Behaviour Management, Pedagogy, and Motivational Theories in Teaching and Learning

This article discusses the importance of behaviour management, pedagogy, and motivational theories in teaching and learning. It covers Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Tuckman's group formation, and Herzberg's motivational theory. It also explores the role of communication in teaching and learning and provides tips on how to identify and meet individual needs in the classroom.

UNIT 1 & 2

Table of Contents
Task 1 a............................................................................................................................................3
Task 1b.............................................................................................................................................9
Task 5...............................................................................................................................................9
Task 8.............................................................................................................................................11
Task 8.............................................................................................................................................13
TASK 11a......................................................................................................................................14
TASK 11 b.....................................................................................................................................17
REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................21

Task 1 a
a).
Behaviour management is based on the process or technique that help to consider as behavioural
modification which focuses on the controlling and maintaining a behaviour. Usually, it can
severe than structure behaviour modification and shaping, maintaining the positive aspect. This
is helping to discourage negative perception of individual people.
b).
In classroom session, the importance of behaviour management is to identify the
coordination between school & teachers. These are undertaken to provide activities and
constitute meaningful learning experience. Generally, it including materials, time, spaces and
grouping.
At the time classroom session, teacher should consider an approach of behaviour
management and create own assumptions that will be represented in form of clarity. A good
teachers are those who will create a positive atmosphere in the classroom. This is good thing to
keep claim mind of students. By using behaviour management approach, teacher will identify the
physical and mental presence of student at the time of classroom session. For example- body
expression, voice are two important great tools for teachers. This will help to identify behaviour
and attitude of student through assumptions. It is possible to point out some clues about its
effectiveness.
C).
Pedagogy is defined as term that refers to the process or method of how a teacher can teach
student at the time classroom session. Pedagogy has been used by educator’s teaching beliefs,
concerns the interplay between cultures. Pedagogical principles are divided into four different
ways:-

 Behaviourism- this type of principle is related to the conceptual based logical knowledge
exists among teacher and student. Basically, it uses to inform teacher to understand
behaviour of student during lecture session. This principle is used to establish a direct
instruction, gained a lecture based lessons. Behaviourist pedagogy is theory that teacher
should be understand authority of figure, leads the lesson. For example- in classroom
session, it should be delivered the knowledge by teacher to student and enhance learning
aspect.
 Experiential learning- this principle is engaged with learning process whereby students
learn something, doing and reflecting on their experience at the time classroom session.
Moreover, it would be generated a great opportunity for learner to take initiative,
constructive to make an important decision.
 Multisensory models- this type of approach is one of the best option that help to establish
an integrate sensory activities. In context of classroom learning. Student can understand
the concept of subject, because a teacher can share information and provide a better feels.
In essence, multi-sensory approach is directly incorporates the learning style such as
Kinesthetic, visual, auditory and tactile learners.
 Taxonomies of learning- these are basically classified and utilized as way of explain
different kind of learning behavior. Generally, a teacher can use this principle to identify
actual characteristics of student. Accordingly, it provides better opportunity to give
learning session.

d).
Here are explained the two type of principles of behaviour management:-
 Group behaviour- it is defined the two or more interacting, interdependent individuals
who can share their objective. Each and every members are performed certain action to
gain more knowledge and improve learning performance. In context of teaching,
learning, it should be considered the behaviour of students who are participating into
classroom session. Moreover,
 Individual behaviour- it can be defined the mix behaviour of individual people on the
basis of external as well as internal stimuli. For example- in classroom session, teacher
can encourage student to involve in learning, selecting the best option to improve skill
and gain more knowledge. In some situation, teacher can teach student and motivate to
learn new thing on regular basis. This will help to improve skills and achieve personal
growth or development.
e).
The behavioural management theory is also known as human relations movement because it help
to address human dimension of work. Some kind of behavioural theorists are established believe
on understanding human behaviour, attitude such as conflicts management between teacher and
student, motivate students and improved productivity.
Tuckman’s group formation
Tuckman is basically represented the different phases as linear model. It plays important
role to understand practices of learning, teaching. For example- teacher is encouraging the
student to create a team and solve question problem at the time of classroom session. Tuckman
group formation theory will support for establishing a strong team of student. Therefore, they can
easily learn new thing and enhance their own skills and gain more knowledge.

 Forming- in this phase, it can be formed the team and every one shows their best
behavior during classroom session. Therefore, it is helping to create or develop a positive,
polite environment. Teacher and students are sharing information between each other.
The strong guidance of teacher is needed for student where they can easily understand
tasks and learn something new.
 Storming- in this phase, it is emerging boundaries which has become contested and
conflicts occurs. For example- Students does not understand the specific subject so that
they are feeling so much frustrated. At the time, teacher can understand the problem of
student due to lack of progress in learning. Afterwards, it will provide the better guidance
for students.
 Norming- In this process, student can start communicate with other members and solve
queries during classroom session. At the time, teacher will perform significant task to
appreciate a student on the basis of their performance. This phase is mainly identified the
behavior of learner, overlap for some times when it execute different tasks.
 Performing- hard-work goes hand in hand with satisfaction about team progress. In
context of classroom learning, it would be developed a confidence level among different
students. Everyone feel so much confident to handle any tasks effectively and efficiently.
 Adjourning- This is last phase in which celebrate team positive achievements. Letting go
of structure of group for achieved long term work. If any kind of uncertainty arise among
student and teacher at the time of lecture session.

Maslow’s Theory of Basic Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is one of the popular motivation theory that is widely
referred to the education system. This kind of theory will be implemented in the teaching and
learning. It means that fulfill all essential need or requirement for student in classroom session.
That’s why, it has suggested to the teacher where they can use Maslow theory and move towards
philosophy than on scientific evidence. As per consideration of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, A
teacher can provide the reminder and framework that students are likely to perform at their full
potential, if it applied any kind of basic needs are not meet.
At the time of classroom session, teacher will focus on the physiological needs of
student. So as it provide all basic requirements such as food, water, oxygen and warmth. If all
students have these needs met. Now move towards safety. It provides the safe and secure
environment for student where they can feel free to learn something and gain more knowledge
during classroom session at school. Though once, student has found a lot of opportunity to assess
student needs and then work to adapt all instruction. Another step is love & belonging at
classroom, each student feel that they are participated into different activities. It will help to
establish a strong relationship with teacher. Afterwards, its move towards esteem. In this factor,
all student feel good about themselves and improve their self-confidence level and support to
handle any situation or condition in proper manner.
Herzberg’s Motivational Theory
This is the most commonly used content theories of motivation. It attempt to explain
different factors that motivate or inspire individual through identifying and satisfying their
individual needs, desire. In context of teaching, learning, a teacher can use this theory to fulfil all
essential desire of student or learner. The most important part of theory of motivation is that
when motivating the learner to satisfy all essential need or requirements.
In classroom session, teacher can motivate the student and resolve challenges, have
developed a scope for enrichment and interest to student. Moreover, it should also maintain a
proper hygiene factors because student can avoid or prevent by use of hygienic technique in
classroom environment or culture.
f).
Here are explained the creative and innovative approaches as follows:-

 Self-directed study- the effectiveness of this approach is to provide self-direction of
student where they can learn something. Sometimes, it is also diagnosing their learning
needs, formulating goals and also identify human & materials resources.
 Extension activities- these are performed the activities that help to extend the learning of
new lesion. Sometimes, student do not select any extension like enrichment project
 Project and practical based approach- This approach is all about the way in which
influence student to perform practical activities and learn something innovative thing.
This is not only inspire or motivate learn to do something innovative.
 Flexible online learning – the effectiveness of this approach is to learn a particular subject
through online platform. it can be accessible at time, anywhere.
 Peer teaching – it establishes a strong coordination between teacher and student so that it
share a lot of relevant information.

Task 1b
Learner needs Approached used
by learner
Offered by enterprise Measure
Consider a login user
name and password,
completing registration
procedures
Online assessment Registration Self-examination
Access large amount of
materials so that it can
easily identify relevant
or accurate detailed
Classroom session Student support Taking feedback
from supervisor
Develop a skill to
estimate or calculate
budget of enterprise
Participate into
budget training at
classroom
Finance management Self-examination
Table: 1
Task 5
Identify and meet the individual needs
 Plan inclusive learning – This type of learning is an essential for student at the time of
learning or teaching. It help to recognise all student’s entitlement and learn more
experience. This can help to maintain diversity, enable participation of learner into
different learning session. Plan inclusive learning approach will meet the criteria of
learner such as build a prior knowledge. This will help to enhance the ability and
capability.

 Motivation – Motivation is the process that initiates, guides and maintain goal oriented
behaviour. This is one of the important needs for individual learners, because it can help
to motivate student at the time of classroom session. So as they can feel so much
motivated and learn something new thing. Motivation approach will support to meet the
requirement of leaner in regards of developing skills and achieve desirable goal or
objective.
 Learner centred process- A learner centered approach can engage with different
participants in the learning process. This type of approach will encourage people to learn
something new in classroom at school. In some situation, teacher can teach the student so
that they can use learner centred approach to provide brief idea, assumption (Bojanek,
Raley and Lane, 2021). This is reflect the learning and help them learner to develop their
skills. in this way, it can easily meet the individual need or requirement.
 Individual needs- The needs of learner which is primarily represents the gap between
what learner want to get out of learning experience. Usually, a student can identify their
individual need during learning session. Teacher will provide guidance so that it help to
develop more understanding. If in case, it has been identified the individual needs that
help to move towards progression opportunities.
Agreeing Goals-
In above discussion, it has been identified the different approaches which is mainly
helping to understand the individual needs, provide right direction of individual where it can
easily achieve desirable goal or objective. Afterwards, learner can achieve goals such as build
knowledge, skills, teach an innovative subject, ownership of learning, and eliminate skill gaps.
Learning objectives should be represented in brief, clear, specific statements of what a
person can learn something. It is able to do at end of lesson by default and find the result of
activities. Teaching and learning are taken into importance place which means that define
learning results, outcomes. Afterwards, it will focus on teaching and help to learner where they
can clarify, organise and prioritize learning.

Task 8
Communication definition-
It refers to the act or process of using different sounds, signs and behaviour to express,
exchange information from one person to another. It is the best way to establish an interaction
with someone in both formal as well as informal manner.
Role of communication in teaching and learning-
Communication skills are involved listening and speaking, reading and writing. These are
different ways to establish an interaction between peoples. In context of teaching, the significant
role of communication in which teacher can share information regarding study to the student
during classroom session.
Good communication of teacher are consider basic needs of academic success of
students, professional success. In most of cases, teacher can provide a direction on the basis or
verbally during classroom session (Bojanek, Raley and Lane, 2021). If in case, it has found a
poor communication which may cause a failure of student to learn and promote. Therefore, it is
very important to understand that what is right or wrong. Sometimes, a teacher has to teach the
student but it is needed to be consider thinking approaches.
 In context of teaching and learning, the importance of communication where a teacher
can interact with learner and understand their behaviour for promoting student learning
gains. Sometimes, it provides brief ideas about subject session so that student can use in
personal growth and development.
 Communication can help to enhance teaching clarity through use of constructive, relevant
example. For example- a teacher will be communicating with students exceptionally, that
can have a surprisingly powerful effect on the achievement of teacher and student. This is
possible only significant role of communication at the time of coordination.
 During classroom session, an energetic & conversation presentation will provide the
opportunity for student where they can develop skills regarding collaboration with
teacher. In order to share, express their views accordingly. Sometimes, communication
plays important role to establish a coordination with learner by teacher and encouraging
way to address their self-confidence level.
 An effective communication is helping to the learner where they can adapt new ideas
while sharing her or his views with others. For instance. Teacher can use their strong

communication skills to facilitate student and help to achievement in academic success.
So as, it can easily identify the significant role of communication in both teaching and
learning. these are majorly influenced more people to establish a collaboration with
others, sharing all essential information or data.
Different theories of Communication
Jean Piaget’s theory of communication- this type of theory is all about the way in
which express language development. Usually, this is helping to understand the perception of
learner where how they can learn a language effectively (Schmidt, 2021). Piaget’s theory should
be used assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is based on the process or method of
changing an environment where information available into existing schema. On the other hand,
Accommodation is another process of changing one’s schema, easily adapt any new environment
or culture. That’s why, this kind of theory is basically used in learning session.
For example- in context of teaching, many teacher can use Piaget’s theory in which
establish a coordination with student during classroom session. For sharing information, teacher
can find mental ability of student so that it has become easier to express views or opinion. At the
time of learning, student or learner first create mental structure within mind and from these can
be expressed in the form of language.
Bernstein & Vygotsky of communication- this type of theory is basically focused on
the social learning and personal development. this is basically represent the level of development
and obtained when a learner engage in social interaction with others. in context of Bernstein
theory, it asserts a direct relationship between societal class and language (Bojanek, Raley and
Lane, 2021). this type of theory is basically used by teacher at the time of learning session.
Generally, it can be used simple language in process of student learning initiate, generalise and
reinforce special kind of relationship. Student can also adapt the new environment, thus create
for individual particular forms of importance.
On the other hand, Vygotsky’s should be consider as social-cultural theory and identify
human development in context of social manner. This theory will support in term of learning,
teaching. Because learner can acquire their cultural, traditions, values, beliefs and problem-
solving strategies. These are consider as an important aspect in term of communication where it
can establish a collaboration with one or more people with dialogues for knowledgeable
members of society.

Task 8
There are some forms of communication which can be applied by teachers to improve
learning skills of students and increase efficiency of children. It is important to apply
communication techniques and tools so that students can learn and understand topics easily.
There are some forms of communication which can be applied by teachers so that students can
learn things in better way.
Verbal communication
Verbal communication refers to communicate with other person by talking or interacting
with them. This includes, tutor talk, presentation, open and closed questioning, discussion can be
done so that teachers can identify that whether students are understanding topics. It is important
to apply verbal communication so that students can understand things in better way. In this
people are interacting with each other and this is best way as it does not create confusion or
misunderstanding among teachers and students (Bambaeeroo and Shokrpour, 2017). Benefits of
verbal communication are, it saves time, quick feedback can be delivered, provides complete
understanding and less chance of confusion or misunderstanding.
It is important for teachers to apply verbal communication so that they can teach properly
and solve doubts of students. There is some limitation of verbal communication such as, it has no
legal validity and hence there is no problem, it has issues when people interact with distant
people. Verbal communication does not provide permanent record unless it is recorded in
modern means of storage. There may be some issue while interacting people as may be language
issue or some other problem.
Communication through media
Communication can be done through different media like, written materials can be
provided by teachers, use of images because sometimes students understand things by images
and it is easy for teachers also to explain. There should be proper communication because it
helps in increasing efficiency and there will be no confusion or misunderstanding. Quality of
material should be good and it must be easy to understand. When teachers are using media to
teach students then it becomes easy for children to learn and understand things. This is the best
way of interacting or communicating with students (Sutiyatno, 2018). Benefits of
communication through media are, it helps in educating people, children’s knowledge increases

because it is easy to understand with images. If a teacher wants to improve performance of
students then they should teach them by making presentations. This is the best way to
communicate with children and this help in improving performance of students. When teachers
taught things by images then it becomes easy for children to understand what teacher wants to
convey and there will be no problem. There are some limitations of communication through
media such as, may be children are not able to understand properly what teacher want to
communicate, less creative, it may lead to individualism or any other. These are some limitations
of communication through media like, images are presented or material is provided to students.
Information and communication technology
Information communication technology means to use new and latest technology to
communicate. This can be applied by teachers to teach students because it helps in enhancing
knowledge of students and develop skills which will be beneficial in getting good opportunities
in future. Information and communication technology includes, power point presentation, virtual
learning environment, audio and visual advertisements. These are some ways which can be
applied by teachers to teach students and it is easy for students to understand. Benefits of ICT
are, it enhances modes of communication, it is cost efficient, no paper work, saves time, less
cost. It is easy to manage students and ICT provides better teaching and learning methods. This
helps in enhanced data and information security. These are some benefits of information and
communication technology which is beneficial for both teachers and students (Majeed and Ayub,
2018). This is the best way which can be used by teachers to teach students and learn things
easily. Teachers will get new ideas for teaching students and they will find different ways by
which they can teach children and solve their query. There are some limitation of information
and communication technology are, it has hardware and software limitations, poor data control
and mechanisms, inappropriate design. It is important to apply ICT because there are many
benefits and it is easy to use.
TASK 11a
Different types of assessment are:
TYPE OF ASSESSMENT PURPOSE
Initial assessment The purpose of initial assessment is to gain an
understanding of learner’s level, build
confidence among students and boost their

morale to learn new things. It helps in
informing students about their performance
and show some ways by which they can
improve their performance and perform better
than others (Beck and et.al., 2018).
Diagnostic assessment Purpose of diagnostic assessment is to measure
prior attainment and ways for further learning.
It help in evaluating performance of students
and suggest some ways by which they can
improve their performance and accomplish
goals & objectives (Csapó and Molnár, 2019).
This assessment evaluates strengths, weakness,
knowledge and skills of students and according
to that suggest ways. This is beneficial in
growth of students.
Formative assessment The aim of formative assessment is to measure
and monitor student learning and provide
feedbacks so that student can improve their
performance and learning skills. This will help
them in learning new things and enhancing
knowledge so that they can achieve goals and
objectives (McMillan, Andrade and Heritage,
2017). It also helps in identifying strength and
weakness so that plans can be made
accordingly.
Summative The purpose of summative assessment is to
evaluate learning of student at the end of unit
by comparing it with the standards that are set.
Summative assessment has a high point value
and better plans can be made which help in
accomplishing goals and objectives

(Broadbent, Panadero and Boud, 2018).
Formal Purpose of formal assessment is to measure
and monitor amount of knowledge which
students have retained from what they were
taught. Teachers identify that how much
students are learning and which student is not
able to understand things (Rowan and et.al.,
2017). Formal assessment is applied when
comparison is done and helps in identifying
positive and negative points of students.
Informal The purpose of informal assessment is to check
performance of students regularly. This
provides useful details which help teachers in
determining strength and weakness of an
individual person (Kılıçkaya, 2020). It is
important to find ways by which student
learning can be improved and develop skills.
Holistic The purpose of holistic assessment is to
improve habits and lifestyle of students, reduce
stress and anxiety levels (McMillan and
Webber, 2021). It help teachers in identifying
weak points of an individual person and
according to that suggest ways by which they
can improve their skills and it also help in
enhancing knowledge.
Ipsative assessment The purpose of ipsative assessment is to
measure progress of individual student by
comparing their performance or scores with
their previous marks or scores. This help
teacher in identifying that which student has
scored good marks in previous exam and less

marks in this exam. Teachers can identify weak
points and according to that they should teach
students so that they can understand easily.
Criterion referenced Purpose of criterion referenced assessment is to
measure performance of student against
predetermined criteria or learning standards
that are made. This help teacher in identifying
that which student is able to accomplish goals
and objectives and which student need
improvement so that he or she can perform
better next time (Smith, 2018).
Norm referenced The purpose of norm referenced is to
differentiate students and identify children who
need specific educational needs or proper
learning environment. Ranks are given to
students to identify highest and lowest
performing student. This help teacher in
making teaching plans accordingly.
TASK 11 b
Teachers are responsible for enhancing knowledge of student by teaching them effectively.
It is important to focus on improving learning skills of student and make plans to enhance their
knowledge. Teachers should take test or give some assignments so that they can identify that
which student is performing well and which student need to improve their performance. It is the
responsibility of teachers to teach properly to students and evaluate their performance so that
better plans can be made for improving students’ performance.
I am teaching to students by using some images or presentation because it is easy for them to
understand. Every student is having different way of learning and understanding things. After
completing a topic, I give assignments to students to identify that whether they are understanding
the topic or not. I am also taking test of students and identifying strengths & weakness of every

student. On the basis of that I am taking extra class of students who did not perform well in test
and try to solve their query. It is the responsibility of teacher to identify positive and negative
points of students and according to that teach them so that they can understand things in better
way. In the class while teaching I asked some questions in between to check whether students are
paying attention to topic or not. I am analysing performance of every student and try to
determine how their performance can be improved.
There are several methods of assessment which can be applied by a teacher to measure
performance of student like, formative, summative, diagnostic and other. This help teacher in
identifying that which student is performing well and which children need to improve. It is
important to do assessment of children to identify their weakness and teaching plans can be made
accordingly. Teachers must evaluate performance of students and take necessary steps to
improve learning skills of students. It is important to do assessment because it helps in
identifying strengths and weakness of students. Teachers give feedback to children for how to
improve their performance and they can perform better than others. Assessment helps in boosting
confidence of students and develop skills which help in growth of student.
I am doing assessment of students by giving them assignments and giving marks to them.
This helps in allotting ranks to students and it becomes easy to identify highest and lowest
performing student. It is important to do assessment of individual student so that performance
can be improved. I am using some classroom assessment techniques to determine which student
is performing well and which student needs to improve so that they can enhance their
knowledge. During pandemic, online classes were taken and online assignments are given so that
it can be determine whether students are understanding topic or not. I am evaluating performance
of children and making plans so that improvements can be made. Teachers should try to solve
queries of students and teach them lesson properly.
Methods of assessment
There are some methods of assessment which help in enhancing knowledge of student
and develop skills. It is important to apply some assessment tools to improve performance of
student. I am taking written examination of students to identify their performance. Test is being
taken to allot rank to student to determine highest and lowest performing children. Multiple
choice questions are given to children so that it can be identified that whether children are
understanding topic or not. Practical knowledge is provided to children to enhance their

knowledge and improve learning skills of student. Some children are having habit of learning
things by practical knowledge. Self- assessment helps in encouraging students to critically reflect
their own learning progress and performance. It encourages students to be more responsible for
their own learning. It helps students in developing their skills and evaluation of performance
should be done. It is important to apply assessment techniques to enhance skills of student.
During pandemic online classes were taken and online exams were taken so that it can be
identified that which student is performing well and which student needs improvements.
Effectiveness
Assessment helps in increasing efficiency of students so that they can learn new things
and enhance knowledge. Assessment help in flexibility of internally set and marked assessment,
this is beneficial for students because they can learn new things and improve their performance.
When students are having proper knowledge then they get more opportunities are provided.
Teachers should do evaluation of student’s performance so that improvements can be made.
There are new technologies which can be applied by teachers to enhance learning of students and
improve their performance. It is important to apply technologies so that student can understand
topic and it increases efficiency of children. Teachers should make plans to improve performance
of students.
To meet individual needs
To meet individual needs, teachers should make effective plans so that performance of
students can be improved and develop some skills which will be beneficial for them in getting
good opportunities. It is essential to focus on improving performance of children so that
strengths and weakness of student can be identified. Teachers set standards for every children
and give assignments accordingly. After completing the work, performance is evaluated and on
the basis of that it is determined which student is performing well and which student need
improvement. There are many opportunities available to practice assessment, like, test is being
taken, assignments are given to students. These are ways by which student performance can be
improved. It is important to meet individual needs by re-testing or resubmission, should be taken
by teachers to improve performance of student.

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