Ebola Virus Disease Report 2022

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The issue of Ebola outbreak is one of the
most awful threats to the human being.
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is referred to a
deadly disease that occur primarily on the
African Community and it can cause
occasional outbreak. It is reported that the
EVD is mainly occurred among the people
and primates such as gorillas, monkeys and
chimpanzees. There is a group of viruses that can
cause the infection and all the viruses belong to
the genus Ebolavirus:
• Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus)
• Taï Forest virus (species Taï Forest ebolavirus,
formerly Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus)
• Sudan virus (species Sudan ebolavirus)
• Reston virus (species Reston ebolavirus)
• Bundibugyo virus (species Bundibugyo
ebolavirus)
• Bombali virus (species Bombali ebolavirus) (1)
Descriptions of Tests
Cell Culture
The traditional gold standard method is used to confirm
the presence of the EBOLA virus by using the viral
isolation technique in cell culture and in this method Vero
E6 African Green monkey kidney cells are used. The
propagated virus can be seen by electron microscopy or
by using the immunofluorescence technique within 1 to 5
days inocualtion (4).
ELISA
In the ELISA method, the principle of antigen detection
technique is used. During the ELISA, the parts of EBOLA
virus is attached to solid surface of the ELISA plate and it
primarily acts as an antigen. Then the sample serum is
added to the ELISA plate and if the patient has antibody
of the virus of the disease then it binds to the present the
antigen. Then another antibody is added to confirm the
presence of EBV in the sample. The second antibody is
linked with enzyme and shows colouration if the sample
is positive for virus. The final detection not of the final
antibody is conducted by the use of horseradish
peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-rabbit antibodies (4).
Conventional RT-PCR
The diagnostic RT-PCR tests for detecting the EBV was
first developed by the CDC. These assays used PCR to
amplify the GP, L and NP genes followed by the size of
the protein through gel electrophoresis. The viral RNA
extraction is executed by using a chaotropic agent such
as guanidine thiocyanate. Therefore, it was reported that
conventional RT-PCR was more sensitive than that of the
ELISA method (4).
Real-Time RT-PCR
The Real-Time RT-PCR assays utilizes the flurogenic
probes designed for the detection of EBV and viral RNA
copy is used by the RT-PCR and as a consequences of
this a high number of RNA copy is generated. After this
process, real-time fluorescence detectors are used to
detect the presence of EBV in the RNA sample (4).
Conclusion
Hence, it can be stated that the issue of EBOLA virus is
one of the most common outbreak around the world and
it was first reported in West Africa. However, in order to
detect the disease, various technique such as RT-PCR,
ELISA can be used.
EBOLA Virus Disease
Introduction
Detection Tests
For detecting the presence of Ebola virus in the human
body various tests can be performed by the health care
professionals and as a part of this, the health care
professional s can use cell culture, antibody detection,
protein antigen detection , nucleic detection method such
as Conventional RT-PCR, Real time RT-PCR (4).
Type of the Tests
All of the detection tests are mainly based on the two
principles and they are mainly nucleic acid method and
immunological methods. All the protein detection and
antibody detection method is based on immunological
methods and other tests are based on the nucleic acid
method. There are a few advantages and disadvantages
of the above two principles(4).
Immunological Method
Advantages
• Specificity
• Easy to conduct
• Quantitative in nature
Disadvantage
• Time consuming due to formation of antibodies during
ELISA
• Various steps are involved and the chances of error to
happen in between steps are also very high(6).
Nucleic Acid Method
Advantages
• Chances of less contamination
• Quick to perform.
Disadvantages
• Cases of false positive are reported.
• Not applicable for all organisms
• Costly (5)
Fig. Ebola Virus
History of Ebola Outbreak
The origin of the virus was reported in 1976 in the
Ebola river and since then many cases of Ebola
Outbreak was reported. The latest outbreak of EBV
was reported in Republic of Congo in the year of
2018. The reports CDC reported about the outbreak
cases of EBV in US and in the year of 2014, the first
case of EBV was reported and during the period of
2014-2016, 11 cases of EBV were reported.
However, the first case of EBV was detected in an
individual who travelled from outside of the country
from West African region(1).
In case of Australia, it is reported that the risk of
Ebola is very less in the country and the country is
well prepared for combating with the disease. In this
regard, it can be stated that unless an individual is
directly exposed to the body fluids of infected
individuals, there is no risk of infection (2).
Mode of Transmission
While discussing about the mode of transmission of
the disease, it can be stated that the disease can be
transmitted through direct contacts such as mucous
membrane of the eyes, cut in skin.
The infected body fluids such as sweat, urine, saliva,
feces of an infected person can cause the disease.
Moreover, the disease can be transmitted through
the objects such as needles, clothes, bedding and
medical equipment that are used by the infected
people. Along with this, an infected nonhuman
primates or fruit bats can also cause EVD.
Furthermore, the virus can present in the certain
body fluids and can then affect the other people. For
example, it can be stated that after the recovery from
the EVD, the virus is present in the semen of the
man and is capable of infecting other people.
Therefore, if such an individual is engaged in sexual
activity, the other individual can affected due to
sexual intercourse, although it may possible that the
person has no symptoms.