Tourism Management Strategies in Response to External Threats

This assignment delves into the intricacies of managing travel and tourism in response to external threats such as terrorism (Baker, 2014) and natural disasters (Tsai & Chen, 2010). Students will analyze strategic management strategies (Evans et al., 2012) and marketing approaches (Kayar & Kozak, 2010) to mitigate risks and enhance recovery. The role of information technology (Xiang et al., 2015) in crisis communication and managing consumer behavior during crises will also be explored. Additionally, students will investigate the impact of climate policy regimes on tourism industries (Pentelow & Scott, 2011).

TRAVEL AND TOURISM
SECTOR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Evaluate the key historical development in travel and tourism sector in UK..................3
1.2 Explain the structure of travel and tourism......................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Analyse the functions of various government bodies in promoting travel and tourism...5
2.2 Explain how local and national economic policy influence the success of tourism........6
2.3 Discuss the implications of political change on tourism sector ......................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Describe the factors affecting the tourist demand in London...........................................8
3.2 Explain the concept of demand and supply in context of tourism sector.........................9
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
4.1 Evaluate the negative and positive impact of Tourism on London..................................9
4.2 Describe strategies used to minimize the negative impact on Tourism.........................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Tourism sector falls under the category of rapidly growing industry. Tourism word can be
defined as to travel for work or pleasure. Tourism mainly deals in attracting the potential
customer and influencing them to travel which ultimately generates profitability for the sector
(Moutinho, 2011). UN categorize Tourism into Domestic, Inbound and Outbound. Basically it
refers to the short term programme of visitor to any particular destination which is decided by
visitor itself. This movement is temporary or for a certain time frame. This assignment covers the
tourism sector of UK and the impact of leaving EU. Along with this it also covers the impact of
various government bodies towards the development of Tourism Sector and also determine the
negative and positive factor that influence the growth and profitability of Tourism.
TASK 1
1.1 Evaluate the key historical development in travel and tourism sector in UK
United Kingdom is considered as the leading travel and tourist destination all across the globe.
Places like Tower of London, Buckingham Palace, Big Ben, Tower Bridge and various others
visited by millions of people every year. The era of travelling and tourist has been started in the
year 1830. With the passage of time, the number of visitors increased and reaches up to 30
million every year. This comes out to be a major shift in the era of UK Tourism. Following are
the key historical development according to their defined period:
Period of 1830-40: The main attraction of this period was Queen’s Bazar and Regent’s
Zoological Park. During this period Royal Clarence Vase which is made up of gold, enamel and
glass object weighing 80 tons was prepared for the emperor George IV.
Period of 1870-80: During this time, skating considered as new attraction for the tourists of
London. During winters, visitors play various skating games such as rifle shooting, archery,
croquet and ice-skating which creates curious among other member and influence them to visit.
Period of 1880-1920: This period develops the interest among tourist to explore their culture, art
gallery and exhibition that were held at various places of UK such as Earls Court, Crystal Place
etc. (Goeldner and Ritchie, 2015).

Period of 1920-50: During this time, people started visiting Buckingham Palace, Hyde Park, and
Green Park. This was the time when people started coming out from their houses and start
exploring the unknown places.
Period of 1950-80: Around this period, younger generation have made their own tourist places
such as Club Tahiti, where they love to spend hours with their peers. At this point, various tourist
company starts hiring guide for their clients, which makes easier for them to roam around the
country. Guided help them from their accommodation to their tourist places which clients wants
to visit. Also for women, tourist companies hire female guide so as to make them feel
conformable.
1.2 Explain the structure of travel and tourism
The structure of tourism and travel industry is categorized into various parts and they are:
Transportation: It is considered as the most crucial factor of travel industry as it includes
reaching or getting to the destination (Frey and George, 2010).
. Customer uses various types of transportation in the mean of airlines, roads, railways, taxi,
cruise etc.
Accommodation: Visitors travel away from home so that they can feel relax, hence they are
looking for such places which gives them home environment where they can fully relax
themselves. Hotel, Resorts come under this. This is the most influential factor that effects the
visitor choice.
Information and Co-ordination: In order to assess various clients, tourism industry has opened
up service center where visitor can come and ask their query such as tourism authorities, tourist
guides, travel guide publications, tourist information center etc.
Tour operators and Wholesalers: They are the one who provide various facilities in bulk such
as Thomas Cook, Trivago, Yatra etc.
Government: It plays a major role in planning tourism, promotion, advising and regulating the
travel industry.
Attractions: This is the most important element of travel and tourism. Visitors on the basis
attractions comes to visit the places (Xiang and Gretzel, 2010).It can be in the form of any
natural, historical, entertainment or cultural places etc.

Along with this, Following are the ways in which Brexit could smash or hit travellers of UK:
The future of Borderless travel: With Brexit, British people not required visa to travel
European Union on holiday. Basically now British Citizens have to no longer wait and stand in
queue at the airport.
High air-fares: As Britain is leaving EU, new air airlines have been made which offers low
price because of oligopoly of airline industry. This benefits the Britain Citizen as they are able to
travel with low fares.
An uncertain future for reciprocal benefits: The EHIC permits the people of UK to take the
advantage of reduced or free cost treatment. Basically it provides guarantee in terms of treating
other EU citizens as their local citizens (Hall and et. al., 2012).
Consumer Right Directive: This directive reinforces various rights of consumer under the
Consumer Right Act, 2015 such as rules regarding clear pricing, 14 days withdrawal system for
customer and information requirement.
Roaming Fees: EU has currently launched caps for roaming charges which means to harmonize
the mobile charges when the citizen of EU used their cell phones in other EU countries.
TASK 2
2.1 Analyse the functions of various government bodies in promoting travel and tourism
Government plays a significant role in running tourism sector effectively. It helps to take
major strategic decision, regulate policies and offer various opportunities that ensures economic
and social growth. Assorted Provision in the form of environmental protection, leisure facilities
and conservation comprises accountability for exclusive heritage culture which is considered as
an important part of UK (Wilks and et. al., 2013). Functions of different government bodies in
context of promoting UK tour and travel are described as:
Local Government: At this level of government, local or regional authority has an identical role
just like central government. Earlier days when railways come forth as better transportation
facilities, the travel sector started attaining popularity. It operates in a way which is much
identical to national level of government. Tourism sector is focusing on privatizing various
industries and development of big hotels and resorts in United Kingdom which leads to enhance
the growth of local travel and tourism sector, in order to carry out distinct host country
responsibilities.

International Organization: International bodies consists of both nongovernmental and
governmental bodies with travel and tourism interests. Such bodies depicts the interests of
national government in context of travel intervention. The cooperation and coordination among
different tourist organization is low which tends to low down the priority of Tourism at national
level. Due to low voice of international sector other operating sector and discussion with industry
is frequently inadequate.
United Nation World Tourism Organization: UNWTO refers as a specified organization of
UN and prominent international company in context of travel and tourism. It deals with various
tourism issues at global level. WTO is focuses on fortifying their connection with non-
government and commercial partners through their system (Crooks and et. al., 2011). Along with
this, WTO provides guidance and build cooperative action plan for tourism sector which results
in increasing their operational efficiency and profitability.
2.2 Explain how local and national economic policy influence the success of tourism
There are number way in which national and local economic policy affects the tourism
and travel sector. It depends upon the travel sector whether they are effectively using the policies
which government has regulated for the (Tsai and Chen, 2010). Government can provide subsidy
to the tourism sector which leads to generate higher profitability ratio for them. There are two
ways in which government economic policies affect the tourism sector which is directly and
indirectly.
Directly influencing the growth of tourism sector:
Suppose a hotel in a particular town or city has been subsidized by its local or national
government, the travel industry apparently can take the advantage of this benefit provided by the
government bodies. Now tourism industry can promote their services with legal permission of
the government which creates a good impact on their customer. Moreover they can also offer
various schemes and discounts that influence the customer more effectively. This can be
considered as a way in which government is stimulating the growth and profitability of travel
and tourism sector by implementing its various economic policies.
Indirectly influencing the growth of travel sector:
Monetary policies are not made in order to support the tourism sector, but these strategies can
cause fluctuations which affect their growth and market share. For instance, fluctuation in

currency exchange rate can affect the profitability of the tourism sector. If the rate of currency
decreases, it will lead to increase the tourism, hence enabling more people to travel or to plan
their vacation (Evans, 2012).Fall in currency ensures visitors to travel across the country at lesser
rate. But in case of increasing rate of currency, travel sector was severely affected because it
decreases the number of visitors which in turns reduces the overall profitability. If prices are
high, none of the visitor wishes to spend. Thus increase currency rate badly hit or affect the
tourism sector.
2.3 Discuss the implications of political change on tourism sector
According to WTO, international visitor’s arrival reaches up to 1.1 billion globally in
2016 and by 2020 it is forecasted to cover 1.9 billion globally. Tourism and Politics relatively
shares a rapport that consist of a subset which is related to social science of travel and tourism.
Currently, Tourism is completely implicated by various political activism and action (Xiang,
2015).There are ascertain reasons which depicts political instability in tourism sector. Firstly,
both private and public sector is unwilling to take decision on the account of acknowledging
tourism political nature. Secondly, absence of official interest that demeanors research in context
of tourism politics. And thirdly, tourism sector is not considered as severe scholarly subject.
Along with this there are several other political reasons which entitles not to promote the tourism
sector such as political unrest, military coup, civil war and terrorism present in the following
country. Last year UK separate themselves from the European Union which results in creating
negative impact on the tourism of UK Industry. As most of their visitors come from Europe
which is almost double to its visitors that come from other EU countries. European Union states
that if a person wants to visit UK, they need to have visa for that which results in shifting their
regular clients of UK tourism. For Instance, if a German family wants to travel UK or Spain,
then most probably they will chose Spain over UK, because for travelling UK they need to have
visa which costs them higher as compared to visit Spain.
But there are certain countries where political activism of that country affects the growth
of tourism sector favorably (Kayar and Kozak, 2010). For instance China, Deng Xiaoping has
enhanced their standard of living and triggered China to become as the fastest growing country
in the word. China is considered as the fourth largest country in terms of inbound tourism. Their
political activities focuses on achieving higher standards for the country as whole.

TASK 3
3.1 Describe the factors affecting the tourist demand in London
Tourist demand basically affected by the price and non-price factors. Underlying various
demand factors in terms of household income Gross Value Added of London has an influence on
visitors. Income is considered as the most important factor for a person, who is going to travel
and which may vary from person to person (Baker, 2014).Generally visitors who wants to travel
or explore London considers Income as a significant factor that has a great influence on its all
over itineraries because they have choose certain elements in terms of accommodation,
transportation and sightseeing, keeping in mind their predefined Budget. Another factor which
can influence the tourist demand is the attractive locations and their culture. Following are the
list of top 10 tourist attraction of London:
London Eye
Warner Bros Studio Tour
Tour to Buckingham Palace
Climb the roof of St Paul’s Cathedral
British Museum
Fly with Emirates Air Line Cable Car
Hampton Court Place
Snap a shot with world famous Piccadilly Circus
Walk onto the Theme park of London
The Big Ben
The view from the Shard
Above mentioned are the famous tourist destination sports which majorly influence the visitor to
visit London (Sigala, 2011). Along with this, there are several other negative factors which may
affect the demand of London visitors such as Terrorism, Natural disaster which severely affect
the profitability of the London Tourism Sector. Thus factors in terms of Income, Taste and
Price of Complementary Goods and chattels may affect the demand of visitors depending upon
the client which factor has most influential power.

3.2 Explain the concept of demand and supply in context of tourism sector
Tourism Supply defines various businesses activities enter into an agreement that focuses
on render product, services and goods to tourism industry. Extensive variety of supplier offers
services to tourism sector which in return satisfies the needs of their target market. Generally
supply component consists of four different factors which are as follows:
Environmental or Natural Resources: This includes awareness among consumer in terms of
eco-tourism, natural conservation and using various natural resources that entitles sustainability
(Pentelow and Scott, 2011).
Man-made Resources: It includes construction in terms of sewage disposal system, power lines,
road and water supply system.
Transportation: without transportation, a person cannot reach to their destination. Thus,
London focuses on enhancing the quality of transportation and makes them convenient for the
local residents as well as for the visitors.
This shows both natural and built resources are required for tourism supply. Along with various
other elements in terms of infrastructure and services like accommodation, telecommunication,
visitor manager, tourist offices travel agencies required by the Tourism sector which attracts the
customer which leads to increase their overall profitability )(Shaw and Williams, 2011). With
Strong competition, Tourism sector are required to adopt effective strategic tools which provides
them stability as compared to their other rivals.
TASK 4
4.1 Evaluate the negative and positive impact of Tourism on London
Economic Effects
Positive effect: Tourism provides employment to individual thus creating job opportunities for
them. For instance, Leisure Tourism of London provides great services to their clients according
to their desire. Usually Tourism Company deals with many choices and preferences of visitors,
which automatically urge generation of new jobs.
Negative effect: The negative impact can be more employment generation during peak season
which results in demotivating the employees (Chen and Shen, 2011). As they are hired only for
specific period of time. For instance peak season of London is June-August in which large

number of people visit London as it is the time when London is at its best. But still it came out as
a disadvantage for the people because during that limited period job opportunity is higher.
Environmental Factor:
Positive Effect: Environmental Tourism helps to support the conservation of natural resources
and wildlife sanctuary. Here tourism asset can be considered as rain forest. Funds or revenue that
are generated from the tourism sector helps keeping animal and birds preserve by charging
money from them in the form of entrance and escort fees.
Negative Effect: Tourism harm the environment by causing threat to cultural and natural
resources which includes coral reefs, London cultural heritage, beaches (Stonehouse, 2015).
Along with this, they cause pollution and left their garbage behind when they leave.
Social Factor:
Positive Effect: London culture, festival, customs encouraged and attract the visitor. Global
awareness subjects to raise issue concerned with poverty and human right interacting between
guest and nation countries that generates better cultural indulgent (Kusluvan and et. al., 2010).
Negative Effect: Factors such as congestion, increased crowd and crime level, alcohol problem
that affects the tourism of London. Instead of promoting their culture, people are focuses on
fulfilling their self-interest.
4.2 Describe strategies used to minimize the negative impact on Tourism
Following are the strategies which can be used or adopt by Tourism Industry in order to
minimize its negative impact and maximize their positive impact are described below:
Minimizing Negative Impact:
 Tourism sector can provide new option to their visitors in terms of accommodating them
with local residents rather than putting them in resort or hotel. This could help the visitors
to know better about the culture and tradition of country.
 Strict laws should be there so that visitors can provide any harm to country’s
environment.
 Limits the number of tourist who are travelling continuously to a specified country which
may create the place unappealing and unpleasant.
 Visitor should know the importance of local community and in return local residents are
required how much protection of environment is important for the tourism and travel
sector.

 Tourism industry are require to generate employment opportunities for long run rather
than generating during peak season only.
 Tourism Sector can also offers various discounts and schemes to its customer on yearly
basis which attracts and influence them to travel (Kozak, 2016). Thus, generating
profitability for the tourist country.
Maximizing Positive Tourism:
 Enhancing environmental planning and managing.
 Improved awareness programs and environmental education.
 Various laws should be enforced keeping in mind the safety and security of environment
and natural resources.
 Sustainable tourism can focus on eradicating the poverty and generating higher revenue
for the country and contributes in their GDP factor.
 Financial aid to build local communities and provide protection to natural resources and
environment.
CONCLUSION
As per the above mentioned assignment it can be concluded that tourism plays an
important role in contributing towards the growth of overall economy of the country. Various
government bodies impacts the growth of tourism sector in both negative and positive way.
Tourism generally means to attract the people so that they visit the country in order to better
understand the culture of a particular country. This assignment also covers the negative and
positive approach towards the tourism sectors in context factors such as social, environmental
which overall effect the profitability of the tourism and travel sector. Tourism of a particular
country generate revenue for the country, contributing in terms of GDP and various employment
opportunities which leads to overall development of the country.

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