Tourism Planning and Development

The provided content is a collection of various texts related to tourism, including books, articles, and online resources. The texts cover topics such as tourism planning, policies, processes, and relationships; the impact of travel on economies; sustainable tourism development; and trends in the international hotel industry. Additionally, there are case studies on different aspects of tourism, including backpacking and nature-based tourism. Overall, the content appears to be a diverse collection of resources that could be useful for research or academic purposes related to the field of tourism.

Travel and Tourism
Sector

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Key historical developments in the travel and tourism sector..........................................3
1.2 Structure of the travel and tourism sector.........................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 The function of government, government sponsored bodies and international agencies in
travel and tourism...................................................................................................................5
2.2 Local and national economic policy influences the success of the travel and tourism sector
................................................................................................................................................6
2.3 The implications of political change on the travel and tourism sector in different countries
................................................................................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Factors that affect the tourists demand.............................................................................8
3.2 Supply has changed to meet the effects of demand........................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
4.1 The main positive and negative economic, environmental and social impacts of tourism11
4.2 Strategies that can be used to minimise the negative impacts while maximising the
positive impacts....................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
Illustration Index
Illustration 1: TUI group facilities.................................................................................................14
Illustration 2: TUI group facilities.................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Travel and tourism is the largest service industry in terms of revenue generation and
foreign exchange earnings. Tourism has the huge growth market. It is driven by the human
tendency to move from one place to another in urge of recreational desires, knowledge seeking,
business purposes, adventure and entertainment. Consequently, it brings cross-synergistic
benefits to the economy. London has the long-standing history of tourism. People have been
coming here to explore the architectural assets (Barrett, 2012). Castles, museums, art galleries,
stately homes, royal palaces, garden and theme parks, zoos, globally acclaimed universities have
been capturing the eyes of visitors around the globe. This report outlines the various aspects of
tourism in London. It states the historical development and the structure of travel and tourism in
London, the impact of Government and international agencies, economic policies and the
political change in the country. It focuses on the factors affecting tourism demand and changes in
the supplies to meet it. Further it evaluates the positive and negative impacts of tourism and the
strategies to rationalize their impacts.
TASK 1
1.1 Key historical developments in the travel and tourism sector
Travel and tourism in London is flourishing from long history. At present travel and
tourism sector in the country holds the prime position in market share. Having the world's
prestigious destination, London is the world's leading tourist place with around 15.3 million
visitors a year. The country has been capturing the interest of the tourists from all over the world
with the scenic and attractive destinations, long-standing history of accommodating and
entertaining tourists; thematic and featured tours and the business trips (harrison, 2006). The
notable attractions of London are The London Eye, Ferris Wheel, London Aquarium, Big Ben,
and many more.
 The inception of the industry dates back to the primitive era when movement of people
from one place to the other was limited to the visits at holy places that is pilgrimages.
These tours were undertaken for religious purposes rather than for enjoyment and fun.
These trips play the vital role in realizing the importance of preserving the relics, visual
art and culture and the architectural assets.
3

 With the passage of time these informal trips gradually were replaced by the formal tours
organized by the sponsors. First such tour was the Grand Tour that started from 1660 and
flourished until 1840's. It was the traditional trip undertaken by the elite families and
groups. These were sponsored by the financial group. Till then many financial institutions
and banks came to the focus areas of the economy (Bluementritt, 2006). Predominantly
they were sources of the finance. These tour were meant to entertain and educate the
British nobility about the cultural legacy and Renaissance. It used to last long from
months to years. The transition in the travel and tourism in London took place after the
industrial revolution. The fast pace development of the industries brought lucrative
results in increasing the income of the workers and the owners which initiated their will
to travel more for pleasure.
 In 1936, Billy Butlin opens his first holiday camp in Skegness that revulionized the
journeys (Uriely, 2009).
 Further, the improved transport system made the travel easier. In the mid 19th century, the
travel companies Cox and Kings and the Thomas cook revolutionized the mass tourism.
They started the era of organizing the package tour on large scale (Gray, Matear and
Matheson, 2000). Initially it was organized for the families of armed forces and later on it
has broadened it horizon to the public.
 In 1969, The development of tourism act introduces. That mentions certain protection for
consumers and some rules and regulations are laid in it.
 With advent of technology, evolution of travel and travel and tourism sector took place in
many steps. Technological advancement saves time and made the journey more easy and
comfortable.
 Currently London is capturing the attention of wide stream of people around the World
due to variety of options for the patrons. Every year London hosts many events such as
Art exhibitions, special events such as Chanukah, New year's parade and many more
(Scheyvens, 2002).
 This prestigious destination is well acquainted with the accommodation facilities,
convenience for the travellers, and the agency to provide the travel related information.
 Future Possibilities: With the increasing number of visitor every year, Travel and tourism
industry is blooming in London. The area of coverage of the industry is widened now.
4

With the following factors the growth in the tourism and travel sector in London can be
facilitated:
1. Technology: London is the hub of the advent of technology. The improvement in
transport and communication can impart significant impact on the enhancement of
tourism. Technological advancements cater immense scope for development. Such as in
inputing and accessing the data of tourists through the use of advanced database
management and better accommodation facilities.
2. Infrastructure: The contemporary infrastructure of London is the locus of attraction.
Further improvement in the rail and the accommodation will attract more visitors. With
the combination of ancient and contemporary infrastructure London attracts the wide
stream of visitors.
3. Social condition: The centre of people with diversity of culture capture the big attention.
The increased disposable income of the people has initiated the travel and tourism in
London.
4. Money: Facilities are provided to the travellers in regard with the exchange of currency.
The money used here is the British pounds (Muhanna, 2006). By making the currency
facities easier the tourism can be promoted. Obligations and delays impact the tourism in
the considerable way. Hence, with smooth functioning the journey can be made with
more ease.
1.2 Structure of the travel and tourism sector
Travel and tourism sector is one of the largest industry of London with the significant
share in the market. The sector is largely fragmented with certain division.
 Travel sector of London caters to the activities related the recreation, leisure and business
and official trips through all modes of transport.
 Tourism sector is solely confined to the leisure and pleasure trips. It includes the holiday
trips, featured and thematic tours, destination holiday. Apart from general patrons it
organizes the trips for the sports-person and other industries. Both the sectors affect the
economy considerably. It has emerged as the fastest growing sectors contributing to
around 9% of GDP (Crick and Spencer, 2011).
Both the sectors are divided into many fragments with some congruent parts among them.
Few departments are involved in both. Travel industry of London comprises the transport and
5

distributors as the key component, regulatory bodies and public sector organization. Facilitating
the patrons with the arrangements in the modes of transports air, water, road and train the key
components of the travel sectors are the distributors.
1. This includes the travel agents are the immediate between the customers and the tour
operators with whom the customers contact and other are the travel suppliers. They
contact the customers through various mediums that are through direct contacts or
through online services (Tsai, Pan and Lee, 2011). There are some firms who act as the
linkage to sell the travel services to the customers. Other bodies which play the major
role in travel sector are the public sector organization and the regulator bodies such as
department for transport, dept. for culture, media and sports, foreign and commonwealth
office; association of British travel agents and civil aviation authority. The look after the
legality of the operations conducted by the travel agents and travel suppliers.
2. The soul of tourism sectors lies in the tour operators and the distributors. These include
the business and leisure travel agents who organize the trips. They organize the whole
tour by making arrangement for the accommodation like hotels, villas and other venues.
Further, they arrange the travel tickets and the transport facilities. The major tour
operators are the Thomas Cook, Cox and Kings, My Travel and the First Choice. They
take care of the complete journey and intend to make their trips memorable (Advancing
Tourism Research Globally. 2012). These tour operators organize the tours of all the
fields and sectors. The informal tours and officials tours as well such as the functions of
the Art industry, sports sectors and literary fests as well. Besides these informal tours the
operator organizes the business and government conferences and events. They organize
the event as per the requirement of the visitors and the patrons. The tourism agencies that
act into force are tourist boards and offices which monitor all the domestic and
international tours of the country (Ray and McCain, 2009). They are also entitled for the
promotion of the visits and tours within the country and outside. The regulatory bodies
that monitor the tours are Consortium of independent tours, federation of tour operators,
skills council for tourism, Hospitality and leisure and regional development agencies.
3. Visitors attraction: To facilitate the visitors there are guides at every place who help them
to explore the beauty and know about the place. These guides are endowed with the
6

intimate knowledge and information of the place. One of the important part of the
tourism sector are required to be fully skilled.
4. Events: There are another sections, the event managers who organise all the special
events happening in London such as Christmas, Lumier London, Hogward snow event
and many more. Visitors come here to attend the events from across the border for the
entertainment and fun.
5. London is acquainted with the best accommodation facilities. With different budgets
there are variety of accommodation options available such as villas, cottages, apartments
and many more (Mason, P., 2008).
TASK 2
2.1 The function of government, government sponsored bodies and international agencies in
travel and tourism
The functioning of the travel and tourism sector is largely influences by the working of
the government sponsored bodies and the international agencies in travel and tourism sector.
These organizations exist with different objectives and goals. UK is the part of the European
Union. European Union works to uplift the member countries in all the sectors and intends to
bring the stability with the mutual efforts along with the countries (Mehmetoglu and Normann,
2013). UK is enriched with the scenic beauty and archaeological heritage. The Government takes
an active initiative to attract the tourism in the country through promotion of the country's
offerings, encourages the hosting of International events and by building the relational constructs
on Global level.
One such area EU has the prime focus is the travel and tourism sector. EU works to
promote the natural, cultural and architectural heritage of Europe. The main objective of the
country is to revolutionize the travel and tourism sector to a new level. It aims to harness the
potential to uplift the sector and hold its growth in the economy.
Realizing he significant role tourism and travel sector in UK, the government adopt many
methods to boost the sector's growth and enhance the productivity. In the recent years certain
policies are framed improve infrastructure and remove the barriers. By removing the flaws UK's
policies and efforts intend to escalate the tourism at the prestigious and high-quality destinations
in UK. Committee on tourism “Culture, media and sport select committee on tourism” is
prepared to tackle the flaws and barrier, tourism strategy 2011 is released to increase the
7

productivity and in July 2015 a point plan as announced to boost tourism. Some significant steps
taken are explained below:
 £100 million marketing campaign co-funded by government and private sector was announced to
attract four million extra visitors in the country.
 Enhance the domestic tourism, by spending £1.3 billion more on promotion and creating 26000 new
jobs to encourage 4.5 million extra domestic trips.
 To become the top visitor economy by increasing the sector's efficiency and productivity.
 Increasing the number of official government sponsored schemes.
 Making tourist's visa simpler and convenient by online application, increasing number of visa
biometric ID centres and releasing guidances in more number of languages.
UK has made the policies in the tourism perspective to shape the Europe's identity and to stimulate
the competitiveness in the tourism sector. It aims to modernise the tourist bodies so that they give the
optimum level of service to the visitors and reflect the true picture and showcase what country has to offer
be it the natural beauty, architectural assets or to bring the business organizations to work together in the
efficient way (UK Hotels forecast 2011 and 2012. 2011).
Consortium of independent tour operators is UK's national organization with the strict
criteria committed to improve the quality of the service provided to the patrons and customers in
their holidays. It includes setting the quality standards of the accommodation facilities, food
delights arranged by the operators and services provided at the places. World Tourism
Organisation is the organisation of United Nations aims to promote the responsible, sustainable
and university accessible tourism (Muhanna, 2006). It intends the economic growth, poverty
reduction, environmental sustainability and the inclusive development by the means of tourism.
2.2 Local and national economic policy influences the success of the travel and tourism sector
Tourism sector has the significant share in the GDP of UK. The policy framed by the
legislative bodies make a crucial consideration of the tourism as it accounts predominantly. They
seek to know the impact of policy formulation and their implementation to the contribution of
tourism through Input out model, social accounting matrix and commutable general equilibrium
model. Hence, the strategy encompasses all the areas that impact the holidaying of the people in
the country (Wagen and Goonetilleke, 2007). As the country is host of the very important
international events which capture the eyes of whole world such as Olympics, Royal wedding,
commonwealth games, the government ensure that the policies framed intend to bring the new
8

approach to the tourism removing all the obstacles and flaws and the backing the industry to new
heights.
Rising from the dwindling of the sector in last decade, the policies with the right
framework pledges to promote the British tourism on international platform with the investment
of a £100m in marketing. Government recognizes the taxation in tourism as the true potential
source and uses the tools such as taxes on commercial tourism products and the taxes imposed on
consumers in the act of being tourists depending on the elasticity of demand to generate revenues
(Petia and Peter, 2004).
Local and national economic policy fosters the tourism development on the following
areas:
 Policies are framed with the insight to reduce the entry restrictions.
 Depending upon the elasticity of visitor's demand, economic situation and tax bases,
occupancy tax and similar tax are decided.
 The share of budget allotted to the marketing spending plays the vital role in promoting
the country's tourism on wide scale.
 By allotting various tax and tariff relaxations and other benefits and incentives to the
financers, the tourism investment is attracted (Spilsbury, 2011).
 The domestic and the cross the border trade agreements and public-private partnerships
brings the lucrative results.
2.3 The implications of political change on the travel and tourism sector in different countries
Tourism sector has the influence of the overall environment prevailing in the country.
Political environment plays the crucial role in deciding the ratio. It has the serious impacts on the
prospects of the tourism sector. The favourable conditions attract the tourist from around the
globe and on the contrary the unrest in the country imparts the negative image on international
platform and brings down the tourists footfall. The political environment include the critical
issues such as the stability conditions, the rules and regulations, the marketing initiatives and the
support offered by the government (Holden, 2008). The favourable political environment makes
the country preferred destination and highlights the competitive position in the global market.
The Rules and regulation administered by the legislative bodies can impact the either way. Asian
countries such as India has made the situation very favourable for the patrons. Travel and tour
operators are meant to function within the framework of these policies. The policies such as
9

relaxation of tariff and taxes and provision of incentives encourage the tourism and the foreign
direct investment in the country. For instance, The relaxation brought by Dubai in their policies
attracts tourists. The transition in its focus towards the boosting of tourism and showcasing the
country in the new way has captured the attention of people in the significant way. Conversely
the obligations, deviates and hinders the visitors to come with ease. Such as the unrest in political
scenerio in the countries like Jordan and Iraq deviates the tourism away from it. These
obligations also restrict the activists and the players in the industry and brings discouragement to
them. The marketing initiatives undertaken by the government and the agencies in showcasing
what the country has to offer influence the visitors. The prominent strategies are adopted by the
government and the tour and travel operators working in the same field. It is done by building the
strategic plans and is implemented by the travel and the media personnel (Clarke and Chen,
2012). The countries like Maldives, Mauratious and singapore prome the country by adopting the
various marketing medium such as digital marketing. Through this the government reflects the
national interests, its resources and the philosophy it possesses. The marketing becomes
successful in convincing the customers about the ability of the destination to satiate the needs of
customers and delight them.
TASK 3
3.1 Factors that affect the tourists demand
The manager working in the travel and tourism industry for the first time need be
cognizant of all the aspects affecting the demand of tourism in UK. This information will help
him in undergoing the operational working in the effective way and to capture the attention of
larger stream of visitors.
There are various factors that affect the demand of tourism in UK. The TUI group has 3
types of holidays; Inbound, outbound and domestic.
Political: The political factors are the key factors that affect the tourism in a London. The
favourable factors drastically attract the tourist while the unrest and the unfavourable factors
keeps the country away from becoming the preferred destinations in spite of having lots of
resource and culture to show. The promotion and the marketing by the political representatives
increase the tourism demand. The policies framed by the UK government such as the 2011
10

straegy to enhance tourism, 2015 July five point policy to tackle the barriers and promote
tourism boost the profitability in the business of TUI group in various devisions.
Economic: The economic policies and environment prevailing in London affects the revenue
generation. The marketing spending ratio, tourism investment quantum and the tariffs and taxes
such as the occupancy tax depending upon the elasticity affects the demand (Mak, 2004). Other
than this the current economic situation prevailing in London such as the stock exchange
fluctuations, interest rates, bank rates and level of disposable income also decides the tourist
demands. Such fluctuations and conditions brings changes in the TUI group's business plans and
stractegy to attract the larger stream of patrons. Such as the high level of disposable income
increases the will to move other places and explore them. Low interest rates and bank rates
reduce the trip expenditure and motivate the patrons to visit (Burns, 2000). At this time the
business of TUI group increases significantly.
Social Factors: The taste and preferences of the people affects the selection of place of
destination. The country rich in diversity of culture and resources become the first choice of the
customers. Tourism demand is significantly affected by these social factors. The recent policies
of the UK Government has encouraged the inbound and domestic tourism in the significant way
along with the visits of cross border travelers, this considerable enhance the operation of TUI
group in different services.
Technological: Technological advancement of London such as in providing the transport
facilities makes the journey and travelling easier. These days’ tour operators make the traveller’s
journey comfortable by giving them digital and online services. All the facilities are available
online such as tickets arrangements, accommodation and organising other leisure activities. The
sound communication system also proves favourable. Good technology drives the travel and
tourism sector through effective marketing. For instance, the facility provided by the TUI group
for the online booking, helping the visitors for the application of visa on virtual platform that is
through internet and with the help of virtual tours on the websites, the customers understands the
services provided by the TUI group in better ways. Advancement in the transport and travelling
made the journey very easier (Global Agenda Council on New Models of Travel & Tourism.
2013).
Legal factors: The legal factors prevailing in London also play the crucial role in affecting the
demand of tourists. The rules and regulations related to the entry in the country impact it. The
11

ease of providing the visas and the formalities related to the licensing of the travel agency and
tours brings more tourists. Various organisation and institutes are working in this respect to make
the tourism sustainable and brings development inclusively which attracts tourism demand. TUI
group realizes the responsibility towards abiding the laws and regulations laid by the UK
government and other legislative agencies and follow the norms.
Environmental factors: The climatic and weather conditions of any place are core reason to
bring in the tourist to that place. The tourist and visitors moves to other places to explore the
beauty and the attractions of the particular place (Chen and Choi, 2008). The company rich in the
natural resources and the natural attractions have become the favourite destination places.
Apart from this there are other factors as well which influence the tourism demand.
 Degree and type of service offered: It refers to the hospitality services offered by the
operators. The intention of the service provider to give them memories by making their
holidays the best leisure time intensifies the tourism demand.
 Attractiveness of the country: The diversity and quantum of recreational activities are
directly proportional to the success of the tourism. The diversity includes the variety of
flora and fauna, the architectural assets, natural resources, cultural events, festivals,
events and exhibitions on art, sports and entertainment.
 Travelling expenses: To reduce the expenses occurred on the travelling and holidays, tour
operators offer many discounts and featured schemes (Jayawardena and et.al., 2013).
Apart from this they also provide other facilities such as travel insurances and visas to
save their money and time which make them feel to travel.
3.2 Supply has changed to meet the effects of demand
From the exotic journey of the grand tour to the planned and organized trips, Tourism has
evolved a lot over time. Today's trips are more integrated than past compartmentalized trips.
Earlier these pleasure peripheries were limited to the elites but now it permeating downwards to
the general mass of population as well. The key agents in this transition are the social, emulation,
technological advancement and the role of innovators and intermediates such as the travel agents,
tour operators and the organizers. Tour these days are the special recreational trips rather that the
routine. The tourism industry has been explored a lot. Earlier it was the leisure activity of the
affluent, now with the continuous emergence the variations came in the hospitality, length of the
visits and the economic outlays (Scheyvens, 2002). The horizon of the tourism is widened a lot
12

creating distinct pattern of demand and supply. To meet out these demands the pattern of supply
has been transformed significantly.
Suppliers includes the distributors such as travel agents and tour operators, the hotels and
inns, transports, foods, organizers of recreational activities, sources of entertainment and
financial services. These suppliers intend to make the holidays memorable by giving them
enjoyable experiences and helps them to spend the quality time with their friends and family.
They understand that all sizes doesn't fit to all, hence provide range of products to satiate their
desires.
Travel and journey: With huge range of options and packages, the operators of London provide
the plenty of deals with expensive to the affordable and economic to fulfil the needs. They make
their travel tickets arrangements and take care of their in-flight services (Veal, 2006). Apart from
the regular packages they offer the seasonal discounts and other deals such as the festive deals,
for kids and for the last minute reservations. TUI group provides the different travel options for
the patrons to reach the destinations, such as air, cruise, cargoes and by road. The group provides
the safe and enjoyable journey to Caribbean, central America or Canary Islands through cruise.
13

Source: Thomson, 2016.
Accommodation facilities: The supplier's comes up with the variety of accommodation facilities
such as the expensive hotels, villas, apartments, inns, cottages, natural and thematic resorts
covering all the needs of the customers they are looking for. At these accommodation the special
concern is given to the food delights offered to them from multi cuisines to the regional
specialities there broad stream to choices available (Hall, 2008). For the different budgets and
ranges, TUI group provides different accommodation facilities for Elites, medium range.
14
Illustration 1: TUI group facilities

Source: Thomson, 2016.
Recreational activities: In this era of fast paced life, people takes out the time from their hectic
schedule for their holidays and desires to make it enjoyable up-to great extent. To make this
possible tour operators inculcates many adventures and recreational activities in the trip. It
includes above the surface activities such as the paragliding, mountaineering, forest safaris,
underwater sports such as diving and kelling and adventure trips to the forests and Atlantic.
Other recreational activities such as spas are the part of most of the packages. Besides theses
sports like golf are the preferred choices (Uriely, 2009).
Financial services: With the Another additional service the operators are committed to
safeguard their customers. They back their holidays with the insurance packages. They cover the
credit card accident, the personal health insurance and the other covers such as the business,
cruise, sports travel and adventures tours insurance packages. TUI group ease the journey of the
patrons by providing the number of financial services.
The well awareness of the degree and domain of the effectiveness of the factors affecting
demand and supply enables the manager working in the travel and tourism industry to provide
the better services and give the memorable experience of enjoying the treasure trove of United
Kingdom to their visitors.
TASK 4
4.1 The main positive and negative economic, environmental and social impacts of tourism
With 126 million yearly trips of visitors in London, London is the principle tourist
destination. Tourism is the significant sources of the social, economic and cultural impacts
15
Illustration 2: TUI group facilities

involving number of stakeholders. It trickles down the impacts to both the host and tourist
destination countries. Along with experiencing the benefits on various grounds it also encounters
the negative impacts (Gautam, 2008). The influence of the tourism on various industries and
sectors of the economy is categorized in the following manner:
Economic impact: Tourism has the substantial impact on the economic sector. It brings the
lucrative results to the gross revenue and the foreign exchange earnings. Through forward and
backward linkages it permeates to the economic development of the other sectors as well. The
travel and journey that is the aviation and other modes of transport avail the maximum benefits
that are through tickets, airport hotels, convenience charges. Apart from travel expenses they
procure revenues from other arrangements such as airport hotels and lobbies and waiting
compartments (Abu and et.al., 2012). Besides leisure tourism London is the destination of
medical tourism, wellness tourism, heritage tourism, ecotourism, wildlife tourism and MICE
tourism that is meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions which caters mostly to business
travellers. Service providers in these sectors avail benefits with the wide pool of visitors.
Environmental impacts: Tourism brings positive impacts to the environment to a great extent. It
improves the environmental management and planning. With the analysis of the current
resources and the future potential, organizations plan to develop and manage the natural
resources and heritage. It increases the awareness for the conservation of resources (Bunja,
2003). The increased tourism aware the people of country and the Government to revolutionize
the infrastructure and bring positive changes.
Social Impacts of tourists: It enhances the improvement of the infrastructure and the civil
amenities. It also encourages the preservation of traditional customs, festivals and social assets. It
brings more connectivity between the countries. It brings the better understanding of the culture
among people. Increased mobility of the cross-border people strengthens the bonds between the
countries and international personalities. Tourism enhances the connectivity among people of
different countries which proves to be beneficial on various grunds.
Apart from the positive impacts, tourism affects the country adversely on some grounds.
Economic impact: Along with swelling up the revenues through the exports of the country,
leakages happen if the tourists are cross the borders outside (Bernick and Boo, 2013). It leaks to
international hotel chains and resort groups. It takes the foreign exchange out of the country. The
16

leakages from the nation in the form of currency going out of the country increases the deficit
margins in balance of payments.
Environmental Impact: Tourism has the negative impact on the environment and ecology of the
country in the considerable way. It leads to the increment of the emissions of greenhouse gases
and carbon in the country. In the recent survey, London was counted among the most polluted
cities of the world. The vital reason is the immigration of people in the city for various purposes.
It also affects the heritage of the country. It leads to the damage of the resources such as forest,
mountains and other nature's assets (Gautam, 2008).
Social impacts: With the immigration of tourist in the country the culture and traditions also get
affected. Sometimes it imparts the wrong influence on the countrymen. It leads to the loss of
authenticity. With the commercialization of the culture and reinforcement of the stereotypes the
traditional values get affected. With the immigration of people from different backgrounds,
national security get threatens (Holden, 2008). The enhancement of the tourism in the country
imparts the negative impact on the cultural and natural resources of the country and also affects
the perspectives and values of the nations. Hence, it affects the foundation values and principles
of the country
4.2 Strategies that can be used to minimise the negative impacts while maximising the positive
impacts
Tourism sector proves to be very beneficial for the country. Though it has some negative
impacts steps can be undertaken to minimize it and at the same place to enhance the positive
impacts. Following are the efforts taken to rationalize the impacts of London tourism.
Economic impact:
Revenue generation can be enhanced through the promotion of the London's culture on
international grounds. Apart from the leisure tourism other tourism such as medical tourism and
MICE can be encouraged. London is the hub of international trade it brings lucrative revenue to
all the industries. Hosting the sports and entertainment events in London also help it to stand out
in market. These events bring in the multiplier effects to all the industries and sectors. By
bringing some regulations with respect to the employment in the international tour operators of
the immigrants the deficits can be reduced. As if the staff members in the tour operators is
appointed from the nation, it will keep the money in nation only.
Environmental impact
17

Educational and awareness programs and events enhance the awareness for the conservation and
preservation of the environment and ecology. It can be done through promotional activities done
by the government representatives to have the strong impact on public. Further, through media it
reaches the mass population. Several organizations are working to make the tourism sustainable
such as world tourism organization, it promotes the tourism for the inclusive development and
overall social upliftment. Negative impact can be minimized through the intensive care of these
heritages that is if the organisation adopts certain measure to preserve them it will prevent them
from destruction and harm.
Social Impact:
Along with the external promotion of the culture, heritage and natural resources of London, the
internal promotion increases the domestic tourism. It increases the awareness to preserve the
nation’s assets and brings in the civic pride. It reduces the loss of authenticity of culture and
traditions (Petia and Peter, 2004). With increase in security at national boundaries the penetration
of illegal entities can be prevented. The rise in crime is also checked through the internal security
and awareness. The policies adopted by the Government increases the awareness among the
people and that brings positive change in the preservation of assets of nation.
CONCLUSION
London has the longstanding history of tourism from the Grand tours for the elite nobility
to the present tourism for mass of people. It has the rich source of architectural heritage like
palaces, castles and museums and other attractions. It has the organized and planned structure of
travel and tourism sector. There is the strong influence of the national and international agencies
and through the promotion, awareness and some rules and regulations. Over the time tourism
demand in London changed a lot, to meet that demand suppliers are coming up with different
and convincing packages and services (Tsai, Pan and Lee, 2011). Tourism imparts both positive
and negative impacts on the country. It increases the revenue and foreign exchange reserves of
the country, improves the image on international platform and increases the connectivity
globally. Along with this it has some negative impacts such as damage to environment, loss of
authenticity and commercialization of culture. To stabilize the effects of tourism, respective steps
are undertaken.
18

19

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Abu, R. and et.al., 2012. Hospitality and Tourism. CRC Press.
Barrett, 2012. An opportunity or liability? London 2012 and security. Safer Communities. 10.
pp.41 – 48.
Bernick, N. L. and Boo, S., 2013. Festival tourism and the entertainment age: interdisciplinary
thought on an international travel phenomenon. International Journal of Culture,
Tourism and Hospitality Research. 7(2). pp.169-174.
Bluementritt, T., 2006. Integrating strategic management and budgeting. Journal of Business
Strategy. 27(6). pp.73 – 79.
Bunja, D., 2003. Modernizing the Croatian tourism industry. International Journal of
Contemporary Hospitality Management. 15(2). pp.126-128.
Burns, R., 2000. Introduction to Research methods. Sage Publications.
Chen, J. P. and Choi, Y., 2008. Generational differences in work values: a study of hospitality
management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 20 (6).
pp.595 – 615.
Clarke, A. and Chen, W., 2012. International Hospitality Management. Routledge.
Crick, P. A. and Spencer, A., 2011. Hospitality quality: new directions and new challenges.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 23 (4). pp.463 – 478.
Gautam, P. B., 2008., Opportunities and Challenges of Tourism Financing: A Study on Demand
and Supply; Status, Structure, Composition and Effectiveness of Tourism Financing in
Nepal. Universal-Publishers.
Gray, J. B., Matear, M. S. and Matheson, K. P., 2000. Improving the performance of hospitality
firms. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 12 (3). pp.149 –
155.
Hall, C M., 2008. Tourism planning: policies, processes and relationships. Prentice Hall.
Harrison, D., 2006. Dictionary of Leisure, Travel and Tourism (3rd edition). Reference Reviews,
20(3). pp.52 – 52.
Holden, A., 2008. Environmental and Tourism. Routledge.
Jayawardena, C. and et.al., 2013. Trends in the international hotel industry. Worldwide
Hospitality and Tourism Themes.5(2). pp.151-163.
20

Mak, J., 2004. Tourism and the Economy: Understanding the Economics of Tourism. University
of Hawaii Press.
Mason, P., 2008. Tourism impacts, planning and management. Oxford.
Mehmetoglu, M. and Normann, O., 2013. The link between travel motives and activities in
nature-based tourism. Tourism Review. 68(2). pp.3 – 13.
Muhanna, E., 2006. Sustainable Tourism Development and Environmental Management for
Developing Countries. Problems and Perspectives in Management. 4(2).pp. 14-30.
Petia, P and Peter, P., 2004. The value of tourism degrees: a Luton-based case study. Education
+ Training. 46(3). pp.153 – 161.
Ray, M. N. and McCain, G., 2009. Guiding tourists to their ancestral homes. International
Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. 3(4). pp.296 – 305.
Scheyvens, R., 2002. Tourism for Development: Empowering Communities. Prentice Hall.
Spilsbury, L., 2011. Travel and Tourism. The Rosen Publishing Group.
Tsai, H., Pan, S. and Lee, J., 2011. Recent research in hospitality financial management.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 23 (7). pp.941 – 971.
Uriely, N., 2009. Deconstructing tourist typologies: the case of backpacking. International
Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. 3(4). pp.306 – 312.
Veal, A. J., 2006. Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism. Prentice Hall.
Wagen, D. V. L. and Goonetilleke, A., 2007. Hospitality Management: Strategy and Operations.
2nd ed. Pearson Education Australia.
Online
Advancing Tourism Research Globally, 2012. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.ttra.com/>. [Accessed on 21st November 2015].
Global Agenda Council on New Models of Travel & Tourism, 2013. [Online]. Available through:
< http://www.weforum.org/content/global-agenda-council-new-models-travel-tourism-
2012-2013>. [Accessed on 21st November 2015].
London Hotels forecast 2011 and 2012. 2011. [PDF]. Available through:
<http://www.instituteofhospitality.org/news/2011-news/april_issue/
London_hotels_forecast>. [Accessed on 21st November 2015].
Thomson. 2016. [Online]. Available through:<http://www.thomson.co.uk/cruise/>. [Accessed on
21st November 2015].
21