1REPORT Executive summary The musculoskeletal system is responsible for providing support, shape and stability to the human body and it also helps in movement. This report elucidated on the structure and the function of the musculoskeletal system and elaborated on the fact that it comprises of joints, cartilages, ligaments, bones, tendons, and muscles. Sarcopenia was identified as a common musculoskeletal disorder that commonly affects the elderly people and causes physical disability and mobility impairment. This disorder is treated typically with resistance training and strength training. Three other musculoskeletal disorders discussed in the report were tendonitis, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS), and rheumatoid arthritis.
2REPORT Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................3 Structure and function................................................................................................................3 Six major joints..........................................................................................................................5 One named musculoskeletal disorder.........................................................................................6 Three musculoskeletal disorders................................................................................................7 Treatments..................................................................................................................................7 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................8 References..................................................................................................................................9
3REPORT Introduction Thehumanmusculoskeletalsystemreferstotheorgansystemthatoffersthe capability to move, besides providing support, stability, form and structure to the body. It comprises of the bones present in muscles,cartilage,skeleton,tendons,joints, and ligaments that support and connect the organs and tissues together1. The skeletal region of this system acts as the foremost storage system forphosphorus and calcium and encompasses vital constituentsofthehematopoieticsystem.Thisreportwillexplaintheanatomyand physiology of the system and will also elucidate on three musculoskeletal disorders and their treatment. Structure and function In addition to providing support to the entire weight of the human body, the bones work together along with the muscles for maintaining the position of the human body and for producing precise and controlled movements. Without the presence of the skeleton to pull against, the muscle fibres will not help in sitting, running or walking. Individual bones present in the system create a framework that helps in attachment of organs and soft tissues. Calcium salts present in the bone act as a valuable reserve and the bones also store lipids in the form of energy reserves in bone marrow2. The red bone marrow inside the bone cavity helps in production of white blood cells, red blood cells and other elements. Several bones also act as levers and alter the direction and magnitude of forces created by muscles. Protection of organs and soft tissues are another important function such as, the heart and lungs are protected by the rib cage, spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae and the reproductive organs are shielded by the pelvis3. 1K. Barrett and W. Ganong,Ganong's Review Of Medical PhysiologyNew York, McGraw Hill, 2016. 2G. Tortora and B. Derrickson,Principles Of Anatomy And PhysiologyNew York, N.Y., Wiley, 2018. 3S. Warhadpande, Anatomy of a Joint. InEssential Radiology Review(pp. 445-446). Springer, Cham, 2019
Paraphrase This Document
Need a fresh take? Get an instant paraphrase of this document with our AI Paraphraser
4REPORT Figure- Human musculoskeletal system Source-4 4T.System,"TheMusculoskeletalSystem"ScientificPublishing,[website]2020, https://www.scientificpublishing.com/product/the-musculoskeletal-system/ (accessed 12 February 2020).
5REPORT Six major joints Synovial joints comprise of the synovial cavity, the articular cartilage and the joint capsule. The cavity is a characteristic space that remains filled with synovial fluid. The joint capsule contains two layers namely, inner fibrous membrane and outer fibrous membrane, and there occurs a hyaline cartilagelayer lining the epiphyses of the joint end of the bones. The pivot joints help in rotation along an axis and move from side to side, thus enabling rotation of the neck or the forearm. The hinge joints make it easy for the limbs to extend or flex, along one particular axis. The bones perfectly fit together, one concave and other convex and some common hinge joints are fingers, elbows and toes5. Ball and socket joints have been identified as the most mobile joints, and permit a wide extent of motion. The hip and shoulder joints belong to this class. Ellipsoidal or condyloid joints are also ball and socket joints, which areround, rather elliptical, and help in circular and/or bending movement nonetheless rendering rotation unmanageable. This helps in movement along two planes: flexing and bending like hinge joint, in addition to some rotation. Similar to condyloid joints, saddle joints connect the bones and have a shape of interlocking saddles, thus permitting increased range of motion, but not complete rotation such as, the thumb6.Gliding or plane joints are regions where the bones meet in the form of flat surfaces and glide feely past one another like the ankles, wrists, and the spine.More than regions where the bones connect, these synovial joints are a complex organisation of cartilage, bone, and fluid, bound with tendons and ligaments that are connected to the muscles, thus making motion conceivable. 5K. Barrett and W. Ganong,Ganong's Review Of Medical PhysiologyNew York, McGraw Hill, 2016. 6S. Warhadpande, Anatomy of a Joint. InEssential Radiology Review(pp. 445-446). Springer, Cham, 2019
6REPORT One named musculoskeletal disorder Sarcopeniais a musculoskeletal disorder that is characterised by the degenerative loss of mass of the skeletal muscles, strength and quality correlated with immobility and aging. The rate of loss of muscle in this disorder is directly reliant on level of physical exercise, nutrition, co-morbidities, and different factors. The condition occurs due to alteration in satellite cell recruitment and changes in anabolic signalling. Inflammation, protein oxidation and decline in quality of muscle tissues also cause this disorder7. Sarcopenia results in physical disability. It affects movement by decreasing muscle strength, weakening of bones, impaired mobility, frailty, fractures and falls, and reduction in physical activity. It leads to the onset and progress of depression, reduces the health-related quality of life and also increases recurrent admissions to clinical settings. Corrective action for this disorder includes physical exercise, particularly strength training or resistance training. The advantage of this treatment is that it increases muscle endurance and strength with the usage of resistance bands or weights and also improves hormonal balance and neuromuscular system. However, there might be a risk of injury due to improper use of the weights. Alternative treatment methods include intake of proteins and calories and administration of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate8. Nutritional modification is a low-cost and simple treatment modality and does not have any side effects. The latter decreases proteasome expression and stimulatesmammalian target ofrapamycin(mTOR), however, its impact on muscle strength is not yet validated. 7L. Chen and others, "Recent Advances In Sarcopenia Research In Asia: 2016 Update From The Asian Working Group For Sarcopenia",Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol. 17, no. 8, 2016. 8E. Marzetti and others, "Sarcopenia: An Overview",Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 29, no. 1, 2017.
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
7REPORT Three musculoskeletal disorders Three common disorders include tendonitis, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS), and rheumatoid arthritis. CTS occurs owing to compression of median nerve during its course through the wrist, near the carpal tunnel, located at the palm base and surrounded by bony prominence of trapeziumand scaphoid tubercle. Common signs include burning and tingling sensation in middle and index fingers, feelings of numbness, discomfort, and ache, gradual decline of manual dexterity and loss of grip9. The flexor tendons swell, and it weakens abduction and disrupts kinematics of thumb at the time of circumduction and opposition. In contrast, tendonitis refers to the disorder that causes pain on adductor and an impairment in function. While extensor tendonitis in hands leads to stiffness and pain on the top of hand, flexor tendonitis leads to stress and unwanted damage to tendon in palm, forearm or wrist. The pain gradually worsens with movement and most affected regions are the elbow, shoulder, ankle, hip or wrist10. The disorder might occur due to repetitive actions like tennis or an injury. Athletes, people involved in manual labour and musicians are more likely to suffer from this condition. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the joints and causes swollen, warm and painful joints that worsen with rest. This causes stiffness in joints, necrotizinggranuloma, and even atherosclerosis11. Treatments Nonsurgical therapies are generally recommended for management of CTS and splints and wrist bands are most commonly accepted treatment. This non-invasive treatment is the common choice of physicians during the initial stages since the splints temporarily restrain theaffectedlimbsforspasmandpain,reduceswelling,andalsominimizefurther 9L. Padua and others, "Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, And Management",The Lancet Neurology, vol. 15, no. 12, 2016. 10M. Varacallo and S.D. Mair, Rotator Cuff Tendonitis InStatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing, 2019 11J. Sokolove, Rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesisand pathophysiology InLung Diseasein Rheumatoid Arthritis(pp. 19-30), Humana Press, Cham, 2018
8REPORT neurovascular injuries in soft tissues due to contusions, lacerations, sprains, dislocations, fractures, or painful joints12. Doctorscommonlyemphasiseontheadministrationofnon-steroidalanti- inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) for management of tendonitis. This can be accredited to the fact that the drug non-selectively inhibitsthe cyclooxygenase(COX)enzymesthat are responsible for catalysing formation of thromboxane and prostaglandin from arachidonic acid,bothofwhichtriggerinflammationandpain13.Incontrast,besttreatmentfor rheumatoidarthritisfocuseson combinedadministrationof conventionaltherapywith glucocorticoids that has proven effective in decreasing rate of bone erosion. This is because NSAIDs do not create an impact on the long term course of the disease, though it decreases stiffness and pain. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that the musculoskeletal system incorporates cartilage, skeletal muscles, bones and connective tissues and play a significant role in permitting human movement and offering mechanical support to the body. This system not only acts as a lever but also protects the internal organs of the human body. Three common musculoskeletal disorders are CTS, rheumatoid arthritis and tendonitis and the common treatment modalities for the three disorders are namely, splints and wrist bands, combination of conventional therapy and glucocorticoids, and NSAIDs, respectively. 12I. Atroshi and others, "Treatment Of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome With Wrist Splinting: Study Protocol For A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial",Trials, vol. 20, no. 1, 2019. 13N.J. Petty and K. Barnard (Eds.),Principles of Musculoskeletal Treatment and Management E-Book: A Handbook for TherapistsElsevier Health Sciences, 2017
9REPORT References Atroshi I. and others, "Treatment Of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome With Wrist Splinting: Study Protocol For A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial",Trials, vol. 20, no. 1, 2019 Barrett K. and Ganong W.,Ganong's Review Of Medical PhysiologyNew York, McGraw Hill, 2016. Chen L. and others, "Recent Advances In Sarcopenia Research In Asia: 2016 Update From The Asian Working Group For Sarcopenia",Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol. 17, no. 8, 2016 MarzettiE.and others, "Sarcopenia:An Overview",Aging Clinicaland Experimental Research, vol. 29, no. 1, 2017 PaduaL.andothers,"CarpalTunnelSyndrome:ClinicalFeatures,Diagnosis,And Management",The Lancet Neurology, vol. 15, no. 12, 2016 Petty,N.J.andBarnard,K.(Eds.),PrinciplesofMusculoskeletalTreatmentand Management E-Book: A Handbook for TherapistsElsevier Health Sciences, 2017 Sokolove, J., Rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis and pathophysiology InLung Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis(pp. 19-30), Humana Press, Cham, 2018 SystemT.,"TheMusculoskeletalSystem"ScientificPublishing,[website]2020, https://www.scientificpublishing.com/product/the-musculoskeletal-system/(accessed12 February 2020). Tortora G. and Derrickson B.,Principles Of Anatomy And PhysiologyNew York, N.Y., Wiley, 2018. Varacallo, M. and Mair, S. D., Rotator Cuff Tendonitis InStatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing, 2019
Paraphrase This Document
Need a fresh take? Get an instant paraphrase of this document with our AI Paraphraser