Anatomy and Physiology: Case Study

Systemic
Anatomy and Physiology

Table of Contents
CASE STUDY.................................................................................................................................3
References........................................................................................................................................6

CASE STUDY
1. Pancreas is an exocrine and endocrine gland because they secrete products into
gastrointestinal tract through a series of duct and also secrete other substances directly
into the bloodstream. As an exocrine gland pancreas secrets pancreatic juice1. There are
endocrine gland pancreas and these are consisting of cells which are dissolved in blood. It
includes insulin which helps in lowering blood sugar level.
2. Candice was given pancreatic digestive enzymes. One digestive enzyme is also released
in the stomach. What is this enzyme, what is its precursor, how is it activated, and what cells are
involved?
One digestive enzyme that a secreted in stomach or gastric enzyme which are also known as
chief cells in its inactive from a pepsinogen which is also known as zymogen 2. This is then
activated in stomach by stomach acid in its active form known as pepsin.
3. Using your knowledge of how a negative feedback loop works to explain why Candice
has elevated blood glucose levels
Negative feedback loops include homeostatic system such as thermal regulation and blood sugar
regulation 3. When insulin and glucagon action on blood glucose level are mediated by two
negative feedback loops where insulin act as a repressive and glucagon act as a activator. Due to
failure of beta cells to secrete sufficient insulin in patients it is often seen that fluctuation in
blood glucose levels arise due to which Candice has elevated blood glucose levels.
1 Nieweg, O.E., Tanis, P.J. and Leong, S.P., 2020. Anatomy and Physiology of
Lymphatic Circulation: Application to Lymphatic Mapping. In Atlas of
Lymphoscintigraphy and Sentinel Node Mapping (pp. 1-6). Springer, Cham.
2 Kroeker, C.G., 2018. Cardiovascular System: Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiovascular
Mechanics, pp.1-17.
3 ? Lakshmipathy, D., 2019. Human Anatomy and Physiology. In Biomedical
Engineering and its Applications in Healthcare (pp. 3-42). Springer, Singapore.