Taxation: Capital Gains Tax, Fringe Benefits Tax, and More

This article discusses various scenarios related to capital gains tax, including pre- and post-CGT assets, as well as fringe benefits tax and other related topics. It includes a table for estimating net capital gains tax and provides relevant laws and applications for each scenario. The article is relevant for students studying taxation and related subjects.

Running head: TAXATION
Taxation
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

1TAXATION
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Answer 1..........................................................................................................................................2
Answer A:Block of Vacant Land................................................................................................2
Answer B: Antique Bed Sale.......................................................................................................3
Answer C: Painting......................................................................................................................3
Answer D: Shares........................................................................................................................4
Answer E: Violin.........................................................................................................................4
Answer 2..........................................................................................................................................6
Answer 2A:..................................................................................................................................6
Applications.................................................................................................................................9
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10
References..................................................................................................................................11

2TAXATION
Introduction
The theory of capital gains tax is mainly applied to assets that are attained or any other
event occurring after the year 1985. In context to this, the concept of pre- CGT as well as post-
CGT is especially used to refer as assets that are bought or the events occurring after the event
date of CGT. The capital gains tax system has been mainly applied on system of asset disposal or
any other form of particular events (Lang et al. 2018).
Answer 1
Answer A:Block of Vacant Land
If a taxpayer has attained vacant land to utilize it specially for investment or private
purpose, then the land is basically considered as the capital asset, which might be subjected to
capital gains tax when taxpayer sold this particular land. According to the statement published by
the taxation office of Australia, the vacant land is being held by taxpayer in form of capital asset
and thus might be treated equivalent to other assets mainly for the objective of the capital gains
(Ceriani, Fiorio and Gigliarano 2013). Moreover, the taxpayer is generally under compulsion of
keeping these records of date and the cost of attaining land as well as ongoing expenditure
specially interest on loan and council rates. However, this expenditure might not be claimed as
deductions of income tax but would be involved in cost base of land during estimation of capital
loss or capital gains when selling of land.
In this present scenario, the taxpayer is mainly contracted to sell vacant land block for the
amount of $320,000. The taxpayer has also reported the outgoings on council, sewerage rates,
land tax, water during the land ownership period. Moreover, the CGT event A1occurred under
the “section 104-10(1)” when the land is sold by the taxpayer. Under the “section 102-5,ITAA

3TAXATION
1997”, the taxpayer will be needed to involve the net addition of the capital gains in the taxable
income.
Answer B: Antique Bed Sale
The collectible theory has been given under the subdivision 108-B. Under this section
108-10(2), the collectable refers to the thing that is generally utilized by the taxpayer as well as
their associates for personal use. The section 118-10(1), ITAA 1997 states that the collectables
with buying value of about $500 will be eliminated from the CGT provision. The recent example
from the derived case recommend that this antique bed was stolen from the taxpayer’s premises.
Later it was found out that the antique bed had not been the part of list of taxpayer’s particular
matters in the insurance policy.
Apart from this, under the “section 104-25 (1)” CGT event C1 mainly occurs when the
asset is damaged or destroyed. In the present case, the compensation receipt for this stolen
antique bed led to the CGT event C1as the total compensation attained was mainly for the stolen
asset (Yagan 2015).
Answer C: Painting
The function of a CGT generally operates effectively and is only applicable if a CGT
event happens for those assets, which are bought after the date 20th September 1985. For
commonly the CGT events, there have been exceptions provided the CGT asset is attained before
20th September 2018. However, the assets that are purchased before this CGT event have been
held as excused CGT asset. It has been evident from the present situation that painting was
basically acquired on 2nd May 1985 by the taxpayer. The painting was sold by the taxpayer in the
present tax year for the amount of $125,000. Since this asset was attained before the CGT

4TAXATION
introduction before 20th September 1985, it will be taken into account as pre CGT asset which is
excluded from CGT event.
Answer D: Shares
For individual investors or taxpayers, CGT is generally applicable to profit that is
attained from units or shares when CGT event occurs specially during the selling of asset. It is
important to mention that the organization’s units or shares trust together with managed funds
are taken into account in the similar manner as other assets for the objective of capital gains tax
(Dai et al. 2015).
In the present circumstances, the taxpayer reports capital gains from units or shares that
were held in Common Ltd, Build Ltd and PHB. The taxpayers have also reported huge loss in
later events from sale of the kids learning shares. In the current situation, the taxpayers can set-
off capital loss from sale of kids learning shares against capital gains that is attained from sale of
Common Ltd, PHB, Build Ltd.
Answer E: Violin
Under the subdivision 108-C, the assets of personal use are mainly dealt. These assets
include- furniture, electrical items, boats and other household products. On the contrary, these
personal use assets do not involve land or buildings. Under the section 108-20(2), the asset of
personal use is defined as an asset which are mainly considered as non- collectable asset in
which the taxpayers hold these assets for personal enjoyment as well as utilization. On the other
hand, section 108-30 describes the ownership cost of the individual use asset. It has been stated
under the section 118-10(3) that the personal asset cost base which is lesser than the amount
$10,000 that might be ignored. It has been noted that the taxpayer is needed for keeping the asset
details that has been purchased for more than about $10,000 (Toder, Baneman and Center 2012).

5TAXATION
It has been evident from the present case study that the violin is purchased at the total
cost of around $5000. This violin constituted as the personal utilization asset as it has been used
by private purpose asset only. It has been observed from this case study that the asset cost was
less than the stated unit of around $10,000. However, sale of this violin as well as deriving
capital gains must be ignored since it is an asset for personal use and thus is exempted from the
CGT. The table below reflects the computation of net capital gains tax that has been attained
during the year.
Estimation of CapitalB2:D36 Gains Tax
For the year ended on June 2018
Particulars
Amount
($)
Amount
($)
Net Capital Gains on the Sale of Vacant Land
Proceeds from sell of Vacant Block of Land 320000
Cost base 100000
Add: Ownership Expenses 20000
Add: Deposit 20000
Total Cost base 140000
Gross Capital Gains 180000
50% CGT Discount 90000
Capital gains on the sale of shares
Proceeds from Common Ltd Shares (1000@ $47
per share) 47000
Less: Cost Base (1000@15) 15000
Less: Brokerage fees 550
Less: Stamp Duty 750
Gross Capital gains 30700
50% CGT discount 15350
Shares in PHB Iron Ore Ltd
Sales Proceeds 62500
Less: Cost Base 30000

6TAXATION
Less: Brokerage Fees 1000
Less: Stamp Duty 1500
Gross Capital Gains 30000
50% CGT Discount 15000
Shares in Young Kids Learning Ltd
Sales Proceeds 600
Less: Cost base 6000
Less: Brokerage Fees 100
Less: Stamp Duty 500
Loss on Sale of Shares -6000
Share Build Ltd
Sales Proceeds 25000
Less: Cost Base 10000
Less: Brokerage Fees 900
Stamp Duty 1100
Gross Capital gains on Sale of Shares 13000
Total Capital gains 127,350
Less: Capital Loss Carryforward 7000
Total Net Capital Gains 120,350
Answer 2
Answer 2A:
Answer A:
Issues:
The issue focuses on ascertaining whether reimbursement of certain expenditure leads to
rise to FBT in respect of “S 39A of FBTAA 1986”? It also focuses on whether the taxpayer in
present issue has been subjected to the fringe benefit taxation from events which are reported in
employees capacity under the section “FBTAA 1986”? It also ascertains if the taxpayer has been

7TAXATION
accountable in paying FBT for car given with respect of employment? In addition to this, the
issue also provides the description relating to loan fringe benefits that has been provided to
employees under the “sub division A of FBTAA 1986”
Laws:
In respect of the “subsection ID of FBTAA 1986”, fringe benefits of an employer mainly
depicts assessable sum for a year commencing from Ist April 2000. The fringe benefits as well as
word benefit mainly holds better meanings for the objective of FBT. These fringe benefits
consists of privileges, services and the rights. According to the definition of FBT legislation, an
employer usually gives fringe benefit to their employees in respect of employment constitute
benefit. The fringe benefits is given only to those individuals who are employed as an employee
in an enterprise. An employee can be the person that ranges from former employee to future
employee. Moreover, the employee is an individual that might be entitled of receiving salary or
benefits in lieu of wages. An employer of the organization can be responsible for fringe benefit
tax provided that employer makes payment to their employee or the office holder that are mainly
subjected to any kind of withholding obligations or provides benefits in respect of payments. An
employer is also needed to pay fringe benefit tax despite certain condition if they are responsible
to pay other taxes specially the income tax (Shiftan, Albert and Keinan 2012).
Under the “section 7, FBTAA 1986” a car fringe benefit involves the benefit, which
occurs particularly under such condition where an employer uses the car mainly for the private
purpose (Scott, Currie and Tivendale 2012). The car that the employer generally holds is only
available for the usage of an employee. An employer usually makes a car available for personal
use of an employee when it is mainly used for the employers private purpose. In addition to this,
fringe benefit of a car arises only when it is available by an employee for private purpose

8TAXATION
specially during when it is not within premise of the employer or garaged at the employee’s
residence.
As per the “FBTAA 1986”, the common rule is that travelling to or from the workplace
might be considered as private usage of this car. The car might be taken into account as private
utilization of an employee when this car goes in workshop for maintenance or routine services.
The taxation commission in the “Lunney v FCT (1958)”gave a description that travelling to the
workplace from the residence gives rise to personal usage of car for an employee (Barry and
Caron 2015).
The “ Division 5 of the FBTAA 1986” refers to a description in relation to the
expenditure payment fringe benefit, which can originate in certain situation if an employer
makes any kind of reimbursement for that expenditure incurred by an employee. On the other
hand, the fringe benefit for expenses occurs when an employee pays to the third parties due to
satisfaction from expenditure occurred by an employee. In any of the above mentioned cases, the
expense can be outgoings of business or private outgoings or the combination of these two cases.
The expense fringe benefit chargeable value basically represents those value, which is repaid by
an employer. In addition to this, in house expenditure payment fringe benefit generally occurs
when that expenditure is attained by an employee after reimbursement from an employer.
The fringe benefit of car parking under the “division10A of the FBTAA 1986” occurs for
all employee when an employer gives an employee with enough space for car parking, which is
utilized by an employee. The “division 10A FBTAA 1986” describes that the fringe benefit of
car parking occurs when the following conditions are given below-

9TAXATION
 The parking of car is done inside the area of one kilometer where commercial parking
facilities is available and also charge fees for parking the car for the whole day.
 The car parking is done at premises where an employer leases or owns
 The car is given relating to employment of an employee
 The parking of car is done for four hours during a specific day
Under the “division 4 of the FTBAA 1986” explains about the debt waiver and loan
fringe benefit. The fringe benefit for loan occurs when an employer gives loan to an
employee and thereby charges lower interest rate amount over the FBT year. It can be
mentioned from the case study that low interest rate is the amount that is lower than statutory
interest rate (Shiftan, Albert and Keinan 2012).
Applications
The present study reflects on the description of Jasmine as an employee of the Rapid
Heat Pvt Ltd selling electric heaters. Being a part of employment, Jasmine needed to travel more
owing to the purpose of work. In such circumstances, rapid gave Jasmine with a car for the
purpose of work. Jasmine was also allowed to use this car mainly for the private purpose. In this
condition, “section 7 FTBAA 1986” can be applied generally for Rapid Heat as an employer
gave this car to Jasmine for personal use and also for job purpose during the employment course.
The judgment done by “Lunney v FCT (1958)” highlights that the car that is used by Jasmine for
private purpose indicates the fringe benefit. However, the Rapid Heat Pvt Ltd would have the
liability for fringe benefit tax in order to give car to Jasmine (Marr, Huang and Friedman 2013).
The later segment of the case study highlights that Jasmine had used the car for travelling
10,000 kilometer and this created expenditure for around $550 on small repairs, which is repaid
by Rapid Heat. It has been observed that the employer had repaid Jasmine with the total amount

10TAXATION
of the repair expenditure, which was incurred for this small repair. Under the “division 5 of the
FBTAA 1986”, the fringe benefit of expenditure payment had arose for the Rapid Heat Pvt Ltd
in such condition (Ahmad, Etp and Bujan 2013). The main reason behind this is that an employer
Rapid Heat has disbursed an employee with expense repayment that Jasmine obtained for small
car repairs. Thus, the value of fringe benefit of such expenditure for Rapid Heat signifies the
value that can be repaid to Jasmine.
The events that took place later reflects that Jasmine had not used a car during her
interstate, parked her car at airport and parking of car at workstation for objective of planned
repair (Van Ommeren and Wentink 2012). Even though a car was given by Rapid Heat to
Jasmine with respect to employment but parking of car was not inside one kilometer. The present
study describes that Jasmine has been given loan of about $500,000 by the Rapid Heat Pvt Ltd at
the yearly interest rate of around 4.25%. However, in these circumstances fringe benefit for loan
occurred for the Rapid Heat Pvt Ltd as the loan has been given with respect of employment.
Answer 2B
Under the “section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997”, a taxpayer is allowed to claim for allowable
deductions specially under common provision when expenditure has incurred to gain taxable
income. Likewise, if Jasmine has used the total amount of around $50,000 for buying shares
herself despite providing loan to her husband without any interest in hypothetical condition, then
Jasmine can be permitted to claim allowable deductions for interest on the loan amount. Thus,
Jasmine has lent the total loan amount to her husband based on interest. Hence, no deductions
can be allowed under the common provision of “ section 8-1 ITAA 1997”.

11TAXATION
Conclusion
It has been evident from the above discussion that Rapid Heat Pvt Ltd might be held
accountable for fringe benefit taxation for loan during the FBT year. Thus, Rapid Heat Pvt Ltd
might claim allowable deduction for similar causes as the expenditure had been incurred during
course of an employees engagement
References
Ahmad, R., Etp, Y. and Bujan, S., 2013. Relationship between Types of Benefit (leave, loan and
retirement plan) and Employees’ Retention. International Journal of Education Research, 1(8).
Barry, J.M. and Caron, P.L., 2015. Tax regulation, transportation innovation, and the sharing
economy. U. Chi. L. Rev. Dialogue, 82, p.69.
Becker, J., Reimer, E. and Rust, A., 2015. Klaus Vogel on Double Taxation Conventions. Kluwer
Law International.
Ceriani, L., Fiorio, C.V. and Gigliarano, C., 2013. The importance of choosing the data set for
tax-benefit analysis (No. EM5/13). EUROMOD Working Paper.
Dai, M., Liu, H., Yang, C. and Zhong, Y., 2015. Optimal tax timing with asymmetric
long-term/short-term capital gains tax. The Review of Financial Studies, 28(9), pp.2687-2721.
Lang, M., Pistone, P., Schuch, J. and Staringer, C. eds., 2018. Introduction to European tax law
on direct taxation. Linde Verlag GmbH.
Marr, C., Huang, C.C. and Friedman, J., 2013. Tax expenditure reform: an essential ingredient of
needed deficit reduction. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.

12TAXATION
Scott, R.A., Currie, G.V. and Tivendale, K.J., 2012. Company cars and fringe benefit tax:
understanding the impacts on strategic transport targets.
Shiftan, Y., Albert, G. and Keinan, T., 2012. The impact of company-car taxation policy on
travel behavior. Transport Policy, 19(1), pp.139-146.
Toder, E., Baneman, D. and Center, U.B.T.P., 2012. Distributional effects of individual income
tax expenditures: an update. Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, Washington, DC.
Van Ommeren, J. and Wentink, D., 2012. The (hidden) cost of employer parking policies.
International Economic Review, 53(3), pp.965-978.
Yagan, D., 2015. Capital tax reform and the real economy: The effects of the 2003 dividend tax
cut. American Economic Review, 105(12), pp.3531-63.