Analysis of Models and Theories for Blended Learning Research

The provided text appears to be a collection of references from various academic sources related to education, learning theory, and blended learning research. The assignment likely involves analyzing these sources to develop models and theory for blended learning research, exploring how to design and develop educational communications and technology, and examining the application of learning theories in simulated team training. This could include identifying key concepts, themes, and relationships between different models and theories, as well as evaluating their relevance and effectiveness in real-world educational settings.

THEORIES MODELS AND
PRINCIPLES IN E&T

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION:..........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
A Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation (5.1).............................................1
B Theories and models of reflection can be applied to reviewing practice (5.2)........................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
Analyse theories, principles and models of learning and models of learning preferences (1.1
and 1.3)........................................................................................................................................5
Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied in teaching
(1.2)...........................................................................................................................................10
Explain how learning preferences enables inclusive teaching and learning (1.4)....................11
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................12
A Analyse theories, principles and models of communication ................................................12
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................14
A Analyse theories, principles and models of assessment (3.1)...............................................14
B Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in
learning (3.2).............................................................................................................................15
C Reflective journal on what has been learned (3.1)................................................................16
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................17
A Analyzing theories and models of curriculum (4.1)..............................................................17
B Applying the theories and models of curriculum (4.2)..........................................................19
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................20
REFERENCES :............................................................................................................................21

INTRODUCTION:
An individual acquires education to become a successful person. Education provides
basis knowledge and learning that is required in career development. It provides learning in
various subjects. It is important for a person to evaluate his learning so that it can be enhanced
(Ballantine, Hammack and Stuber, 2017) Besides this, a person must evaluate his or her
performance so that strengths and weaknesses can be found out. This will help an individual in
improving it. Besides this, reflection helps in knowing about current skills and ability and
progress of training. Moreover, a teacher helps an individual in learning. An individual can
become an expert by strengthening his or her professional skills. Also, reflection is done by
applying some theories and models. This is because different model results can be applied in
various areas. This report will throw light on different theories and models of reflection.
Moreover, it will show various models in curriculum development and how it can be applied on
practise.
TASK 1
A Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation (5.1)
Reflection allows a person to grow and develop in professional discipline. It is a basis on
which knowledge and learning can be evaluated. Apart from this, it becomes easy for person to
maintain progress by identifying weak areas and improving it. There are different models and
theories of reflection (Sommers-Flanagan, 2018). They all have their own meaning and
differences. Besides this, models help in analysing what practise must be followed and evaluates
individual performance. The models are described below:-
Models of reflection
Gibbs model of reflection
It helps a person to identify his or her behaviour in a situation. It finds out that how a
person has reacted in situation. Moreover, it enables in realising how behaviour can be changed.
It contains a reflective cycle that is as follows:-

 Step 1 description – It is the first stage in which situation is described in detail by a
person. Tutor asks several questions such as what happened, who were involved, what
you did, etc. in that situation (Ngai, Moon and Tao, 2015) This gives a brief and clear
view of entire situation.
 Step 2 feelings – This stage is related to feelings or experience of person during that
situation. Tutor asks several questions in this like what he or she felt, what were other
feelings, etc. Through this, a person is able to interact freely with tutor.
 Step 3 Evaluation – In this stage the entire situation is evaluated by tutor by analysing
what positive and negative things occurred. It gives a clear view about root cause of
problem. With this it becomes easy to find out solution of problem by focusing on root
cause.

 Step 4 conclusion- The solutions are implemented in this stage. It helps in reaching
conclusion of problems. Tutor uses his or her skills and experience to solve provides.
They collect as much information as available about situation.
 Step 5 action – It is the last step. In this actions are developed in order to deal with
similar situations in future. Beside this, it helps in identifying weak areas and reviewing
progress (Luke, 2018)
Kolb’s model of reflection
There are four stages in this model. In this learner internal cognitive process is identified.
It helps in developing various concepts which can be used in dealing with different situations.
The four stages are analysed below :-
 Concrete experience- This stage refers to learning from other experience and people.
This is done by observing them and noticing what action were taken by them in a
particular situation to solve it.

 Reflective observation of new experience – in this person leans only by observing
situation. This is useful in properly analysing situation and finding out what can be
learned from it. It also helps them in effective decision making and analysing things in
better way.
 Abstract conceptualisation- This stage helps a person to think about situation so that
various ideas can be generated to solve it. Also, it enhances ability to understand situation
in better way (Graham, Henrie and Gibbons, 2014)
 Active experimentation – In this stage experimentation is done to solve the problem.
A person can apply these model of reflection that will help in evaluating performance. By
this individual will be able to identify strength and weakness so that it can be improved.
Moreover, these models can be used to improve behaviour of person. Apart from this, an
individual will be able to analyse and understand situation in better way. Also, tutor will help
person to show ways in which problems can be solved (Marsick and Watkins, 2015) However,
these models are applied only in particular situation. It is because each of them is having own
meaning.
B Theories and models of reflection can be applied to reviewing practice (5.2)
An individual can apply these models in their practise. It will help them to grow and
develop in respective field. Apart from this, models will completely change their behaviour and
it will be easy for them to solve critical problems by analysing situation. In this way a person can
make improvements. This can be better understood from the following situations:-
Gibbs reflective cycle- An incident happened during my summer vacations. I was staying with
my best friend in apartment. One day someone called and informed him that his brother has met
with an accident and died. It was very shocking news for me. In my life first time I faced this
situation. My friend was very nervous and tensed. So I helped and supported him. I helped in
making him feel better. For this I tried to divert his mind. I have to understand the situation and
take any action. According to it I developed an action plan. It helped me to take better and
effective decisions.

Kolb's model- In this an example can be taken when I was in college. I decided to play cricket.
For this I need to get selected in college cricket team. There was a systematic procedure of
selecting a player. Somehow I got selected in college team. I played my first match. After that I
realised that I did not perform well. Since I was playing cricket from long time. I was expecting
much better performance. I need to improve my timing to hit ball. I discussed it with team coach
on how to improve it. He supported and helped me. He showed me various techniques through
which I can improve my timing. This boosted my confidence and morale. I practised that
regularly until I was perfect in it. It was beneficial for me as I scored a good score in next game.
Therefore, it can be concluded that I need to do analyse my performance so that I can
identify my weak and strong areas. Also, it will help me in gaining knowledge and improving my
skills. It will help me in career development. Also, I need to recognise my current performance,
so that action plan can be develop. It will help me in monitoring my progress and making
changes accordingly.
TASK 2
Analyse theories, principles and models of learning and models of learning preferences (1.1 and
1.3)
There are different models of learning through which teaching and education can be
provided to individual. It helps in gaining and leaning basic knowledge. Beside this, a person
knows how to react in a situation and apply those skills to solve problem. The principles are also
used by tutor in teaching skills (Ramazani and Jergeas, 2015). The learning models that are
applied have a great impact on behaviour of individual. The behaviourism was invested by Ivan
Pavlov, John B Watson, Edward Thorndike and BF Skiner. But among them Watson was the
main person who invented the term behaviourism. The three models of learning are as follows:-
Behaviourism learning theory – It was invented by B F Skinner in 1930. As the name suggest
this theory is based on studying the behaviour of person. A person learns how to behave by
analysing the surroundings and environment. As per this theory it is sated that an individual
respond to stimuli. This helps in bringing change in behaviour. Along with this, environment
conditions are focused on. This theory gets divided into two categories.

 Classic conditioning – It means stimuli occurs due to responding on natural reflex.
Education learning can be taken as example. Besides this, it is said that students develops
fear or anxiety while speaking in public (Kirillov and Makushkin, 2015)
 Operant conditioning – It is also known as feedback system in which reward is followed
by stimulus. This means that respond can come in the future.
Cognitivist learning theory – it was invented by Edward Tolman in 1948. This theory shows
relation between cause and effect of human behaviour. Learner can be benefited when he or she
combines new learning with existing one. Besides this, cognitivist believe that leaner thinking
can be improved by asking them difficult questions. This will force them to think in wider area.
Along with this, it will also increase their knowledge and learning and storing information for
long time in brain. On the contrary, this process can give negative results as well (Carpenter and
Dickinson, 2016) It can make lifetime of individual difficult. This theory is categorised into two:
 Social cognitive theory – There are three factors included in this that is personal,
environmental and behavioural. They are interrelated to each other in some or other way.
 Cognitive behaviour theory – It states that individual behaviour is affected by his or her
self-concept.
Humanist learning theory – It was invented by Abraham Maslow in 1930. This theory is
entirely based on humans. It states that leaner must control his learning. It is because it will help
teacher to analyse their behaviour and provide effective learning. Moreover, a teacher is able to
support learner in finding out solutions of complex problems. Besides this, it creates a better
environment. This motivates leaner to gain more knowledge (Geisler and Wickramasinghe,
2015) Ideas are developed and evaluated by learners. This helps them to make continuous
improvements in behaviour.
Tutor can apply these theories so that individual needs can be easily identified. Also,
principles can change learner’s behaviour. The self-assessment can be easily done by learner so
that goals and objectives can be determined. In this way strengths and weakness can be

identified. It helps individual and teacher to work on them by discussing it. This leads in creating
supportive environment and building confidence (Luke, 2018).
Learning models:
They are different from learning sessions. They help in developing and improving
educational activities of students. Besides this, it creates a peaceful environment to learn. The
various models are as follows:-
Honey and Mumford- this model is based on four learning styles that is as follows:-
 Activists – They are those individuals that learn by doing some activities. The activities
that involve can be related to competitions, puzzles, role play, etc. these people have an
open mind and experience what they learn.
 Theorists – these individuals learn by theories and models. They understand them and
engage in learning process. They love reading books and gain knowledge from it as much
as they can.
 Pragmatists- they people want to know how to put learning into real world. They do this
by experimenting it with theories and techniques and then evaluate how it relates with
real world.
 Reflectors – these people learn by watching other people. They observe them, collect
data and then learn. They like self-analysis, taking feedback from others, etc.
Fleming and Baume 2006 VARK model – It is based on four sensory things that is as follows:-
 Visual
 Write and read
 Auditory
 Learning through Kinaesthetic
Piaget theory – It explains that how child constructs mental model of world. It also states that
child cognitive development is a series of ingenious tests that reflects different cognitive

abilities. The main aim of this theory is to explain the mechanism on how infant develops into an
individual who can think using hypotheses. There are three components in this that are schemas,
adaption process and stages of cognitive development.
VYGOTSKY Theory – It is also known as social development theory. In this VYGOTSKY has
developed a socio cultural approach of cognitive development. He has put emphasis more on
cultural in cognitive development of child. He has stated that development differs across culture.
Also, cognitive development is built from social interactions of children with their parents. He
has focused on different tools for intellectual adaption that are attention, sensation, perception
and memory.
ABRAHAM MASLOW- He is known as father of humanistic psychology. He has given five
basic needs that shows human behaviour. These needs are as follows:-
 Psychological – It refers to basic human needs that includes food, shelter and clothes.
 Safety – after basic needs are fulfilled human requires safety needs such as safety from
theft, health and wellness, safety from accidents, etc.
 Social – It refers to social needs that can be fulfilled. These needs include love from
society, family, culture groups, etc.
 Esteem- in this there are two types that is internal and external. It includes self-respect,
recognition, achievements, etc.
 Self-actualisation need- it includes what a person is capable of becoming.
CARL ROGERS- He agreed with Maslow theory of needs but added some few in it. He said
that a person requires an environment to grow. It will provide him openness, acceptance and
empathy. It helps in developing relationship. The added things are as follows:-
 Self-actualisation- he believed that human have only one motive that is to fulfil one's
potential. However, potential of human are unique and develops in different ways.

 Fully functioning person- he stated that every person can achieve his or her goals. There
are five characteristics of fully functioning person that is open to experience, existential
living, trust feelings, creativity and fulfilled life.
 Personality development – it refers to personality of human that is linked to our soul.
The close out self-image we can develop a higher sense of self-worth.
 Positive regard and self-worth – in this a child has to basic needs that is positive regard
from others and self-worth. Rogers believed that feelings of self-worth in early childhood
is developed by interaction with parents.
 Congruence – it means the difference between person self and actual experience. It
means what has actually happened in life and his own experience. It is known as
incongruence. Rogers said that congruence is developed due to unconditional positive
regard of person. He said that we can have a higher sense of self-worth if our self-image
and ideal self are closer to each other.
Models of learning preference
There are different from learning models. They are used in giving learning sessions. It
also helps in creating peaceful environment. Besides this, students can also learn and improve
their knowledge. The various models are described below:-
VARK model - It is based on four sensory things that is as follows:-
 Visual – visual learning refers to drawing image in the mind of students. By doing this,
sometimes student’s miss crucial information during learning phase. In order to overcome
this problem teacher must use charts and diagrams. This will be easy for students to
acquire knowledge. Also, it will remain in their memory for long time.
 Write and read- It refers to reading and writing knowledge that helps students to read
about something and then write (Bompa and Buzzichelli, 2018) It is a very common
method that is used by teachers. Also, it is the best way to acquire knowledge effectively.

 Auditory – In this students learn things by hearing rather than watching. For this teacher
can perform those oral activities that will help students learn knowledge. Moreover, it
will allow students to ask questions and solving them by discussing them with each other.
 Learning kinaesthetic- It is a modern way of teaching used by teachers. In this they
perform task and then deliver knowledge. Apart from this, there are several instruments
used in this to facilitate students.
This model will help student to learn various things. Also, it will help teacher to use
models according to needs of children (Reece and Walker, 2016) By applying model teaching
can be given to different students. Moreover, a positive environment can be created in
classrooms.
Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied in teaching
(1.2)
There are various ways in which the above models can be applied in teaching and
learning. This is as follows:-
Brain based theory – this is applied at primary level in teaching. It plays a crucial role as
learning enables in developing sense of hearing, seeing, etc. (Hughes and Falkmer, 2015) This
will help students to grow and learn quickly. They will be able to feel and touch products that
will help in increasing their knowledge. This makes it easy for students to identify different toys.
It helps in acquiring learning more knowledge.
Social learning theory – It states that teacher manage students effectively so that knowledge can
be delivered. The concept of imagination is used by teacher to provide learning to primary
students. For this teacher can use diagrams and charts. It will make it easy for students to
understand and learn. For example- while teaching mathematics presentation can be used by
teacher.
Cognitivism theory – It means that better environment of leaning can be managed by talking
effectively towards the subject. It is beneficial in overall development of students (Geisler and

Wickramasinghe, 2015) For this teacher must possess effective skills and qualities so that
students can be motivated.
In primary level certain steps can be followed that are based on learning principles. It is
given below:-
Readiness: It means that teacher must improve readiness skills so that students can be
encouraged to learn. It will be difficult to teach students until they are not willing to learn on
their own.
Exercise: This means teacher must continue to learn knowledge and skills. It will help in
providing more adequate knowledge to students.
Effect: An effect must be made by teacher so that students are motivated to learn. This will be
used as tool to complete assignment on time. Also, prize must be given to them. It will encourage
students to put more efforts.
Intensity: Learning intensity can be increased among students by organising games. It will be
beneficial in increasing classroom participation (Stocker, Burmester and Allen, 2014) Students
will get more involved in various activities. They will be eager to learn new things.
Freedom: freedom can be given to students to work free. This will enable them to work in
creative way. Also, it will enhance their decision making skills and they will get involved in
doing different things
Requirement: Tutor must be having proper skills and qualities to teach students. They should
work effectively with them. Teacher must have ability to set goals and objectives.
Explain how learning preferences enables inclusive teaching and learning (1.4)
Teacher uses different techniques and styles to provide effective leaning to students.
Before using this it is important for teacher to identify need of students so that accordingly
technique can be used. It is very difficult for teacher to do this. Also, they have to ensure each
student preference and then choose technique. It is necessary to do this because each student is
having different learning abilities and capabilities. For this inclusive learning can be used.
Features of this are described below:-

 Inclusive learning demonstrates the knowledge and skills which attract the students by
their own results.
 Surveys can be done by the teacher in order to find the results of teaching in every
student (Richey and Klein, 2014)
 Different strategies can be used by the teacher in order to accommodate all students with
various learning styles.
ASSESSMENT
A healthy environment is very essential in learning. It is beneficial for both teacher and
students. With this teacher can analyse the student performance by conducting various tests. It
will also help in developing proper curriculum. Other than this teacher performance can also be
evaluated. It helps in finding out how well they have performed their role. Besides this,
assessment test encourages students to put more efforts. Moreover, it increases classroom
participation of students.
Authority style – It is a traditional form of teaching in which lengthy lectures are delivered.
Besides being traditional it is very effective and efficient.
Demonstrator style – It is a modern style in which teacher uses presentation that contains
diagrams and charts. It is a very easy method through which students learn. By using this method
students’ performance cannot be accessed by teacher (Ashman and Conway, 2017) Usually, it is
known as coach style.
Blended style – It’s an effective style in which teacher evaluated performance of students
according to their interest. In this nature of students become similar to teacher. Also, it is a
flexible style that can be changed according to interest of students. It uses different learning style
that is based on same topics.
Empty vessel- In this it is assumed by teacher that mind of student is empty, so it can be filled
with knowledge. It will help in getting better results by delivering effective and proper lectures.
 Assessment test can be taken in specific time period.

 Students performance can be evaluated
 By increasing the number of oral and written activities in classrooms.
TASK 3
A Analyse theories, principles and models of communication
There are various theories of communication which help of employees for better
performance in the organization (Arnab Lim, and De Gloria, 2015) These theories also help
management as well. Communication is important for development of skills, knowledge, and
abilities so that some theories of communication is made by the management in the organization.
Classical theories of communication: In the classical theories includes some theories of
communication for employees in an organization. Such as;
PIAGET THEORY: Piaget theory believes that cognitive development led to the growth of
communication. The first time baby has contact with communication is when it is still in the
mother's womb. They prefer sound of human voices to any other during the baby's first few
months of life. It is main form of communication after a baby is born. It is an unplanned form of
language while baby cry or smile however their parents are able to understand. The infant and
young child need appropriate models and constant feedback, so that they are attempt to
communicate. This theory believes that as develop communication of children.
VYGOTSKY THEORY: This theory accept that as increase language of children. Vygotsky's
theory stresses the importance of language with other as major element in the development of a
child's communication. This concept views important effect that an adult has on the development
of language. For VYGOTSKY, communication and thoughts are separating system from
beginning of life and producing verbal thoughts.
SHANNON WEAVER THEORY: This is also known as communication model formed by
Shammon and Weaver in 1948. In this model, various stage of interaction are including such
senders, encoder, channel, decoder, receivers and noise. The sender is encoding message and
sending it to receiver through technological channels. The sender is converting message into
codes understandable to machines. The receiver has to decode message before understanding it

and explaining it. The channel can have noise and receiver’s might’s not have capacity to
decode. There are three level of problems of communication that is technical, semantic and
effectiveness according to Shammon and Weaver. This model is beneficial for making effective
interaction by removing the noise. The disadvantage is feedback which is taken as less important
in comparison to message sent by sender.
Communication develops the behaviour and attitude of not only students but also other
peoples. There are many barriers in communication but different theories, principles and models
useful for overcome the barriers of communication in education, learning, teaching and other
fields. Communication is the help of different learning styles for developing the behaviour and
attitude. Theories, principles and models of communication encourages and guide the new
learning and new research. Communication is the help for completing the task of any critical
situations. Communication process is ongoing process which is never ends and it is continuous
running. It helps in upgrading minds of people (Stocker, Burmester and Allen, 2014) Two way
communication is better than one way, because in two way one person is speaking and another
one responding, but in one way only one person continuously speaks and no one responds.
Communication helps in learning different leadership and managerial styles of business. It can
help in level of suitable work, faced the environmental factors and other factors in education.
Communication is to build up the expectation and developed the talents of the students.
Communication helps in time management in any task for students. Also, it helps in coming the
good feed back from teachers and leaders. In education communication will help in solve the
case studies, playing management games, assignments and other projects & tasks.
Communication is the build up the relationship between the teachers and students. It is important
for students not only studies but also in extra curricular activities.
TASK 4
A Analyse theories, principles and models of assessment (3.1)
Assessment refers to providing effective learning that can be delivered in distinctive
ways. It is a method that is used to measure the extent to which students have grasped
knowledge. The assessment method can be applied either inside or outside of classrooms. By
using this a student can measure his or her own skills, knowledge, etc. with some set standards.

This will help in finding out weak areas so that it can be improved. There are different
assessment methods that can be used by students. It depends upon their wish on which method
will be appropriate for evaluating their performance (Reece and Walker, 2016) Basically, there
are three types of assessment methods that are summative, formative and initial diagnostic. They
all are further divided into sub categories that is formal and informal.
An example of initial diagnostic method can be taken in which informal technique is
used. For example – a teacher interact with student while entering in examination hall.
Therefore, it is essential to collect data and information of student so that needs can be identified.
This will help teacher in assisting student so that knowledge can be provided to them. Apart from
this, data and information helps in directly describing the actual necessity of student. Moreover,
with this disabled students needs can also be identified.
Formative assessment means is a tool that helps tutor in maintaining and keeping
progress of student as well as them. This is done to identify whether student is learning
according to needs or not. With this feedback is taken that helps in getting information about
learning of student (Richey and Klein, 2014) This helps tutor in taking effective decisions for
future assistance of student. Furthermore, by maintaining record of student tutor is able to
identify behaviour pattern. It is useful in analysing their behaviour. A very common example
that of this assessment is exit quiz in which students take part in quiz and then submit their
answers. The quiz helps in evaluating performance of each student and then improving their
weak areas. Similarly, other activities can be done in classrooms in particular times that will help
in measuring what they have learned, how much progress is there, etc. This method is more used
by tutors in education.
On the other hand summative assessment is used at the end of year. It is a formal
approach that is used by tutor to evaluate overall performance of student. It is a wider concept as
it helps in assisting tutor the broader area of student. In this marks are given by measuring the
acquired knowledge of student. On the basis of marks given mark sheet is generated. The
examples of summative assessment are midterm and final examination. This method is less used
as compared to formative one (Ashman and Conway, 2017) It is because it lacks ability to

evaluate performance. Other than this, student cannot be compared on basis of marks. Also,
when two students gets same marks it is very difficult to compare their knowledge.
Thereby, by using these models of assessment teacher can analyse the teaching process.
Also, it will enable in improving process so that high quality teaching can be given to students.
Furthermore, assessment will be help in measuring student performance as well.
B Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in
learning (3.2)
It is essential for learner to apply assessment models in learning. It will help in
maintaining progress in career development. Besides this, it will help tutor to provide effective
knowledge and learning to students. The ways of applying model is as follows:-
Authority style – It is a traditional form of teaching in which lengthy lectures are delivered.
Besides being traditional it is very effective and efficient (.Arnab, Lim, and De Gloria, 2015)
Demonstrator style – It is a modern style in which teacher uses presentation that contains
diagrams and charts. It is a very easy method through which students learn. By using this method
students’ performance cannot be accessed by teacher. Usually, it is known as coach style.
Blended style – It’s an effective style in which teacher evaluated performance of students
according to their interest. In this nature of students become similar to teacher. Also, it is a
flexible style that can be changed according to interest of students. It uses different learning style
that is based on same topics.
From this it is concluded that by doing comparison between three methods, formative and
initial diagnostic are much more effective (Edwards, Fenwick and Sawchuk, 2015) It is because
it helps in maintaining progress of learning. Also, it assists tutor in motivating students to
improve their knowledge. Moreover, it enables students to remain positive towards process of
learning. On the contrary, summative method may create a negative image as it tutor may give
negative marks to students. This will demotivate them and will have a negative impact on their
mind. Student confidence and morale will be declined. Moreover, it uses strict marking that
restricts students to make improvement in their performance. For example- if two students got

similar marks then it will be very harsh for teacher to compare their knowledge. Moreover,
strategies developed will take time as both students are having different characteristics and
needs. Thereby, tutor have to analyze deeply to find out how weakness can be overcome. This
will take more time.
C Reflective journal on what has been learned (3.1)
From above discussion I have learned that I used formative assessment in evaluating
performance of students. It helped me in changing my teaching style. I was able to deliver proper
knowledge. I also noticed that by changing style it helped me in providing flexibility. I set
standards for both students and myself so that I can evaluate performance. It helped me in
identifying areas where I was lacking. This helped me in taking proper actions. With this I
improved my current skills and abilities. I also ensured that knowledge remains for long time in
my memory. For this I repeated it every day. I also learned that my current skills was not
enough. I must make improvement in teaching style. Also, I was not able to manage students. So
for this I required training. It will help in managing students. I also analyzed that summative
method is useless. It is because it only gives marks on basis of overall performance. for this an
example can be taken when I was a lecturer in college. I taught mathematics. Therefore, in order
to evaluate performance I used formative method.
I learned that there are many theories, models and principles of communication is the use
in education. Without communication there is no education, no learning, and no teaching. In
education communication is the important for sharing the information and experiences. It helps
in sharing the thoughts and ideas. I also learned that evaluation helps students in developing their
skills and knowledge in their studies for better learning (Geisler and Wickramasinghe, 2015)
Moreover, different languages and vocabulary can be learned. I analyzed that there are many
barriers in assessment models. This can result in negative reflection of teacher. I also noticed that
assessment helps in identifying the needs of students so that it can be fulfilled. Most of the times
formative assessment is used for evaluation. Students requires different teaching styles in order
to learn. This helps them to gain more knowledge on different subjects. I also learned that
students needs vary as per their knowledge. So accordingly different assessment techniques has
to be applied. It will benefit in fulfilling the needs of students.

I noticed that in assessment communication also helps to develop skills and knowledge of
students (Goetsch and Davis, 2014) communication model there are two persons sender and
receiver, sender who has sent the message and receiver who has received the message. In the
education sender is the teachers and receivers is the students. Better communication helps faced
the difficult situations for students. Communication depends on the situations and student skills
and knowledge. It also helps in improving body language and gestures which is important for
students and teachers as well.
TASK 5
A Analyzing theories and models of curriculum (4.1)
Curriculum development refers to planning and developing of review cycle. It is a plan
that is initiated for effective learning and teaching (Leberman and McDonald, 2016) Hence, it is
a framework that contains a proper sequence and form of directing teaching. The curriculum is
based on students’ needs and demands. It contains different levels differing from large scale to
individual. The different models of curriculum are:- the three types of curriculum are as
follows :-
Product curriculum – It focuses on role of teacher as expert and guides students towards
achievement at end state. Here end state refers to external agencies. Also, it emphasis on
summative assessment.
Process curriculum- It focuses on role of teacher as facilitator and guides students to engage in
learning process. It emphasis on means rather than end state. Generally, it is based on individual
perception and encourages learner autonomy. Also, it focuses on learning skills by interacting
with teacher. It does not contain strict guidelines that may confuse students.
Hidden curriculum – It is implied by structure or nature of schools and is based on daily
routines. In this lessons are learned by transmission of norms, values, etc. in classroom. For
example – how they should interact with teachers, parents, etc. in this the curriculum is
unexamined by teacher or students.
Linear model – It states that learning is based on ability of learner to learn. It focuses on
systematic learning approach. There are 4 steps in this.

 Identify aims and objectives
 Construct course
 Test capacity
 Explain curriculum
There are different model and theories of curriculum. It is defined as below:-
Curriculum theory – It is all about situation that are created to bear the habits of repertoire. It
changes discard to
 The terms theory – It contains set of propositions which has been derived from different
findings. Also, it consists of several laws and hypotheses. Generally, they are related to
each other in an effective way.
 Scientific theory – it is assumptions that helps teacher in teaching process. By using this
tutor can provide logical teaching effectively (Graham, Henrie and Gibbons, 2014)
 Humanistic and philosophical theory- The humanistic theory is based on emotion and
physical intellectual. On other hand philosophical describes outcomes of real views.
TYLOR'S CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT MODEL
 Defining objectives- It determines the problems that are occurring in students. This helps
teacher s in effectively evaluating problems. With this interest of students towards is
identified.
 Defining experience- In this the TYROL tool is used to define learning experience. This
helps in finding efforts of both teacher and students.
 Organizing activities- In this activities are organized that will help in increasing
knowledge. With this goals and objectives can be achieved that is determined above.
 Assessment of learning experience- By doing assessment comparison can be made that
will help in finding out whether objectives has been achieved or not. It makes it easy to

ensure that goals are achieved in proper manner (Dicheva, Dichev and Angelova, 2015)
However, it is useful in maintaining progress of learning.
B Applying the theories and models of curriculum (4.2)
By applying the curriculum model, changes can be made in teaching process. It will help
in generating better results. If curriculum is applied it will create a systematic process of
teaching. Through this, tutor will be able to provide effective and proper knowledge to students.
The ways of applying theories are:-
Orientation to concept – This process will allow teacher to practice their skills and knowledge.
With this they can improve their skills so that more adequate knowledge can be provided to
students. Moreover, it also helps in monitoring progress and identifying weak areas so that it can
be improved.
Class assignment- In this assignment can be given to students to complete by using their own
skill and knowledge (Kelly, Lesh and Baek, 2014) It will enable them to take effective
decisions. They can ask tutor to help them. In this way student can learn and enhance their
knowledge.
Feedback system- This is the most common system that can be applied in curriculum. By taking
feedback tutor can evaluate performance of student as well as their. Also, it will help them to
identify whether groups or individual task has been achieved or not. Then , proper actions can
be taken to improve curriculum of teaching process.
Written analysis – It is a method in that is in written form. It helps teacher to understand what
students are acquiring. This is done by closely observing them. It is beneficial for growth and
development of student.
These methods will help in making changes in teaching process. Also, it will help tutor to
enhance their skills so that quality education can be provided (Hughes and Falkmer, 2015)
Besides this, it will be easy in generating better outcomes. However, students will be get
education in systematic way. Also, there will be smooth flow of knowledge in classrooms.

CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the report that theories, models and principles of learning are
important in education towards students and teachers. Reflection allows a person to grow and
develop in professional discipline. It is a basis on which knowledge and learning can be
evaluated. There are different models of learning through which teaching and education can be
provided to individual. It helps in gaining and leaning basic knowledge. There are different from
learning models. They are used in giving learning sessions. Assessment refers to providing
effective learning that can be delivered in distinctive ways. Curriculum development refers to
planning and developing of review cycle. It is a plan that is initiated for effective learning and
teaching. By applying the curriculum model, changes can be made in teaching process.

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