Sustainable Tourism in Nepal: Issues and Solutions

The provided content is a collection of academic and online articles related to sustainable tourism, climate change, and social entrepreneurship. The papers explore issues such as the impact of climate change on tourism, the development of sustainable tourism in island destinations, and strategies for enhancing sustainability and competitiveness in the tourism industry. Additionally, there are online articles discussing the importance of sustainable tourism, its benefits, and challenges faced by the tourism industry in Nepal.

TOUR OPERATION
MANAGEMENT
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................4
TASK 1.................................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Analysis of effects of current and recent trends and developments on the tour operation
industry............................................................................................................................................4
TASK 2.................................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Stages and time scales involved in creating holidays................................................................5
2.2 Evaluation of suitability of different methods of contracting for different components of the
holiday and different types of tour operators ..................................................................................7
2.3 Calculation of selling price of a holiday from given information.............................................8
TASK 3.................................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Evaluation of planning decision taken for the design of a selected brochure ...........................9
3.2 Access the suitability of alternatives to a traditional brochure for different types of tour
operators.........................................................................................................................................10
TASK 4...............................................................................................................................................12
4.1 Evaluation of strategic decisions made by different types for tour operators..........................12
4.2 Compare the tactical decisions that could be taken for selected tour operator in different
situations........................................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................14
REFRENCES.....................................................................................................................................15
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INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1: Recent trends in tour operation industry.................................................................................5
Table 2: Time scale for holiday in France............................................................................................7
Table 3: Calculation of selling price of a holiday...............................................................................8
3

INTRODUCTION
In the success of tourism industry, tour and operations play an important role. They are
responsible for arranging transportation, food and accommodation for their customers and leisure
activities (Sloan, 2014). Tour operator plans a holiday package for all their tourists and also,
advertises it with the help of brochures, internet and agencies. For this work, they make contracts
with airlines, suppliers and hoteliers. The present report is based on tour and operation industry and
it covered some objectives like; method of distributions, designing brochures and plan holiday
packages for the customers (Dickinson and Lumsdon, 2010). Report is based on Thomson
Company which offers tourism services and it is located in London. It is a UK based firm which has
been in this business for more than 52 years. Tour and tourism operator industry has changed over
the past years and for better development, it is important for the management to update their
technology and create a positive relationship with their customers. Moreover, with the use of digital
marketing, method of distributions, tactic decision making and time-scheduling has been covered in
this report.
TASK 1
1.1 Analysis of effects of current and recent trends and developments on the tour operation industry
With the help of economic development, the tour operation industry has changed.
Nowadays, organisation has been facing less return on administration services, in the legal certainer
lots of improvements come and the major advantage which are discovered is based on cross border
translations (AlSayyad, 2013). With the help of these activities, growth of industry increases. There
are four styles of tour operators and they are as follows:
Domestic tour operators
This kind of tour operators plan a package which is based on domestic holidays (Graci and
Dodds, 2010).
Specialist tour operator
This kind of tour operator plans a package as per the need and demand of customers. They
can easily modify their plans according to the interest of customers like some clients like to visit
adventure plans and some people like peaceful places at the time of their holidays (AlSayyad,
2013).
Incoming tour operators
They create a package for college students which are based on educational tours.
Mass market tour operators
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Thomson deals in all kinds of holidays and plans the holiday package as per the requirement
of their customers (Carlsen, 2011). On the other hand, at the time of holiday, management also
provides accommodations, transport and extra services to all their customers.
Tourism industry in the UK is continuously developing and it has been 9th biggest tourist
destinations all over the world. It has approximately 35.5 million tourists in 2015 which has
increased as compare to the last year. UK tourism industry has earned more than 1803 US $ from
their foreign visitors (Crysta, 2011). At present, in UK tourism industry, more than 3.2 million
employees are working and have been growing with 5.4% every year. Major contribution in the
success of tour operation industry is based on Mass tourism. Recent trends are taking place in the
form of expansion where growth and expansion of regional airports is taking place due to meet with
the rising demand of travellers. Further, this is providing large number of opportunities to
businesses operating in the market of UK. Technological development is taking place at faster pace
where concept of E-commerce has become most popular and majority of the individuals prefer to
purchase services of tourism online. Apart from this, businesses have started to focus on customer
satisfaction which is their main motive behind carrying out operations in the market. So, this
highlights the recent trends taking place in the travel and tourism sector.
Table 1: Recent trends in tour operation industry
Particulars Statistics
Value of tourism in UK economy (2014) £126.6 billion (10% of GDP)
Total revenue from tourists (2014) £125.2 billion
Worth of Tour operation industry (2014) £9.6 billion
Tourism employment (2013) 4.2 million people
Growth of Tourism employment 5.4 %
Product/ service category: Expenditure (£m)
Accommodation services for travellers 509
Food and beverage employment 525
Railways services 490
Road passenger employment 640
Air travel work 14555
Travel agency and reservation employment 1562
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TASK 2
2.1 Stages and time scales involved in creating holidays
Main mission of tour operation industry is to plan all their activities as per the needs and
expectations of customers. Main reason behind this is that customers are the back bone of
organisation (Kennett‐Hensel, 2010). At the time of planning, tour operator tries their best to meet
the expectations of all their customers. Creating a holiday package takes a lot of time and it has to
pass through so many stages. At the time of planning, tour operator has to take into consideration all
the factors and they are like print margin, currency exchanges, legislation, customer’s demand,
discount strategies, seasonal fluctuation, etc. As per the present case scenario, a group of 15 Chinese
students want to visit London and Paris in their summer holidays. It is the duty of tour operator to
plan holiday packages. For this, they have to follow some strategy and they are as follows:
Market research
Plan is prepared for the Chinese students for which the first priority is given to the tour
operator for analyzing the cost of transport (Swarbrooke, 2012). Moreover, also identify hotel
rooms and their cost, main tourist attraction destinations in London and France and the cost of other
holiday packages. Furthermore, they have to evaluate other services like upcoming events in
France. The process of tour package should be analyzed so they can provide complete price list to
their Chinese students.
Scheduling and planning for holiday
After the market research, second stop is based on planning each activity for the tour. For
this, tour operator collects the names and ID proof from the colleges. With the help of these things,
they can easily book their flight tickets and hotel rooms as well (Voxted, 2011). On the other hand,
information about hotel is also provided along with the arrival timing, time of departure,
transportation and other details about the tour.
Forecasting
After planning, tour operator forecasts the cost of whole tour and provides the final cost to
Chinese students (Henderson, 2013). The cost has to be compared with other tour operators to
provide best price to the students.
Contracting
It is the stage where funds are collected from the students with the motive to book their
tickets. Moreover, they also make agreements with suppliers, transport companies and other
important people (Tsiotsou, 2014). He has to take into consideration all legal consideration issues
while contracting with other agencies.
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Cost analyzing
Cost includes room tariffs, breakfast and dinner along with the transport services (Sloan,
2014). For tourist destination, students have to pay themselves.
Designing of brochures
At the time of planning, tour operator prints some brochures which include all important
things like name of the hotel, their contact number, cost of tour as well as places which they have to
cover along with the time duration, name of the tour operator, phone number and the required
information
(Sloan, 2014).
Implementations
Tour operator collect all security money from their student in the advance.
Table 2: Time scale for holiday in France
Days of activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Market research
Planning and scheduling
Forecasting
Contracting
Cost Analysis
Designing of brochures
Implementation
2.2 Evaluation of suitability of different methods of contracting for different components of the
holiday and different types of tour operators
There are four type of tour operator and they all are following different styles and methods
for design a holiday packages (Kyriakidou, 2005). So it is important for tour operator to meet all of
them and which operator provide the est services in cheap price deal with them. By this, they can
easily reduce the cost of tour and the number of students will be increases. The four tour operator
and their services are as follows:
Parameters Outbound
operators
Inbound
operators
Domestic
operators
Specialist
operators
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Operational area It includes those
operators who are
selling the
packages for the
tourists who wants
to visit other
foreign countries.
So they plan their
packages
according to their
demand.
It involves those
operators who
provide various
services like
transportation,
currency,
accommodation,
etc. on other hand,
handle inbound
foreign tourists.
These operators
provide the
packages which
covered
geographical
boundaries of their
nation.
They are
specialist
operators, who
design the
holidays as per
the needs and
expectations of
the customers
like; educational
tours, adventure
etc.
Packages operated Regular and ad
hoc
Regular and ad
hoc
Regular and ad
hoc
Only regular
Example of tour
operator
Thomas cook and
Thomson
Cox and Kings Haven Holidays Evans Tours
company
Products offered Summer sun,
winter sun, ski,
long haul, short
breaks etc.
Heritage tours
with some
adventures and
self tours etc.
Holiday and
peaceful tours
Adventures and
according to the
interest areas and
hobbies of the
clients.
Main components of the package are accommodation, flight tickets etc. All these
components are most important as they are the main facilities which are being offered to the
customers keeping in view their expectations and requirement in the market. Apart from this, the
overall package involves price of all the components such as accommodation, flight tickets etc.
Suitability of different methods of contracting for different components of the holiday and
different types of tour operators:
As per the current table it has been shows that there are four types of operators. All are best
in their field and preparing different holidays packages(Baum, 2012). In the field tour operator take
an advance from their customers and book their all flits and hotel rooms in advance. Inbound and
outbound operator used this method at the time of planning their tours. In hoc contract, tour
operator book their all booking as per the demand of their customers. According to the present case
scenario, Thomson company follow out bong method. It is the best method for all the Chinese
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students who are coming from children. With the help of advance booking their can freely plan
their all tour (Ashworth and Page, 2011). The all reservation and booking can be done in advance
with the help of our operator and all facilities has been done in the advance. On other hand,
Thomson company also provide holidays packages to outsiders. The most effective method of
contracting is outbound where packages are being designed on the basis of requirement of local
area. Further, Regular and AdHoc packages are being offered which best suits with the need of the
customers in the market. This method of contracting is most suitable as through this customers can
be served in better manner and it provides base to organization in enhancing market performance.
2.3 Calculation of selling price of a holiday from given information
By selecting selling pries all tour operators can easily set their profit margin. Furthermore,
their also considered all the major aspects they can be affect the tour. For better suerity, they time to
time check their price list with their other tour operators and the main reason behind this is, if
another tour operators provide the same facilities in cheap prices so may be customers can switch to
other company (Dodds and Graci, 2012). For gaining the profit, tour operators increase their profit
at peak season and in normal time period provide attractive combo offerers to their all customers.
By doing this activity they increase their interest toward their tour packages and increase their profit
margin. As per the given case scenario, Thomas company have a partnership with St Michelle
Hotel. This hotel is already provide their all rate list to Chinese students. The selling price for
Thomson company is as follows:
Table 3: Calculation of selling price of a holiday
Services Cost (In £ ) Total Cost (In £ )
Hotel accommodation (for 2 people) 60 4800
total 8 rooms
Supplement for BB (per person) 10 750
15 people per day
Transportation 1000
Tour guides in Paris 200
Total cost 6750
Per head 450
Profit 10% 675
Selling price 464 7425
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TASK 3
3.1 Evaluation of planning decision taken for the design of a selected brochure
Brochures plays an important role at the time of promotions. So for this, organisation
appoint some employees who distribute the company barouches by visit door to door, handing over
to people and print and attaching in the newspaper. If company follow the tradition ways so they
feel lots of difficult but nowadays company is using digital marketing. With the help of this method
they can easily save their item and money as well (Brebbia and Pineda, 2010). On other hand, also
covered a lot of strength of peoples. Brochures need low cost and contain all the details of regarding
the tour. The brochures are made by the Thomson company for their Chinese students. The planing
decision is taken by the top management of organisation and they follow some steps which are as
follows:
Planning
Thomson company organised one meeting and plan each and everything which are related to
the tour for the Chinese students. In this they check all the countries which is famous for their
adventure tours, climbing, cycling, natural scenes, rivers and coastlines(Weaver, 2011). On other
hand, tour operators of company also find out the transportation facilities of some particular places
and the cost objectives of the tour. In their brochures they include some pictures of the places which
they will be visit at the time of tour like; Costa Ria, Albania, Croatia etc. the cost of the whole tour
should be affordable.
Formatting
After planning, management decide the format of the brochures. It is a holiday trip and it is
important for designing department to design creative brochures (Voxted, 2011). By this, our
operators can easily grab the attraction of customers and at the time of making the other things
should be consider that brochures look different from educational trip brochures. In meeting they
decide the size of it, colour, structure and the quality of the paper etc.
Decide the target market
The next step is to decide the target market for their next trip. For example, the educational
tour for the Chinese students containing low cost and it was only for the students (Sánchez, 2010).
So it is not necessary that the other tours may be no considered low cost and include so my
adventure places. It is important for Thomas company to first understand the need and demand of
customers and according to the demand of customers plan their trips.
Printing the brochures
After the registration company print the brochures. Print specification will allow the firm to
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ensure that all the details regarding the tour and holidays has been properly inserted or not
(Michael, 2014). Further, they also check the size of fonts that they all are visible or not.
Promotions activities
Thee brochures should be promoted by the Thomson company and by using various channel
of distribution they distribute their brochures. The range of promotional tools which can be
undertaken are social media, television etc and through this range of services can be easily
promoted in front of customers. This can surely attract large number of customers towards the
services and can build overall strength of the business in the market.
3.2 Access the suitability of alternatives to a traditional brochure for different types of tour
operators
The traditional ways of distribution is time consuming and it also takes lots of money. He
reasons behind this is, company have to hire more employees who visit door to door customers and
provide them information about the tour activities (Michael, 2014). There are so many various ways
which can be used at the time of promotions activities and they are as follows:
Televisions
Tour operator use television for promote their packages. For this they make a small
advertisement and provide all the important information in it. At the time of promoting their
advertisement it is necessary to chooses the correct channel (Graci and Dodds, 2010). For example,
if they are promoting their education tour so they have to select children channels. By this, they can
grab the attraction of customers.
Videos
Tour operators can make videos of different locations and highlighting their best attractions
and places to visit. With the help of social media sites they can publish their videos on the websites
or YouTube channels. Videos have found very effective in attracting large number of customers as
they can visually experience the best locations of a country (Dickinson and Lumsdon, 2010). For
this, Thomson company can make small clips of France and post it on their website. By this they
can easily provide the information to their all customers and also showing them the affordability of
the tour.
Internet and social media
It is one of the innovative method. In this, company make their pages on social media sites
and provide all the information of their upcoming tours (Graci and Dodds, 2010). They also post
their old tour images and by this they grab the concentration of their all customers. With the help of
these sites they can grab the attraction of youngsters and provide the mall the information easily
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through pictures and videos.
Banners
Tour manager can create a large banner and place it in public places. By this, they can easily
grab the attraction of peoples and share their information to all of them (AlSayyad, 2013). Banner is
one of the helpful for Thomson company and by this they can easily increase their brand image as
well.
3.3 Evaluation the suitability of different methods of distribution used to sell a holiday for different
types of tour operator
Nowadays so many operations are available for distribution like; by using television,
social media sites, banner, digital marketing and newspaper etc (Carlsen, 2011). But it is important
for tour operator to select the best one because promotion plays an important role. There are some
methods which can b used by the tour operations they are as follows:
Travel agents
Before emergence of website the value of tour agent is so high because they provide all the
information about h package. Thomson company selects tour operator for their trips. Company
books all the tickets of flights and also deal with hotel mangers. With the help of this person,
company can ensure each and everything (Damonte, 2013). For example, in Thomson company,
tour operator book all the ticket of their Chinese students and also provide them information about
the trip like; where the will stay etc.
Television
Television can be useful sources to promote their adventures and education trip. For
promoting the videos, they use pictures and prepare a small clip of their location and then posit it on
television. In this, they also mentioned all the important detail of the packages like, contact number,
website like, places, hotels name etc. With the help of this they can easily grab the attraction of
customers and increase their profit as well (Henderson, 2013). They providing all the important
information in their advertisement, so customer can easily do a contact with them and get all the
information in detail.
Internet and social media sites
The most suitable and famous method which is used by Thomson company us internet and
social media sites. With the help of new technology organisation save their time and money as well.
It is a low cost method and by this, company can easily attract their customers. The major
advantage of using social media site is there are no geography limitation. So Thomson company can
easily promote their advertisement in all over the world. Company make their website and put all
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the important information about the tour in it (Kennett‐Hensel, 2010). Also add one feedback form
where customers can ask their question and company employees solve their queries. They can also
explain their needs and expectation and tour operator plan their tour according to their needs. On
other hand, with the help of reviews customers can get all the information, they also post some
videos and picture so the can easily analyze all information about the place. By adopting this
technology, company increase their profit by 20%.on other hand, approximately 55% of their
summer programs has been sold out (Michael, 2014). With the help of social media site their
promote their upcoming trip and provide big discount to their all permanent customers.
TASK 4
4.1 Evaluation of strategic decisions made by different types for tour operators
For attracting the large number of customers, strategic decision plays an important role. It
also includes the decision which are based on pricing, targeting marketing, customers, segmentation
and competitive strategies (Swarbrooke, 2012). The major decision are based on the customers and
their need ad expectation. Thomson company use internet, social media sites for their promotions
activities. With the help of this, company can increase their profit by 20%. Some strategies which
are adopted by the Thomson company and they are as follows:
Pricing strategy
Price plays an important role at the time of holiday, if tour and tourism company provide
affordable page so most of the customers show their interest and book their place. On other hand, if
they price of places is high so it is not affordable by all customers. Nowadays, there are high rivalry
in the market of tour and tourism business (Henderson, 2013). The pricing strategy plans an
important role because different tour operators have their differer pricing strategy. For example,
Thomson company education tour packages price is low as compare to adventure trips. The reason
behind this is, students cannot afford high packages so it is important for tour operators company to
set affordable prices of their packages (Dickinson and Lumsdon, 2010). Along with this, tour
operator have to ensure that they also get enough profit on the packages which they are offering to
the customers. Further, it is possible for organization to undertake some pricing strategies such as
cost plus pricing, penetration etc on the basis of which appropriate pricing decisions can be taken
which can support in delivering services to the customers as per their expectations in the market.
One of the most effective pricing strategy is penetration one where business can set lower prices for
its services as compared with its competitors in the market.
Positioning and branding
Position also play an important role because some tour operator provide all the facilities in
limited budget but the major negative point of this is the quality of services is too low. Every
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company have their different segments for example, Thomson company provide high quality
services to their all customers that the reason behind their high cost packages, they book all the
tickets of customers and also provide them transportation services (Graci and Dodds, 2010). Before
plan any packages, they take a feedback or their customers and according to their suggestion put an
appropriate change. By this they build strong relationship with their customers and increase their
brand images as well.
Distributions
For distribution Thomson company use internet and social media sites. In this method I
beneficiary for the organisation, because with the help of this they sold out approximately 55%
summer programs. Many companies are still using traditional approaches of distribution like; door
to door promotions, newspaper and banner etc (Brebbia and Pineda, 2010). Thomson company use
digital marketing and increase their profit and brand images as well.
Main advantage of taking all these type of decisions is that it enhances market performance of
the business and in turn desired goals can be easily accomplished. Apart from this, it supports in
identifying the major areas where company can save overall cost and this can surely lead to rise in
profitability level of the entity.
4.2 Compare the tactical decisions that could be taken for selected tour operator in different
situations
Tactical decision are short term decision which are taken by the company to ensure long
term growth of the organisation. It includes revenue, sale of packages and other factors that can
affect the performance of business. These decision are important for the better development of the
organization (Ashworth., 2011). For example, Thomson company change their distribution channels
and adopt digital marketing. By this they can easily save heir time and money and grab the
attraction of youngsters, the main reason behind this is, most of the people use social media sites
and internet so it would be easily for Thomson to share their trip with them (Baum, 2012). By using
this they increase their sell with 18% and most of the holidays programs sold out on online. Cox
and Kings operators plan according to the need and demand of customers. For this, first thy take a
suggestion from them and as per their reviews and expectation plan the new programs for them.
Apart from this., cancellation of programs, new packages all things cover under these tactics.
Acquisition and collaboration decisions is beneficiary for Thomson company. Company
recently. Collaborated with Jade Jagger firm and increase their brand name into the customers
mind. Moreover, Cox and Kings company struggling with their acquisitions with other organisation.
Their acquisitions have not been profitable for them and company is suffering from high loses.
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Many companies have also contracted with hotels, airlines companies and tour operators. For hotel
or airline company this decision has been beneficial and by this they can easily increase their profit
margin. On other hand, it has reduced the cost and time as well (Dickinson, Lumsdon and Robbins,
2011). Both Cox and Kings and Thomson have many contracts which has been beneficial for them.
Their top management have diversified their operations activities and with the help of their growth
strategies they have improved their performance into competitive market. Cox and Kings has its
operations in UK, Dubai. Australia, India and Japan.
For Thomson and Cox and Kings company customer services plays an important role. They
change their planning as per the need and demand of the customers. Makes customised tour
packages considering all the needs of the customers. Thomson company make packages for the
mass while Cox and Kings company modified it as per the expectation of clients.
CONCLUSION
According to the preset report it has been concluded that, the growth and development of
tourism industry is increasing rapidly. Organisation also adopt all the latest technology like; digital
marketing and social media sites for this. On other hand, Thomson company time to time update
their strategies as per the demand of customers and adopt various method. For better holidays
planning, they take a feedback from their customers and according to their reviews they plan their
packages. It also includes the brochures, newspaper, banner for the promotions activities and grab
the attraction of their customers and target group.
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