Unit 502: Theories, Principles and Models in Education and Training

Unit 502: Theories,
Principles and
Models in Education
and Training

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................4
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of learning........................................................4
1.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to....5
teaching, learning and assessment..........................................................................................5
1.3 Analyse models of learning preferences...........................................................................6
1.4 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences7
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.............................................................7
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of communication............................................8
2.2. Purpose of communication principles and theories to assessment, knowledge and........9
teaching...................................................................................................................................9
Task 3.............................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of assessment.................................................11
3.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in12
assessing learning.................................................................................................................12
Task 4.............................................................................................................................................13
4.1 Analyse theories and models of curriculum and development.......................................13
4.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied15
in developing curriculum in own area of specialism............................................................15
Task 5.............................................................................................................................................17
5.1 Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation.............................................17
5.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be applied19
to reviewing own practice....................................................................................................19
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................20
References......................................................................................................................................22

INTRODUCTION
Learning and personal development is a complex process which needs the help of various
models and theories in order to ensure that teachers and instructors are guiding their students
down the right path. This report will highlight the various theories and models of different
learning practices and avenues which help in effective learning to take place in the form of a
critical analysis (Clark, 2018).
MAIN BODY
Task 1
1.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of learning
Learning and development is one of the most important functions that must be fulfilled in
educational institutes such as schools and colleges and it is pivotal for teachers and instructors to
be teach holistically in their area of specialisation which in this case is Marketing. The field of
marketing is quite dynamic with market trends and customer preferences changing with each
passing day which is why the learning that is passed on to the students must be equally divided
among practical and theoretical content. This argument is strengthened by the theory of
procedural vs declarative knowledge given by Anderson in which he has stated different types of
knowledge processed by student’s cognitive capabilities. Declarative knowledge refers to the
knowledge regarding facts and figures which is stored in parts of the brain and is usually static in
nature and on the other hand, procedural knowledge is about how to go about doing certain
things in a practical aspect (Clark, 2018).
In order to deliver a comprehensive learning experience in the field of marketing, students
should be taught using a combination of declarative knowledge regarding basics and use of
procedural knowledge in the form of class projects and outdoor marketing campaigns to generate
a practical understanding. In order to properly enforce such practical learning experiences, one
needs to supplement the education being given with proper education support which has been
supported and defined in the theory of scaffolding learning. According to this theory, education

has been observed to become much more effective when it is subjected through means of domain
specific support such as marketing collaterals.
1.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to
teaching, learning and assessment
In order to properly teach students, the basics of any field such as marketing, the first
prerogative is for the teachers to understand what exactly makes the students undergo the desire
to learn and gain exposure towards new skills. One of the best models of learning which help
teachers understand the link between the curious minds of the students and their approach
towards learning is the model of instructional design given by Gagne. With the help of this
framework, Gagne has given 9 basic steps through which active learning takes place in the mind
of students and highlights the way in which information during the process of teaching is
processed. By studying this model and applying it in the classrooms, instructors can teach the
process and intricate theories of marketing in a much more concise manner as gaining their
attention and making them recall previously thought points and procedures helps in teaching
complex theories which the field of marketing is renowned for.
Another major model that has many benefits when integrated in the teaching framework of
the classrooms involves Gilly Salmon’s 5 stages model which is a detailed framework which
facilitates a properly paced e-activities to take place which are a vital part of modern education
institutes. According to this model, teachers must focus initially on keeping the students
motivated and get them access to all supporting materials which are required for learning to take
place. After this step, teachers must focus on online socialisation between the students to take
place which should be followed up establishment of marketing centric information exchange and
knowledge construction (MacBlain, 2021).
Some other ways in which theories and models of learning can be applied to the learning
which goes on in the classroom revolves around ILP’s or individual learning plans. ILP’s are
cohesive documents which detail the personal competencies, strengths and weaknesses of each
and every student. These plans are very helpful in teaching as they help teachers plan the future
objectives to be completed by each child according to their current academic progress and also
allow teachers to get thoroughly familiarized with each student on a core level.

SMART goal and strategic outlook formulation is also one of the most helpful models
which can be applied to both teaching and assessment because of the way in which it helps plan
the decisions that a teacher makes accordingly. There are 5 separate dimensions to this model
which are as follows.
 Specific – The goals formed for the students should be concise
 Measurable – The goals should be subject to performance management
 Achievable – The goals should be achievable in the proposed time frame
 Relevant – Strategic planning of goals should be relevant
 Time bound – There must be a specific timeline associated with each goal
The application of this model in teaching helps faculties to plan holistic curriculums,
strategize on how to undertake smart learning and helps increase student retention in the long
run.
1.3 Analyse models of learning preferences
One of the most important things that every teacher must learn and incorporate in their
teaching style is to take into account that different students have different ways to undertake
learning and not every student responds to the same kind of study material and stimulus. There
are many different learning styles which must be accounted for while addressing a classroom full
of different students with varying mental capabilities and there are many learning models which
can be used to analyse various learning preferences among students. One of these models is the
VARK model which according to Rachelle Dené Poth, 2022 is one of the most
effective models to use in order to identify the various learning preferences
which are at play in the classrooms. According to this model, the learning
styles and preferences can be divided into 4 broad types which are listed
herein.
 Visual learners – These students are often found sitting during the front of the classroom
and taking down notes quite often which is why teacher must focus on this group by
preparing summaries and detailed sketch notes
 Auditory learners – These students focus much more on visual stimulations during
learning which is why modern teachers must include audio and video marketing

components of marketing to help them understand difficult concepts
 Read/write learners – These types of students depend much more on written content
which they like to convert into presentations which is why teachers must use support
tools like PowerPoint (Zaidi, 2021)
 Kinesthetic learners – These types of students are very active in their perspective
classrooms which is why they must be paid close attention to in order to remove potential
distractions created by their movement
Honey and Mumford's learning style is related to the four different ways such as activist,
theorist, pragmatist and reflector each of these styles is associated with the different set of
learning activities. This style helps to finding the correct learning style which is beneficial for to
improve the learning skills and awareness’s. If they knowing its learning style then, it helps to
take better decisions and getting more learning opportunities in future. This method using the
various multiple resources to cater the individual person learner needs. This style is designed for
doing the better teaching and different learning styles for the trainers according to the learner's
individual preferences.
1.4 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment
The modern classrooms are filled with children from diverse backgrounds which have to be
accounted for while teaching them as it is very important for such children to feel included and
not discriminated in the slightest. The above mentioned VARK model is one of the most
instrumental models in this regard as after the proper identification of the way in which such
students respond to different kinds of learning, strategies can be put in place to have more
diverse learning sessions to be conducted in the classroom (Patton, 2018). When it comes to the
assessment of students, Gagne’s instructional model is also a very important framework to
understand as it helps understand complex classroom and active learning dynamics which is very
helpful in making sure that all people are thoroughly involved in the learning. This model is
quite detailed and the teaches are recommended to study all the nine steps in great detail which
should supply them with enough knowledge to properly understand the different ways in which
students respond to the topics being taught. Since marketing is quite complex topic for many