The Importance of Reflection in Learning

The assignment provides a detailed analysis of the importance of reflection in learning, discussing its application in various contexts, including education and training. It highlights the role of teachers and leaders as essential resources in building systems that support science instruction, and emphasizes the need for continuous reflective practice to enhance skills and knowledge.

Theories principles and
models in education and
training

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Analysing theories, principles and models of learning........................................................1
1.2. Analysing ways in which theories principles and models can be applied to teaching,
learning and assessment..............................................................................................................2
1.3. Analysing models of learning preferences...........................................................................3
1.4. Explaining and identifying and taking account of learners individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment..................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1. Analysing theories, principles and models of communication............................................4
2.2. Explaining ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be
applied to teaching, learning and assessment..............................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
3.1. Analysing theories, principles and models of assessment...................................................5
3.2. Explaining ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in
assessment learning.....................................................................................................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................7
4.1. Analysing theories and models of curriculum development and their practical
implications.................................................................................................................................7
4.2. Explaining ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied
in developing curricula in own area of specialisation.................................................................7
TASK 5............................................................................................................................................8
5.1. Analysing theories and models of reflection and evaluation...............................................8
5.2. Explaining ways in which theories and models of reflection can be applied to review own
practice........................................................................................................................................9

CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Education and learning is termed as the course that helps in providing introduction in
terms of teaching as a profession in the system of education (Abramowitz and Arch, 2014). It
also helps in offering variety of perspectives on education that includes historical, philosophical,
social, legal and ethical issues in a society that is diverse. Thus, whole assignment is based on
theories, principles and models of learning, communication, learning preferences, assessments,
curriculum development and reflection and evaluation. In addition to this, this report also
highlights on the application of these theories on various aspects of learning and teaching.
TASK 1
1.1. Analysing theories, principles and models of learning
Learning is the process in order to acquire new or modifying the existing knowledge and
skills (Bada and Olusegun, 2015). Thus, theories, principles and models of learning are discussed
as per below context-
Theories Behaviourism- this theory focus on ideas that are acquired by all behaviours through
conditioning. It is also termed as an approach in order to understand humans behaviour in
a systematic way. It focuses on behaviours that are objectively observable and also
discounts independent activities of mind. Thus, it operates mainly on stimulus response
principle. This theory also states that behaviours are learned by interacting with
environment.
Principles
In order to teach effectively, the one who teaches must understand all the basic principles
of learning. Thus, the principles of learning has been discussed as per below context- Learning is been facilitated by the motives or drives. The fundamental requirement of the
process is needs, interest and goals. In order to learn, a particular individual must have
some goals that has to be fulfilled. It comes as the best when the one who wants to learn
understands their motives in terms of learning.
Models
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Models of learning helps in making senses and also provides framework or structures in
order to understand large concept. It also helps in creating learning environment in appropriate
manner.
 Kolb model- this model is an approach in holistic manner that helps in primarily dealing
with preferences that are processing. This process includes information that has been
obtained, sorted, stored or utilised. This model argues that the individual mainly learns
from their own experiences and treats reflection as integral part in terms of learning.
1.2. Analysing ways in which theories principles and models can be applied to teaching, learning
and assessment.
Theories
The biggest strength of behaviourism and resulting social learning and social cognitive
theories are their ease in terms of application to real world examples (Griffin, 2018). The
information that are gathered or collected in learning theory are presented in terms of statistics.
So it becomes easier to apply these theories and also to measure their outcomes. There are many
behaviours that are needed to be shaped to have orderly environment. They may also increase the
good study strategy.
Principles
The key in order to understand something is identifying their own skills. The instructors
must set the specific goals that specifies the kind of knowledge and skills required in achieving a
goal. Further, with this they can provide students with good practices and also use assessment in
order to measure performance of a student in terms of skills.
Models
there are various steps by which Kolb learning model can be applied which includes the
following-
 Concrete experience-this personally involves students and also demonstrates their
potential value. Thus, open ended questions are presented that allows the individual to
enter the domain in effective manner.
 Publish and processing- this is the next step of publishing and processing where the
reaction of an individual has obtained and also they are asked about their learning in the
open ended questions.
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 Generalise new information- the students are later responsible in order to review the
lesson material. This begins the step of generalising new information. In this step
students enter into cognitive domain.
 Apply- thus, after reviewing material, they are further moved towards apply step. Here,
students collaborate with help of emails telephones and also complete the exercise which
leads in measuring capability in order to accomplish the objective of learning.
 Develop- this step means to inquire regarding feelings of the students and that the
material can be used by them in the future. And also its value to professional and
personal lives. Thus, verbal feedback is also provided immediately.
1.3. Analysing models of learning preferences.
Learning preferences is a style or ways that individuals have in order to acquire new
skills and knowledge and also to remember things. Thus, some people prefer preference as a
style that helps them in categorising learner. It is also termed as the consistent way of an
individual in order to respond and also to use the stimuli in terms of learning. These are those
styles where learner feels easy to learn. Thus, models of learning preferences has been discussed
as per below context-
1. Fleming's VAK model- it is one of the most common and used widely in order to
categorise the styles of learners. This model also provides the simplest way in order to
explain and also to understand learning preferences. According to him there were three
categories that includes-
 Visual- these type of learners prefer to learn by watching and like visual aids as diagrams,
handouts etc.
 Auditory- these type of people learn by listening and likes lectures, tapes or discussions.
 Kinesthetic- these are the learners who prefer learning through various experiences that
includes moving, touching, and also doing. They like active experiments, projects or
building structures and models.
2. The 4MAT model- this model helps in identifying four styles of learning that is actually
based on theory of brain dominance. This four styles include the following-
 Innovative learners- this type of learners prefer cooperative learning and brainstorming
and are interested mainly in personal meaning and also in making connections.
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 Analytic learners- they basically prefer lectures and analysis of data and are interested in
acquiring facts to deepen the understanding regarding process and concepts.
 Common sense- these type of learners prefer learning activities that are concrete
experiential. They are interested in working of the things.
 Dynamic learners- they prefer the roles in terms of playing and gaming. Thus, these
learners are interested in self directed discovery and rely on their own intuition in heavy
manner.
1.4. Explaining and identifying and taking account of learners individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.
Inclusive learning and teaching practices are instrumental in terms of creating and
maintaining the environment of learning in which the participants are engaged fully and are also
respected (Heeneman and et.al., 2015). Thus, this type of learning is that where all participants
are open to ideas, perspectives and ways of thinking that are actually distinct from their own.
Fleming has been claimed that visual learners have preferences in terms of seeing.
4MAT model is a creating of more dynamic and engaging learning. This framework helps in
delivering information in dynamic ways that are also engaging. It begins with connect activity in
order to engage the students to learn and also leads in helping them for analysing the value of
learning. The role of teacher will be changed if moved on through this cycle. They are the most
active in the quadrants for engaging students in dialogue and discussion. But they take over in
last two quadrants where learning cycles are applied.
TASK 2
2.1. Analysing theories, principles and models of communication.
Communication is termed as two way process in order to reach mutual understanding
(Leberman and McDonald, 2016). Thus, participation exchange information, news and ideas or
feelings from one person to another and also share and create meaning. Thus, theories, principles
and models of communication has been discussed as per below context-
Theories
 Cognitive dissonance theory- it is the psychological conflict that occurs in terms of
holding two incompatible beliefs and attitudes. This theory states that the person looks
for balance mainly in beliefs.
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 Communication accommodation theory- this states that the person adjusts their style of
communication to others. These changes in styles are done by two ways that is known as
divergence and convergence. Thus, divergence is used to highlight group identity by
advertising the differences of the particular group. On other hand, convergence is used by
powerless individuals and focus in order to match the style of communication.
Principles
 Principle of clarity- the message must be communicated in clear manner that it is easily
understandable by receiver in same way the sender wants to convey. Principle of attention- the attention of the receiver must be drawn to the message in order
to make effective communication. Thus, al;l people differs in behaviour or emotions so
they may respond in different manner.
Models
 Shannon and weaver- this model was designed in order to mirror the radio functions and
technologies in terms of telephone. This included three parts as sender, receiver and
channel. This model is also referred to as the transmission model or standard view of
communication, information or content. In addition to this, simplicity, generality and
quantifiable are the strengths of this model.
2.2. Explaining ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be applied
to teaching, learning and assessment.
Communication is effective for both students and teacher and also benefit them (Metzler,
2017). Communication makes the learning easier and helps students in order to achieve goals,
increases opportunities for expanded learning, strengthens connection between student and
teacher and also helps in creating experience that too in positive way.
In order to achieve two way communication is not straightforward. Barriers are presented
and may takes place. It becomes crucial for tutor to identify those barriers and also helps
learners in order to overcome them. It has been agreed that in principle to this, it has been
believed that to introduce new vocabulary and usage of language is necessary to the development
of the future of a particular individual who are learning.
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TASK 3
3.1. Analysing theories, principles and models of assessment.
Theories Kirkpatricks Four Level of evaluation- in this theory, each successive level is linked with
information that has been provided by the first level (Meyer, 2017). Thus, the assessment
mainly begins with level one and later moves to second, third and last forth. Thus,
information from prior level serves as a base in analysing the information at the next
level. In addition to this, each level of successive represents measures that are more
precise and at the same time also requires time consuming analysis.
Principles
All the assessments has to follow the following principles that includes the following-
 Valid- the evidence of the assessment must meet all the criteria and learning outcomes.
 Reliable- the evidence of assessment is consistent and also generates outcomes that can
be replicated where there is repetition of assessment. Current-the evidence in terms of assessment must be up to date.
Models
 Integrated assessment model is a type of scientific model that is used often by
environmental science and analysis of environmental policy. The model has been
integrated because of the environmental problems as they don't have any respect for
borders that are between academic disciplines. In addition to this, this model helps in
integrating knowledge from more than one domain into single framework. This model
relies on use of the numerical models.
3.2. Explaining ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in
assessment learning.
Large scale assessment programs helps in providing the foundation for nearly every
modern education reform initiative (Reece and Walker, 2016). Thus, they are designed for
specific purpose that includes rank order schools and al;so students in order to provide them the
measurement in terms of accountability. But those are designed to rank are not considered as
good instruments in order to help teachers for improving their instruction or modifying the
approach of individual students.
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Thus, on other hands, tests and assignments in writing on regular basis tends as the
assessment that is suited for guiding the improvements in instruction and learning of student.
Thus, teachers trust results from these as they are related directly to standards that are
instructional in classrooms. However, useful assessment of a classroom for making
improvements, the teachers must change way of viewing their assessment and also the way that
interrupts the result. But they require to watch the assessment as integral and important part of
process of instruction and also the essential element in terms of effort that may help the students
to learn.
TASK 4
4.1. Analysing theories and models of curriculum development and their practical implications.
Curriculum development is an essential part of process of education by ensuring that all
levels classes are best designed in order to help individuals get success in learning the material
and also to gain skills that are required to continue in advance (Roberts, 2016). In addition to
this, it has also been defined as planned progressive and systematic process in order to create
improvements in positive way in the system of education. Thus, theories and models of
curriculum development has been discussed as per below context-
Theories Curriculum theory is an academic discipline that has been devoted in order to examine
and shaping the curricula of education. It has been concerned fundamentally with values,
historical analysis of curriculum, ways in order to view current educational curriculum
and also decisions regarding policy. In addition to this, it has also been concerned with
theorising about curricula of the future.
Models
There are two models in curriculum development that are process and product model which has
been discussed as per below context-
 Process Model- in this type of model of curriculum development, intentions are used. It is
also an approach of free form that helps in learning by focusing on constructive
conversation between individuals.
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 Product Model- the product model is dependent heavily on setting behavioural objectives.
It is a set of documents for implementation. It generally means about what is happening
or what is to be prepared in terms of evaluation.
4.2. Explaining ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied in
developing curricula in own area of specialisation
Theories play significant role in curriculum development and also in its implementation
(Sayed, 2014). Thus, to draw primarily from business and literature of management and also the
experience of authors, various tips provides guidance to the individual that are actually involved
in curriculum or program development.
This tips are basically based around change models and also around approaches that can
help in underpinning successful curriculum review, development and delivery. This also helps in
fostering appropriate educational innovation. In addition to this, the range of tools are existed in
order to support systemic development of program and also its review. But they have to take into
account relatively simple changes of many factors that includes the complexity of environment,
stakeholder engagement, cultural and psychological aspects and also the importance of the
followers.
TASK 5
5.1. Analysing theories and models of reflection and evaluation.
Reflection is generally termed as the process of reflecting ones own experience and thus
try to learn from that experience (Siemens, 2014). The term evaluation refers to the process that
helps in making an assessment or judgement about the person or their experience. Thus, the
models and theories of reflection and evaluation has been discussed as per below context-
Theories
 Reflective practice theory- this is an ability in order to reflect on ones action so that they
can engage in a particular process of continuous learning. It involves to pay critical
attention to practical values and theories which inform everyday actions. This is done by
examining the practice in reflective and reflexive manner.
 Critical reflection theory- it is the process of reasoning in order to make meaning of
experience. Critical reflection is descriptive, analytical and critical that can be articulated
in number of ways.
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Models
 Gibbs model of reflection- this model is basically used within the professions of health. It
is also used as a framework in assignments of coursework that requires writing in
reflective manner. It helps in guiding the act of reflection.
5.2. Explaining ways in which theories and models of reflection can be applied to review own
practice.
The main aim of reflective writing is to help in terms of learning from the particular
practical experience. It will also help in making connections with whatever learned in theory and
that which is to be done in practice. Reflection is done in order to learn something. The
professionals have duty of caring in order to enhance skills and knowledge with a process in
terms of continuous reflective practice. It is an integral part of maintaining status of
professionalism. Thus, it is true for those individual those who work with vulnerable and risk of
clients.
Thus, to apply theory of reflection,
 The individual must build reflection into learning practices.
 They must even have to open themselves to own experiences.
 They should keep an eye out for experiences that mainly leads to extreme powerful
learning.
 Structure of reflection has to be created.
 Habits of reflection also must be created.
 They must learn from professionals.
 And the last one is to do it accordingly.
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it has been concluded that various theories, models and principles
has been applied in different aspects of learning. Thus, it has also been analysed that education
and learning plays important role in life of every individual. Further, it has also been stated that
teachers or leaders plays role of essential resource in order to build the system that support the
science instruction. They are very important in order to guide the schools as they can easily
identify useful resources and also helps in providing feedback to teachers as they help in
modifying their practices in instructional manner.
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In addition to this various theories, principles and models has applied in this report that
helps in analysing the importance of education and training to a great extent.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journal
Abramowitz, J.S. and Arch, J.J., 2014. Strategies for improving long-term outcomes in cognitive
behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: insights from learning
theory. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 21(1). pp.20-31.
Bada, S.O. and Olusegun, S., 2015. Constructivism learning theory: A paradigm for teaching and
learning. Journal of Research & Method in Education. 5(6). pp.66-70.
Griffin, C., 2018. Curriculum theory in adult and lifelong education. Routledge.
Heeneman, S. and et.al., 2015. The impact of programmatic assessment on student learning:
theory versus practice. Medical education. 49(5). pp.487-498.
Leberman, S. and McDonald, L., 2016. The transfer of learning: Participants' perspectives of
adult education and training. Routledge.
Metzler, M., 2017. Instructional models in physical education. Routledge.
Meyer, B.J., 2017. The structure of prose: Effects on learning and memory and implications for
educational practice. In Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge (pp. 179-200).
Routledge.
Reece, I. and Walker, S., 2016. Teaching, training and learning: A practical guide. Business
Education Publishers Ltd.
Roberts, J., 2016. Language teacher education. Routledge.
Sayed, A.H., 2014. Adaptation, learning, and optimization over networks. Foundations and
Trends® in Machine Learning. 7(4-5). pp.311-801.
Siemens, G., 2014. Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age.
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