Student’s Last Name2 Part A: 3 Practical Assessments Evaluating Research Ethics Throughout my research, I primarily attempted to observe ethical considerations when collecting data from prospective customers. I saw it prudent to employ conventional ethical standards and considerations to engage my respondents. My respondents were mainly social media users who used various social media platforms to scrutinize, order, and purchase products from their selected stores. Despite the many efficiencies enjoyed by social media users, social media may bring about many ethical issues. My research mainly focused on investigating ethical issues that may come up when companies and customers use Facebook as their marketing tools. Facebook has many features which may lead to various ethical issues. Facebook features including location features, wall posting, messaging, post comments and reactions and Facebook advertisements are among the key features that may lead to ethical issues. The following table summarizes various Facebook features, data collected from the features and ethical issues that may be raised. Facebook FeaturesData CollectedEthical Issues 1.Location featuresRespondent movement and location. Violation of consent and privacy requirements of Facebook users. 2.Facebook wall-posting features Respondent feelings and attitudes towards activities and phenomena. Some posts hurt the feelings and emotions of sensitive users. 3.Facebook MessagingThe social environment of thePosing facebook users to
Student’s Last Name3 Featuresrespondentthreats and cybercrime risks 4.Comments and Reactions Features Users’ attitudes towards other people’s perceptions Overstepping the conventional limits that define respect between individuals 5.Facebook Advertisements Market conditions in the Facebook Community Incidences of deceptive and cunning marketing methods to attract customers Assessing the various features presented by Facebook, I saw an opportunity to collect various forms of data. Location features, for instance, would enable a researcher to monitor and evaluate the movement patterns of the respondent. Facebook advertisements may tell the market conditions of the social environment of the respondents' economic environment. A respondent who likes and shares certain Facebook advertisements are likely to purchase products in the advertisement. Statuses, posts, comments and reactions in Facebook give an idea of the information about the emotional and cognitive positions of the respondent. Facebook users who frequently post unorthodox content on their Facebook walls, for example, are usually likely to be to be pessimists. Lastly, the information found in respondents' message inbox features can tell whether the respondents have ever been subjects of cyberbullying and compromise from cybercriminals. The aforementioned Facebook features, however, can violate some of the users' ethical standards. For instance, Facebook location features limits the users' privacy and consent when they want to move from one place to another. This violates the user's ethical right to enjoy
Student’s Last Name4 privacy. Users may forget to turn off their location settings, subjecting themselves to the risk of manipulation from criminals. Many advertisements on Facebook are also known to be cunning, deceiving and exploitative. The user is not protected from these actions. Derogatory and diminishing posts, comments and reactions may also act as the limitations of Facebook sharing and reaction features to the users' ethical considerations. According to Gray (2013, pp. 75), creating platforms that reduce users to risks of harm and deception as well maintaining their privacy are key aspects to consider when evaluating ethical standards. The scholar also suggests user anonymity as another method of ethical standards in social media use. My research investigated how each of the data collected through Facebook features related to the ethical considerations of harm, privacy, consent, and deception. Survey My research employed a survey that aimed to identify the level of community awareness about the Sacred Heart Mission Op Shop facility on Brunswick St in Fitzroy. I intended to investigate whether the local people in Fitzroy were aware of the Op Shop and whether they donated to the Sacred Heart Mission (SMH) charity organization. My survey investigated online activities by both Fitzroy locals inquiring about the Op Shop. The survey further compares the data between online and physical visits of residents to the SMH Op Shop. For my survey, I was determined to answer the general research question: What is the level of community awareness about the SMH Op Shop in Fitzroy? The general question was to be answered by splitting the question into five specific questions: a.How many times does the average Fitzroy resident physically visit the SMH Op Shop in Fitzroy?
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Student’s Last Name5 b.How many Fitzroy residents are willing and able to contribute to the SMH Op Shop in Fitzroy? c.How has the SMH Fitzroy Op Shop advertised its shop in Fitzroy? d.What is the estimate of Fitzroy’s people that actively search the SMH Op Shop in Fitzroy through social media platforms? e.What are the usual comments and reactions about the performance of the SMH Op Shop in Fitzroy through the shop’s social media platforms? To investigate the level of public awareness about Fitzroy's SMH Op Shop, it would be important to start by analyzing the frequency of people's physical visits to the Op Shop. This information would be helpful to determine how many people recognize the location of the shop. It would also be imperative to determine the number of people who can contribute to the charity shop. Obviously, respondents that are able and willing to contribute to charity are aware of the SMH Op Shop in Fitzroy. Moreover, the organization's advertisement activities are also critical to determine the organization's efforts to create public awareness about the shop. I also saw it prudent to investigate the estimated proportion of people in Fitzroy that search and inquire about the shop in social media platforms. People who inquire about the shop are sentient about the shop. Lastly, the general comments and reactions about the performance of the Fitzroy shop would also communicate the public's awareness, attitudes, and perception of the shop. In my survey, the respondents were Fitzroy's residents. I preferred to use a survey to get the collection of data from my respondents to other methods research because surveys are usually cost-effective, convenient and comprehensive than other methods (Grimaccia, et al., 2017, pp. 813). Botta, et al.,(2016, pp. 693) argue that collecting information through surveys
Student’s Last Name6 often leads to better result analyses. For this survey, the required information would be realized by answering the five specific research questions. The survey was based on a random sample among the larger population of residents in Fitzroy. The sample consisted of eighty-two respondents, both male and female and from different occupational disciplines. However, only fifty-six respondents co-operated throughout the survey. Moreover, I found it difficult to approve the authenticity of data on social media searches and inquiries about the Op Shop. Respondents' claims are, in often times, unreliable. Case Study My case study attempted to analyze the common complexities experienced in filming a Hollywood Drama Television Show, Billions. The case study attempted to shed light on the sophisticated methods employed when shooting movies and TV shows. My study is mainly based on an in-depth interview of the TV show's creator and director, Brian Koppelman by a Vox reporter. The director reveals numerous interesting things that are behind the scenes of the movie production and reception (Johnson, 2018, pp. nd). The survey also extracts data about Koppelman’s revelations from other print media websites. My case study attempted to answer some fundamental research questions: a.How do directors control rich celebrity actors throughout the process of filming in Billions? b.What criteria do directors follow when giving roles to actors in Billions? c.How do the directors arrange the scenes and backgrounds in Billions?
Student’s Last Name7 The interview happened on July 2018, soon after the directors were done directing for the fourth season of the drama show. My case study focussed on collecting second-hand data from the past interviews surrounding the filming and casting of Billions. These data collection methods are suitable because the interviewers have an in-depth professional interview with their focus groups. Moreover, it could have been almost impossible for me to access Brian Koppelman. I, therefore, had to extract data from past interviews. I used the past interviews as the main method of data collection employed in this case study. To investigate the sophistication of activities involved while filming a TV show, my case study required the answers of three research questions. Firstly, how the directors of the TV show were able to control popular and wealthy actors and actresses was a key question. Secondly, the case study wished to investigate the criteria used by directors while giving roles to actors and actresses. Lastly, the methods used by movie directors to arrange scenes and backgrounds were my interest. To get a good analysis about the sophistications involved in movie filming, I preferred focusing on directors to actors/actresses. Directors are well-acquainted with the intricacies of filming than actors and actresses. Considering that I was extracting data from past interviews, I was not obligated to access Brian Koppelman in person. However, the questions of how he handles Damian Lewis (Billions' antagonist) despite his seemingly wealthy status; how he utilized David Constabile (Michael Wagner in the movie) and specifically gave him the best lines to recite; and, how he managed to set such a posh environment as seen in Billions were the fundamental questions in my case study. The case study analyzed each of these questions and sought to provide potential answers. Analyses of archival material in other directors’ past interviews was also done to provide more information regarding the case study's topic of
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Student’s Last Name8 discussion. Specifically, I related Brian Koppelman’s interview with StartUp's Ben Ketai. The two series have almost similar themes. The data presented in the case study flows logically and is easily comprehended by any reader. By following the questions and answer formats used in the past interviews, I was able to analyze the interviews. The main audiences of this case study were movie and TV show enthusiasts as well as Billions’ fanatics. Soon, I look forward to preparing powerpoint presentations explaining the intricacies of movie and series’ filming.
Student’s Last Name9 Part B: Reflexive Report Introduction Throughout the unit, I have come to realize the need to adopt relevant reflexive skills to help me in my future research activities. To conduct good research, the researcher is advised to embrace the traits of composure and reflection. Before employing a particular research method, the researcher is obligated to firstly, determine its applicability based on the nature of the data collected as well as that of the target markets. Considering that research methods have proved to demand considerable amounts of the researcher's time, energy and intellectual skills, reflection of the research methods is a necessary but usually understated practice. My reflexive report analysis a deep comprehensive reflection of the thorough tough processes involved throughout the research. The reflection also analyzes the areas I excelled in during the research as well as my limitations and weaknesses during the research process. Content Analysis In the seventh topic of the unit, we learned about how to reflect on our research methodologies and technologies. In the topic, I learned that reflecting on the content of research methods is vital for a researcher's future researching skills. Although many may ignore this step, reflecting on research has been considered as one of the characteristic activities by successful researchers. Successful researchers usually have time to reflect on their finished projects. The process of reflection enables researchers to learn new skills that they may have have failed to employ during their past projects. The skills learned during reflection can be employed during
Student’s Last Name10 the researchers’ subsequent research methods. Moreover, the new skills are applicable in the researcher’s day-to-day life activities. Reflecting on ethics evaluation as a critical aspect to be considered in research methods, I was intrigued by social media’s impact on the social lives of its users. I came to appreciate aspects I had earlier been assuming about social media. Despite being a frequent user of Facebook, I had been unaware that its features could result to ethical issues and problems. For instance, I had never discerned the manipulation and exploitation bejind Facebook advertisements. However, after reflection, I agreed with Kosinki, et al., (2015, pp. 543) revelations that most of these advertisements are majorly misleading and deceptive. Deception through Facebook advertisements was something that I had never conceptualized. In my analysis about how social media use impacted ethical considerations, I did not expect that almost all the features threatened ethical considerations. As aforementioned, hitherto, I had only thought advertisements to be majorly business marketing tools. I had never seen anything negative in the advertisement features. However, the task in the first topic opened my eyes as I could now understand how deceiving and hyped Facebook advertisements succeeded in violating the public's ethical standards. However, some of the experiences from the first task were expected. For instance, before my research, I already knew that location features by Facebook could lead to security and location implications to the users. In my experience, I learned that there is a need for any researcher to develop a critical eye for data. In the experiment, it could be difficult for a novice researcher to realize data that could be collected from various Facebook features. It could even be more difficult to suggest ethical implications that may result from Facebook features. In my next research, I will improve in my
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Student’s Last Name11 critical thinking. The practical experience has taught me to think more critically when facing research problems. This may be different from what I have read about research methods. In theory, the research method appears to postuate simple models that can easily be followed. However, when a researcher is on the ground, research methods are difficult to compose, even much difficult to follow. Collecting, analyzing and interpreting data for people is much more difficult than how the three activities appear in theory. In theory, for instance, the researcher is only needed to pick a particular data set, analyze it with a given formula and later interpret it. However, in real research projects, the three methodologies are much sophisticated. Collection of data itself is a strenuous process. Sometimes, the collected data may defy theoretical and logical assumptions, worrying researchers about the effectiveness of their research. Reflexive Report This unit, I must say, has modeled me into a potential all-rounded researcher. The skills suggested throughout the unit are quite fundamental to the growth of any researcher. Any researcher's success is determined by his/her research techniques’ level of effectiveness. Any researcher should look forward to refining and practising his or her research skills (Glesne, 2016, pp. 15). By passing through the units majorly dealing with research techniques, I am now acquainted with the necessary tools required in my future research projects. All topics in the units have played primary roles in my education as a developing researcher, the education which I am not likely ready to undermine. Ethics, as I have come to learn, demand major consideration in the subject of research methods. Ethics are fundamentally required during data collection stages of the research (Kallio, 2016, pp. 2954). In an interview, for instance, observing ethical standards could produce positive
Student’s Last Name12 results from the respondent quite easily. However, a researcher who is not concerned about the conventional ethical standards in research methods may face a difficult time in his/her data collection. In an interview context, the respondent may give the researcher unauthentic answers, or sometimes, even refuse to co-operate with an unethical researcher. When using questionnaires, researchers who fail to bestow ethical considerations in the framing of their questions may also fail to collect genuine data. The impact of unethical considerations, in all cases, leads to the risk of collecting irrelevant data and thus, the uselessness of the research. In a nutshell, a researcher who is not ready to portray ethical standards during his activities should rather stop his plan to do research. Researchers should always bestow ethical considerations. Unethical malpractices perpetrated by business people and business owners were also a major lesson learned from my experience through the tasks I have finished insofar. It dawned on me that businesses were using social media platforms to deceive and manipulate the consumer. This deception varied from one unfaithful business owner to another. For instance, a company would brag on Facebook that it imports certain genuine products from a certain country. A customer is thus ready to pay more for the ‘imported' product. However, when the item is delivered, the customer may be raged with fury when he/she realizes that the products he/she had bought are local and highly substandard. Moreover, notorious business people may plan schemes through Facebook. These criminals may as well use convincing advertisements on Facebook that would manipulate the consumers' mind. Consumers, therefore, despite their relatively low incomes may end up buying goods and services that are non-existent or, that they do not necessarily require.
Student’s Last Name13 Critical thinking and analyses are also fundamental skills that must be employed by any promising researcher. Critical thinking entails sound awareness that employs both cognitive and metacognitive facets (Gholami, et al.,2016, pp. 19). These scholars ascertain that the researcher must train his/her mind to have a critical view of phenomena. Detail, for instance, should be a priority for any researcher who aims to conduct good research. In future, I learned that critical thinking and analyses of data would help me to strengthen my research skills and also in making real life decisions. I also realized that some of these skills are not entirely for educational purposes but also for strengthening our lives' characters and improvements. Improved critical analysis would advance how I receive, process and transmit information from one data source to another, a very important skill for any researcher. Moreover, a researcher who employs critical thinking and analysis is likely able to filter irrelevant information and data from his or her research. This would eventually lead to better, relevant and timely research results soon. For the impacts of social media on ethical considerations example, a critical researcher could have formulated the possible ethical issue from the Facebook feature beside it. Coming up with the potential data collected from the Facebook features would even be much easier for such a researcher. Simply, critical thinking and analysis are very important skills that need to be learned by any aspiring researcher. All data collection methods have both advantages and disadvantages. This lesson was instigated to me by the use of surveys. While using surveys, I thought that surveys were better data collection tools because they were cost-effective, less time consuming and reliable. However, when I administered these surveys to eighty-two respondents, the opposite turned to be true. Surveys, after all, seemed to be costly, time-consuming and unreliable. Before conducting
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Student’s Last Name14 surveys, I had assumed the ideal characteristics ascribed to surveys by research method books and educational journals. However, as it transpired, surveys were nothing familiar to what these books said. In my survey, I intended to know the level of awareness of the SMH Op Shop in Fitzroy. According to experts, a survey would be effective for such a task. However, after completing the survey, I confess that I regretted having used a survey to collect data from the residents. Although I am not campaigning against surveys, their effectiveness, I feel, is overrated. If surveys are not overrated, my survey's effectiveness was poor than expected. Firstly, it should be noted that only fifty-six out of eighty-two of the targeted groups responded to my survey. Although fifty-six is still a considerable number, I feared that the beginning of the survey was already a failure. By twenty-four not responding, I wondered of what might have been their cause of refusal. However, I came to realize that no research method can work in isolation. What stroke me hard enough was the information some the respondents gave me when I asked them questions regarding to the SMH Op Shop in Fitzroy. In some of the surveys, the respondents answered the questions just for the sake. This negatively impacted my research. Moreover, some of the respondents were harsh, cold or both to me when I handed them the survey. Some respondents just looked at the surveys and claimed to be having very busy schedules. It seemed that respondents did not have the desire to engage in long interactions during the survey. Other respondents even recommended that I should have used a questionnaire rather. These respondents, therefore, were tired of answering tedious survey questions. Moreover, using surveys to collect social media data was not an easy task. According to Posdorfer and Maalej (2016, pp. 42), digital media surveys are difficult to fill, often have
Student’s Last Name15 missing data and are tedious. Moreover, it was difficult to ensure that the respondents who claimed to use social media platforms to inquire and contribute to SMH were also questionable. Because they could not hand their phones to me, I had to believe their mouth. Of the fifty-six respondents in the survey, fifty-two claimed to contribute and inquire about the organization in their neighborhood. This claims, however, defies reality. According to the shop’s administrators, many; locals do not contribute to the Op Shop as they claimed in the survey. Using interview extracts is a skill that I have learned lately. The method has been facilitated by my habit of reading articles and news online. When I was checking out about the number of billions George Soros gained from foreign exchange, I came across a very interesting interview between the director of my favorite drama show in Showtime, Billions. In the interview, the interviewer wanted to know from Brian Koppelman (the director) of the methods he uses to bring out the TV Drama series in the fashion we see it. I found myself fixed at the screen, cautiously scrolling down. Hardly did I now that I would soon write about my proficiency in extracting interviews. Considering that it is a mere impossibility to interview Brian Koppelman in my current status as a student, reaching him through a website served me a great deal. The work has already been sone for me by Vox journalists. When I was going through the interview extract, the director reveals the complex environment he works in. The director reminded the interviewer that there was a wide distinction between role-playing and living our daily lives. He stressed that an actor or an actress, despite his/her celebrity fame, is not expected to defy the words of the director. According to Koppelman, a director is the boss in filming. He is the authority during filming and therefore is respected by everyone. Before the director said this, I could not imagine how a director could
Student’s Last Name16 control Robert ‘Bobby' Axelrod in the series. Bobby, as seen in the movie, is a billionaire who is unassailable even to government officials. However, I never remembered that acting was not synonymous to real life. Bobby may have seemed rich in the movie but not as rich in real life. Moreover, the director shed light on the role of giving roles to characters. Considering his command of language and formal demeanor, Paul Giamatti is assigned the role of a Chuck Rhoades Jr. character. Chuck is the protagonist in the movie. The characterization in Billions is perfect. You do not expect to see a lawyer speak with much efficacy as Billion's US Attorney of Southern District, Chuck Rhoades. By having Paul Giamatti play the role of a lawyer, Koppelman may be applauded for his genius in assigning character roles. To add in the list Koppelman assigns David Constabile (Michael Wagner) as the character who speaks less but wittingly controversial. Maggie Siff is assigned the character of a therapist named Wendy Rhoades. Wendy is the protagonists' wife and literally looks like a doctor. Koppelman's criteria of assigning characters, I conjecture, is the external appearance of a persona nd also the tonal variation of an actor or actresses. Lastly, the director admits to having a large team which helps him in arranging scenes and backgrounds. This insightful interview extract paved way to my new skill in research methods. Apart from literature reviews, interview extracts can provide relevant information surrounding the investigated phenomena. The extract also taught me how to conduct future interviews like a professional. Vox’s journalist engaged Koppelman in so a friendly way that I was envious of his skills. For instance, the journalist is very friendly and he interacts with Koppelman as if they are colleagues. Respondents and interviewees should be treated in a friendly manner. A researcher should aim at creating working inter-personal bonds with the respondent (Lolli, 2013, pp. 295).
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Student’s Last Name17 As a researcher, I learned that setting a friendly tone encourages your respondent to become more cheerful and open to you. Use of informal English, too, could help in building connections between the researcher and the respondent. In my future interviews, I intend to employ Koppelman’s interview knowledge of my practice. Learning how to interview clients and respondents is an important skill for any researcher or journalist. Moreover, the complexities discussed by Koppelman in the movie industry incited the need for another research which specifically attempts to investigate the intricacies of the movie industry. As a researcher, I see the need to investigate areas that have not yet been critically investigated.
Student’s Last Name18 Survey and Analysis Surveys are among the most used data collection techniques used to collect data in populations. Use of surveys captures more comprehensive details about a population. The main reason why surveys are preferred to other forms of data collection techniques is the fact that surveys capture comprehensive details about the investigated phenomena. It is therefore apparent for a researcher to have the necessary skills that may be required while writing a survey. A sample of open-ended and closed questions should be used in designing the research questions of a particular survey. These questions should answer how, who and why respondents react and behave. When designing a good survey, yes/no questions should be avoided. These are questions that start with is, are or do. The answers of yes-no questions are either ‘yes' or ‘no'. Research questions are framed in a way that a researcher digs deep to describe, analyze and interpret problem faced in the survey. For instance, if the research question is: ‘How did you move to Kentucky?', the inquirer wants to hear the processes involved in moving to Kentucky. These may include the means and the modes of transport the respondent used dering his/her exodus. However, if the research question was: ‘Did you move to Kentucky?' Here, the inquirer wants to know whether you moved to Kentucky. The answer to this question is ‘yes’ or ‘no’. Such questions are not used in surveys. Here, the inquirer is interested in knowing the details surrounding his research objectives Secondly, surveys should be designed in such a way that the questions in them flow logically and smoothly. Moreover, there should be adequate spaces left for the respondents to fill. The language used in a survey should be simple and free from bias (Roulston and Shelton, 2015, pp. 334). Women, the disabled and other socially prejusiced groups should feel
Student’s Last Name19 comfortable when participating in the survey. The logical flow of questions allows the respondents to flow with the questions smoothly throughout the process. These questions make it easy for the respondents to understand what the researcher attempted to inquire from him. Use of simple language also enables the respondent to understand what he is required to do in each question The structure of the survey also results in benefits to the researchers themselves. For instance, avoiding yes-no questions ensure that the research deals comprehensively to the related problem. Yes or no questions would lead to shallow research results. Secondly, enough spacing makes it easier for the respondent to evaluate the data in the survey after collection. Surveys whose spacing is limited look crowded and risks losing some data. Thus, the element of spacing is vital during survey preparation and reading. The analysis of data is another critical part of research methods. Raw data collected could be of no help if it would not be analyzed. In surveys, data collected from various targets and fields need to be properly analyzed. Common data analysis methods include the use of tables, charts, and graphs. Other advanced methods of analyzing data include the use of excel spreadsheets and SPSS. Data analysis makes the data collected appear more presentable. It makes it easy for stakeholders to understand the information from the data collected. Moreover, data analysis makes it easy for researchers to interpret their data. In the past units, we have been made to understand the importance of each stage during the making of research proposals and projects. Moreover, the significance and applicability of some of the research methods employed during data collection and analysis are also discussed thoroughly. My exposure to the learning materials has made me a better researcher. Researchers
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Student’s Last Name20 should aim at consistently improving their research methods. To sum up, this reflection has greatly functioned to improve my research skills and I look forward to applying them in my future research projects. Ethical considerations and critical thinking learned in the cause have also cultivated my life skills.
Student’s Last Name21 Bibliography 2016, Integration of cloud computing and internet of things: a survey,Future generation computer systems. 2016, Comparing the effects of problem-based learning and the traditional lecture method on critical thinking skills and metacognitive awareness in nursing students in a critical care nursing course,Nurse education today. 2016,Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction, Pearson, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 2013,Doing research in the real world, Sage. 2017, Survey on PV modules’ common faults after an O&M flight extensive campaign over different plants in Italy,IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics. 2016, Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi‐ structured interview guide,Journal of advanced nursing. 2015, Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences: Opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical guidelines,American Psychologist. 2013, Interpersonal communication skills and the young hospitality leader: Are they prepared?,International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2016, Towards context-aware surveys using bluetooth beacons,Procedia Computer Science. 2015, Reconceptualizing bias in teaching qualitative research methods,Qualitative Inquiry.
Student’s Last Name22 Johnson, E., 2018. Billions’ co-creator Brian Koppelman says everyone knows how to tell a great story — but few get the chance,VOX. Retrieved 2 October 2019, from https://www.vox.com/2018/7/19/17588580/billions-producer-brian-koppelman-peter-kafka- recode-media-podcast-transcript