
df 43 43 0 43
weightti
me1
Correlation .428 .273 .359 1.000
Significance (2-
tailed)
.003 .070 .015 .
df 43 43 43 0
weightti
me1
time1 Correlation 1.000 .884 .864
Significance (2-
tailed)
. .000 .000
df 0 42 42
time2 Correlation .884 1.000 .911
Significance (2-
tailed)
.000 . .000
df 42 0 42
time3 Correlation .864 .911 1.000
Significance (2-
tailed)
.000 .000 .
df 42 42 0
a. Cells contain zero-order (Pearson) correlations.
Appendix 3
Post Hoc Tests
Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Dependent Variable (I)
diagnosis
(J) diagnosis Mean
Difference (I-
J)
Std.
Error
Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
selfimageindextime1
1.00 2.00 -2.31667 1.08292 .094 -4.9499 .3166
3.00 -1.48077 1.12509 .394 -4.2166 1.2551
2.00 1.00 2.31667 1.08292 .094 -.3166 4.9499
3.00 .83590 1.14178 .746 -1.9405 3.6123
3.00 1.00 1.48077 1.12509 .394 -1.2551 4.2166
2.00 -.83590 1.14178 .746 -3.6123 1.9405
selfimageindex2 1.00 2.00 -2.25000 1.02407 .083 -4.7380 .2380
3.00 -1.25000 1.04277 .461 -3.7834 1.2834
2.00 1.00 2.25000 1.02407 .083 -.2380 4.7380
3.00 1.00000 1.05887 .616 -1.5725 3.5725
20

3.00 1.00 1.25000 1.04277 .461 -1.2834 3.7834
2.00 -1.00000 1.05887 .616 -3.5725 1.5725
selfimageindex3
1.00 2.00 -1.91250 .97804 .136 -4.2886 .4636
3.00 -1.31250 .99591 .393 -3.7320 1.1070
2.00 1.00 1.91250 .97804 .136 -.4636 4.2886
3.00 .60000 1.01128 .824 -1.8569 3.0569
3.00 1.00 1.31250 .99591 .393 -1.1070 3.7320
2.00 -.60000 1.01128 .824 -3.0569 1.8569
Appendix 4
Chi Square
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Intervention or control *
number of relapses 45 100.0% 0 0.0% 45 100.0%
Intervention or control * number of relapses Cross tabulation
Count
Numberofrelapses Total
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 16
Interventionorcontrol control 4 2 0 2 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 23
intervention 0 1 2 6 0 1 5 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 22
Total 4 3 2 8 4 3 6 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 45
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
21