Controlling the Spread of Tuberculosis in England: A Whole System Approach

This report reviews a whole system approach for controlling the spread of Tuberculosis in England UK, including risk factors, impact, and the Whole System Programme.

Report reviewing a whole
system approach for
controlling the spread of
Tuberculosis in England UK

INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that spread through the inhaling of tiny droplets from
sneezing and coughing of a person who is infected (Harding, 2020). Tuberculosis is one of the
widely spread disease in UK that has a major impact towards the people in terms of bad health.
TB has a major impact in terms of affecting nearly 5000 people in a year in the UK
(Tuberculosis cases in England hit lowest ever levels, 2021). It is to be noted that instead of its
severe impact many people are still aware of its severe causes.
TB has a major impact towards the lungs but at the same time it also leads to have an impact
towards the bones, nervous system and abdomen of the infected person. It is a serious illness but
with the in-taking of proper medication it can be cured to a greater extent. Its symptom includes
the persistence of cough for more than 3 weeks, loosing of weight, high temperature, tiredness,
swelling of neck and various other (Churchyard and et.al., 2017).

Figure 1Number of TB cases in UK
Source: Number of new tuberculosis cases and relapses in the United Kingdom(UK) from 2012
to 2019, 2021
As per the above graph it can be right to said that the number of TB cases in UK is
declining from making a comparison of 2012 to 2019. This is because the cases in 2012 was
8171 but in 2019 it become 4803. This means that the number of TB cases in UK are declining.
However, while making a comparison of TB cases of UK with rest of the world it is
analysed that the number of cases in UK are declining while making it compared it with the
India, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa and Bangladesh
(Tuberculosis, 2021). This is because the proportion of TB cases in these countries are relatively
high while making it compared it with the UK.
The data which is being used in order to determine the cases of TB in UK and across the
world is taken from the online medium that is Statista and the UK official website that would
include the data which is being made availed through the government. This source is counted as
one of the major and authenticate source of data because it is being taken from the government

record and online platform. This would lead to avail a detailed information regarding the number
of cases of TB across the world and in UK. However, as it is being taken from the online
platform so the limitation involves its continuous upgradation which would state that the taken
data would not remain same because of the continuous modification.
The risk factor that is related with the spread of TB at the individual level would include
several aspects that may include the close contact with the infectious person, person who have
immigrated from areas of the world where the rate of TB is high, children who have tested TB
positive and have age of less than 5 years, the groups who have high rate of TB transmission rate
including the drug user, person with HIV infections and various other.
In other words, the close contact with the infectious person, alcohol and drug user, person
infected with various diseases including the Cancer, diabetes and various severe disease (Imtiaz
and et.al., 2017). When this will be made at the wide level then this would lead be counted as a
major risk factor at the population level. As TB is an infectious disease whose bacteria would get
spread with the mode of air. This means the droplets that is being created from the infectious
person would be counted as the major reason and risk factor associated with the spread of TB at
the population level.
The impact that are associated with these risk factor would include the spreading of TB at
high level among the individual and the population level. This is because when the person would
made in contact with other who is infectious then it will lead to have a direct role in the spread of
TB at the population level.
It is to be noted that the most important risk factor that is associated with the TB is the
immigration of the pope from the countries having a high rate of the TB infection. Being an
infectious disease the movement of people across the various places would lead to cause a wide
spread of TB among other people. Likewise, along with this factor the other related risk factor is
related with the low immune system of the people. This has cause the wide spread of the TB
among other people. This can be evidenced with the presence of severe diseases among the
people including the diabetes, cancer and various other. With the persistence of such diseases the
and low immune system of the people the risk of infection of TB would raise that would lead to
its spreading among the globe. These two risk factor i.e. immigration and low immune system is
highly important to be considered in comparison of other because these factors are widely

present among the various countries that would lead to raise the risk of the spread of the TB
(Silva and et.al., 2018).
The Whole System Programme is one of the major health programme with regard to the
treatment and controlling of the TB where strengths and features analysis of program will
determine control and spread of tuberculosis. Program is known to create high rate functional
growth among indulgence within audience, where rapid productivity is focused on for reducing
disease spread. This further also signifies that best quality medical expertise is practically
worked on for optimum functional goal rise and extensive steps to enhance new range of keen
vision oriented goals. Also, program aims to enhance vital engagement of audience leveraged
fundamental vison oriented expansion for delivering best healthcare scenarios rapidly. It can be
further focused, that programme has been extending new scale priorities further on technical
functional productivity is strong for further engaging among people.
Program has been extending varied scale working efficacy for promoting people
awareness about tuberculosis program where lifestyle factors are also further proceeded on
significantly. It can be also found that programme initiatives have been competently shaped on
among extensive parameters, based on extend growth targets for further retaining extensive
benchmarks. UK has been extending to fundamentally take up active steps, based on latest
functional new medical expertise for strengthened abilities which further synchronizes new
specific services for creating awareness among people. Also program initiatives have been
developing proper scaled up rise for strengthen people engagement for adopting to heathy
lifestyle. It can be also found that tuberculosis is one of the most rapidly increasing disease
where UK has been further extending to proper competent steps for harnessing awareness. The
program has to also develop productive social awareness by joining promotion son social media
platforms, which will enable people to be diversely been aware about healthcare aspects. UK has
been significantly aiming to reduce risks of tuberculosis and healthcare priorities to develop
competitive focus on extended paradigms, enhancing functional scale priorities further which
will also enable benchmarks to be actively worked on actively.
Challenges to implementation of program in diabetes recovery aspects, are correlated to further
develop proper competent steps for connecting to people within the latest technical goals where
covid-19 pandemic has been rising as one of the most significant concern. It can be also found

that digital marketin, and engaging through social media platforms about joining the platform
will further create wide productive working engagement among people. The program has scope
to provide new range of efficacy, for collaboration among new training programs and to develop
competencies based on significant untapped goals. Also, there is wider scope for program to
engage on new audiences by segmenting into wider sections among people based on their
specific health priorities rapidly. This will further develop competitive enhanced reach for
program to develop competitive abilities based upon extended working performance reac
profoundly (Gupta and et.al, 2021). The tuberculosis patients must be given proper treatments
and synergies, catering to extended healthcare goals, which will enable new fundamental scope
to be indulged on rapidly. This further also heads on specific focus towards medical functional
innovation, for keen engagement among stakeholders and medical expertise holders Doctors and
medical experts are also some of the most specific people, indulgent with which further extended
scope can be practically explored. This also signifies that challenges measurement can be also
done by measuring people response informatively, and also taking frequent reviews among cases
where this will make sure success is done actively.
From the above essay it can be concluded that TB is one of the infectious disease that would lead
to cause a severe impact towards the human life. The rate of TB is usually low while making it
compared it with the rest of the world and the countries. the essay also explains the major causes
of the Tb that would include the immigration and the poor immune system. This would be
counted as the major risk would be associated with the spreading of the TB across the world. The
nation has been rapidly taking best steps forward, for prioritizing best medical expertise,
enhancing functional working growth rapidly and develop competent steps forward for people
suffering with diabetes to join movement (Andronikou., Grierand Minhas, 2021).
It can be also analysed that by developing new range of physical activity sessions online
available for people, and strengthening vital productivity rapidly will develop wider range of
efficacy for longer time period. Online promotions and program sessions functional engagement,
will create determine results to be further proceeded on rapidly towards extended domains. It can
be also analysed that recent findings have developed informative data based on latest healthcare
strategies taken up by medical experts and functionally optimising best working scenarios. The
essay has also concluded informative aspects and new strategies taken by UK programme, for
eliminating and reducing diabetes patients ratio significantly based on extended scope diversely.

There has been in depth focus operated on towards functional steps, medical advanced synergies
evolving among latest healthcare scenarios for gaining best benchmarks. The recent study also
concluded that program has been concluding best steps forward, for determining decline in
tuberculosis ratio rate further (Dodd and et.al, 2021).

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Andronikou, S., Grier, D. and Minhas, K., 2021. Reliability of chest radiograph interpretation for
pulmonary tuberculosis in the screening of childhood TB contacts and migrant
children in the UK. Clinical Radiology, 76(2), pp.122-128.
Churchyard, and et.al., 2017. What we know about tuberculosis transmission: an overview. The
Journal of infectious diseases. 216(suppl_6). pp.S629-S635.
Dodd, P. J and et.al, 2021. Quantifying the global number of tuberculosis survivors: a modelling
study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases.
Gupta, R. K and et.al, 2021. Screening for tuberculosis among high-risk groups attending
London Emergency Departments: A prospective observational study. European
Respiratory Journal.
Harding, E., 2020. WHO global progress report on tuberculosis elimination. The Lancet
Respiratory Medicine. 8(1). p.19.
Imtiaz, and et.al., 2017. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for tuberculosis: meta-analyses and
burden of disease. European Respiratory Journal. 50(1).
Silva, and et.al., 2018. Risk factors for tuberculosis: diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and the use
of other drugs. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 44. pp.145-152.
Online references
Number of new tuberculosis cases and relapses in the United Kingdom(UK) from 2012 to 2019.,
2021. [Online]. Available through < https://www.statista.com/statistics/918290/new-
tuberculosis-cases-and-relapses-in-uk/>
Tuberculosis cases in England hit lowest ever levels., 2021. [Online]. Available through
<https://www.gov.uk/government/news/tuberculosis-cases-in-england-hit-lowest-
ever-levels>
Tuberculosis., 2021. [Online]. Available through
<https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis>
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