Telecommunication

This document provides an overview of telecommunication, covering topics such as amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, layer one media, error correction, multiplexing, WAN, LAN, and OSI protocol stack. It discusses the functions of traditional modems used in WAN, types of multiplexing, and the different layers of the OSI protocol stack. The document also includes references for further reading.

Tellecommunication

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Table of Contents
Question A: Layer One...........................................................................................................................2
Question C: data transmission: Error correction and multiplexing........................................................5
Question D: local and wide area networks............................................................................................8
Question F: OSI protocol stack listing..................................................................................................10
References...........................................................................................................................................11

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Question A: Layer One
1. Amplitude modulation
The amplitude modulation is defined as the technique which is used in the field of
communication for improving the amplitude of the input signal. In such kind of
modulation technique, the input signal is multiplied with the large amplitude carrier
signal in order to enhance the amplitude level of the applied signal (Ozolins, et al.,
2017). Moreover, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in the proportion to the
message signal which is transmitted from the source. It is observed that the modulation
technique has the potential to provide the large amplitude signal which can improve the
strength of the signal and receiver can receive better output. The carrier signal is a
simple sine wave with a large amplitude which is mixed with the applied input message
signal. After multiplying the message signal with the carrier signal consumers can
improve the level of amplitude and transmitted from the transmitter system to receiver
(Paul, Bruce, & Roberts, 2017). It has been identified that the receiver gets the better
signals if the consumer uses the amplitude modulation technique and reduce the
distortion and noise from the signal. All these steps are used in the amplitude
modulation during data transmission and data is transmitted with the help of the
communication channel.
Figure: a carrier signal
(Source: Ryu, et al., 2015)
Figure: message signal

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(Source: Ryu, et al., 2015)
Figure: AM-modulated signal
(Source: Ryu, et al., 2015)
2. Frequency modulation
The frequency modulation is a part of the modulation process that encodes the
information in the form of the carrier signal by changing the frequency value of the
input signal. Mainly, this process is used for the communication purpose and it
improves the level of frequency at the receiver side (Ryu, et al., 2015). The message
signal that has less frequency range is mixed with the carrier signal that has a large
frequency range and provides a modulated signal with better frequency. Moreover, the
applied signal is combined with the high level frequency which is called as the carrier
wave and the communication channel is used for data transmission. in which the source
produce the information or input signal and passed through the transducer which
provides the signal in the form of electrical waves (Silveri, Tuorila, Thuneberg, &
Paraoanu, 2017). The input signal is multiplied with the carrier signal and passed
through the buffer amplified for improving the frequency of the message signal. At the
receiver side, a demodulator circuit is used in order to convert the modulated signal in
the original form and receiver get better results by using this technique.
3. Types of layer one media
Type of layer one media Environments Reason

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Wireless WAN Wide geographic area
connecting, physical
environment and
connecting numbers of
devices.
WWAN is an advanced
wireless network which
can be used in the wide
geographical areas because
it has the potential to send
and receive a signal over
long distance. With the help
of this network, consumers
can connect numbers of
devices with each other at a
very low cost.
Wireless LAN office or campus
environment, work group
environment and homes
The WLAN is used for short
distance communication
with large data rate. Mainly,
it is used in the office,
campus and work group
environment for connecting
two or more computers
each other and exchange
data or information.
CAT5 or CAT6 cable Telecommunication and
networking environment
it is recommended the
telecommunication and
networking both are the
very best environment for
the CAT5 and CAT6 cable
because both have better
data transmission speed.
Single-mode Fiber-optic
Cable
long distance
communication
It is one of the best
environments where it can
be used for transferring
data or information over
long distance
Multi-mode Fibre-optic short-distance This type of network

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cable communication cannot be used for the long
distance due to less data
rate speed but in a small
area like office, house and
other it can be used.
Question C: data transmission: Error correction and multiplexing
1. ARQ diagram
Sender Receiver
No error detected
Error detected
ACK-A
NACK-B
Signal Lost
Packet A
Packet B
Packet A
Packet C
Packet B

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No error detected
NACK-C
ACK-B
No error detected
No error detected
ACK-C
ACK-D (LOST)
No error detected
ACK-D
2. Types of multiplexing
Packet B
Packet B
Packet C
Packet C
Packet D
Packet C
Packet D
Packet D
Packet D

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Frequency division multiplexing
The frequency division multiplexing is defined as the networking technology
which is used in the communication process. In such kind of process, the numbers of
data signals are combined for simultaneous transmission through a communication
channel. It is observed that the frequency division multiplexing utilize the carrier signal
at the discrete frequency for every data stream and then combine numbers of
modulated signals (Borondo, Morales, Benito, & Losada, 2015). The FDM technology
also allows multiple consumers to send a single physical communication medium which
is also called as the frequency division multiple accesses.
It is observed that the frequency division multiplexing refers as the analogy
multiplexing technology which is utilized for combining the analogy signals. Mainly, the
frequency division multiplexing divides the channel into various kinds of frequency
substance which does not overlap which is one of the best advantages of this technique.
This technology involves the transmitter and receiver for sharing information from one
place to another (Fan, Yu, & Guan, 2015). The major distinguishes frequency division
multiplexing does not require synchronization between the transmitter and receiver
circuit for a proper communication system. A large number of channels and information
can be transferred with the help of frequency division multiplexing technique.
Time division multiplexing
Time division multiplexing is defined as the communication technique which
sends two or more streaming digital information over a common communication
system. It is observed that in the field of time division multiplexing the applied input
signals are categorised into similarly fixed length time slots. After that, all these
messages are transferred over a shared medium and reassembled into their original
shape with the help of de-multiplexing technique (Doriese, et al., 2016). Moreover, the
time slot divination is completely based on the overall system efficiency and it is also
called as the digital circuit switched. Mainly, this kind of multiplexing technology
divides and allocated the particular duration of time to every signal in an alternating
manner.
Such kind of technique is used in the communication system where each signal
uses the same amount of time slot for interconnecting the transmitter and receiver. It

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has the potential to deliver better flexibility and efficiency by dynamically providing the
time periods to the message signals which require more of the bandwidth (Stern, et al.,
2015). As compared with the FDM technology the time division multiplexing provide
better performance of the communication system and it is widely used in the wireless
networks.
Wave division multiplexing
The wave division multiplexing is defined as the technique that modulates
various kinds of data streams and divides the wavelength into different parts. It also
enables bi-directional communication in the system and multiplication of the signal
ability. It is analysed that the wave division is a part of the FDM technology but
referencing the wavelength of the light which opposes the frequency of the light. Such
kind of technology is commonly used in the optical fibre communication that provides
more effective communication channels to the consumers (Ghahremani, & Kamwa,
2016). In WDM the multiplexer circuit is produced at the transmitter side for
transmitting numbers of the signal at a time and at the receiver side de-multiplexer
system is applied in order to get the original information or signal. However, the
numbers of optical carrier signals at various wavelengths are modulated with the help
of bit stream process and transferred over the similar fibre and it also enhances the
information carrying ability of the fibre. There are many advantages of this technology,
for example, larger transmission capacity, very easy to operate, low cost process, faster
access to Morden channels, and so on.
Question D: local and wide area networks
Functions of the traditional modem used in the WAN
 Fibre optic communication
 Asynchronous transfer mode
 Digital subscriber line
The fibre optic communication is a very common modem which is used in the field
of wireless area network. The main function of this modem is that it can be used for the
long distance communication and a more flexible process for data transmitting
technique. Moreover, the fibre optic communication is more secure as compare to the

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other modems due to which WAN networks can be used in the long distance
communication purpose (Nakafuji, Rogers, Bestebreur, Rourke, & Zweigle, 2017).
The asynchronous transfer mode is defined as the communication network which is
used in the WAN networks data communication. It can be used to integrate the wireless
communication networks and control both traditional large throughput data and real
time. Mainly, it encodes data or information into small numbers of data packets.
The digital subscriber line is a kind of technique which is used to send digital data
over telephone lines and wireless area networks. It is more flexible and efficient
communication technique which can be used for long distance communication purpose.
The bit rate of the DSL technique is between 256 kilo bit per second and 100 mega bit
per second in the direction of the consumer (Al-Zubi, 2016).
Token ring and Ethernet
LAN Pro Con
Ethernet 1: it is faster in speed as compared to
the wireless networks
1: it needed the complete
infrastructure
2: The rate of overhead in this
technique is very less ac compare to
the wireless technology
2: limited distance due to which it
cannot be used for long distance
Token Ring 1: decrease chances of the data
collision
1: required a monitor function
2: equal access to the sources 2: need more numbers of wires for
communication
Question F: OSI protocol stack listing
Layer Layer name Layer function Layer sample Chunk of data

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number protocols
7 Application
layer
Network
process to the
application
POP, DNS,
HTTP, SNMO,
FTP and SSH
Data
6 Presentation
layer
Data
representation
and encryption
POP, DNS,
HTTP, SNMO,
FTP and SSH
Data
5 Session layer Inter-host
communication
POP, DNS,
HTTP, SNMO,
FTP and SSH
Data
4 Transport layer End to end
connections
and reliability
TCP and UDP Segments
3 Network layer Path
determination
and IP
IP, ARO, DHCP,
and ICMP
Packets
2 Data link layer For physical
addressing
Ethernet, XDSL
and EAP
Frames
1 Physical layer Media, signals
and binary
transmission
Ethernet, XDSL
and EAP
Bits

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References
Al-Zubi, N. (2016). Token Ring Using Ethernet TRUE-Simulator. International Journal of
Applied Engineering Research, 11(11), 7517-7522.
Borondo, J., Morales, A. J., Benito, R. M., & Losada, J. C. (2015). Multiple leaders on a
multilayer social media. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 72, 90-98.
Doriese, W. B., Morgan, K. M., Bennett, D. A., Denison, E. V., Fitzgerald, C. P., Fowler, J.
W., ... & Joe, Y. I. (2016). Developments in time-division multiplexing of x-ray
transition-edge sensors. Journal of low temperature physics, 184(1-2), 389-395.
Fan, R., Yu, Y. J., & Guan, Y. L. (2015). Generalization of orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing with index modulation. IEEE transactions on wireless
communications, 14(10), 5350-5359.
Ghahremani, E., & Kamwa, I. (2016). Local and wide-area PMU-based decentralized
dynamic state estimation in multi-machine power systems. IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, 31(1), 547-562.
Nakafuji, D., Rogers, L., Bestebreur, J., Rourke, M., & Zweigle, G. (2017). Integrating
synchrophasors and oscillography for wide-area power system analysis. In 2017
70th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE), 15(6), pp. 1-10.
Ozolins, O., Da Ros, F., Cristofori, V., Pang, X., Schatz, R., Chaibi, M. E., ... & Peucheret, C.
(2017). Optical spectral reshaping for directly modulated 4-pulse amplitude
modulation signals. In 19th International Conference on Transparent Optical
Networks, 12(2), 12-14.
Paul, B. T., Bruce, I. C., & Roberts, L. E. (2017). Evidence that hidden hearing loss
underlies amplitude modulation encoding deficits in individuals with and
without tinnitus. Hearing Research, 344, 170-182.
Ryu, H., Chung, M., Dobrzyński, M., Fey, D., Blum, Y., Lee, S. S., ... & Pertz, O. (2015).
Frequency modulation of ERK activation dynamics rewires cell fate. Molecular
systems biology, 11(11), 838.

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Silveri, M. P., Tuorila, J. A., Thuneberg, E. V., & Paraoanu, G. S. (2017). Quantum systems
under frequency modulation. Reports on Progress in Physics, 80(5), 056002.
Stern, B., Zhu, X., Chen, C. P., Tzuang, L. D., Cardenas, J., Bergman, K., & Lipson, M. (2015).
On-chip mode-division multiplexing switch. Optica, 2(6), 530-535.