Understanding Type 1 Diabetes: Risk Factors, Aetiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Tests, and Treatment

This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of type 1 diabetes, including its risk factors, aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. It discusses the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of the disease, as well as the clinical manifestations that result from the decline in insulin secretion. The presentation also covers the various diagnostic tests used to diagnose type 1 diabetes, such as the glycated hemoglobin test and the random blood sugar test, and the different treatment modalities available, including insulin administration and hypertension management.

2808NRS Assessment 2
Name
Affiliation
Date

Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Aetiology
Clinical
manifestations
Diagnostic tests
Treatment
Key
Risk Factors
Family history as the first risk factor for Emilia's type
one diabetes. Since Emilia' father has diabetes, they are
high chances that she got type 1 diabetes from her
father.30% of children in Finland are associated with
type 1 diabetes due to their family history.(Podar et
al,2001).
Diseases of the pancreas may have caused Emilia's situation. Emilia is having the common symptoms of
pancreas disorders like vomiting and lethargy. These disorders and symptoms can slow the pancreas
from making insulin in the body (Foulis and Stewart, 1984).
illness or infections. Emilia has chronic infections which
damage organs like the pancreas and the kidney. other
illness include coelic disease which also damages the
pancrease.
Aetiology
Genetic factors
Environmental factors
Pathophysiology
Reduction in glucose uptake by the
insulin regulators (fat and muscle)
Blood glucose increase which is detected in urine
Decline in insulin secretion after symptom onset
Deprivation of glucose in other tissues of the body that breaks down the fat and protein
which results in loss of weight
Loss of the first-phase insulin response
(FPIR) and pulsatile insulin secretion
Clinical manifestations
The liver in Emilia's body is responsible for maintaining the glucose levels in blood. The
excessive urination is due to the inability of the liver to regulate the glucose in blood. This
glucose be spilled into urine and this causes Emilia to urine excessively. The loss of the first
phase insulin response for the incoming glucose is due to partial pancreatectomy in the body.
This pathophysiology is associated with decrease in the hepatic clearance of the insulin in the
body. The decreased hepatic sensitivity to insulin caused the deep rapid breathing in Emilia.
Furthermore Deprivation of glucose in other tissues of the body breaks down the fat and
protein. This inhibits energy production in the body which resulted in Emilia's loss of weight
and grew thin.
Diagnostic tests
Glycated hemoglobin test (AIC). The test indicates the average blood
glucose level for the last three months and also measures the amount
of glucose being carried by the hemoglobin. The increase in blood
glucose levels will lead to more hemoglobin with glucose attached. 7
percent and above indicates diabetes in the individual (Levitsky et al,
2017)
Random blood sugar test. A sample of blood is taken randomly and
tested for levels of blood sugar. If the random blood sample gives a
level of 180mg/dL or higher, it suggests type 1 diabetes.
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Auto antibodies (GADA) test. The test
indentifies antibodies which are built against specific enzymes in
the beta cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin. Treatment Insulin administration. The patient needs insulin therapy in order to increase the activity of
the beta cell of the pancreas. Insulin administered can be short term, rapid, intermediate or
long acting insulin.
Aspirin drug. This aspirin is taken daily to protect the heart.
Cholesterol lowering drugs. The lipoprotein cholesterol in young people is supposed to be
below 40mg/dL (Papadakis et al, 2017). Therefore these drugs are necessary to reduce the
aggressiveness since there are more risks of hepatic diseases.
High blood pressure treatment. Angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitors can be recommended for people having blood press of
145/90mmHg and above. (McCulloch et al, 2017).

750 word written explanation
Type 1 diabetes risk factors and aetiology
Type 1 diabetes is a polygenic disease which contains forty loci responsible for the disease susceptible effect(Concannon, Rich & Nepom,
2009).The human leukocyte region (HLA) of chromosome six provides only one half out of the required genetic susceptibility. This situation increases
the chances of acquiring type 1 diabetes from the parents. The loci associated with type 1 diabetes influences the immune system. The immune response
to production is hindered which is associated with loss of the first insulin response (Polychronakos & Li , 2011). Hereditary pancreatitis is also an
aetiology caused by genetic transfer from the parent that hinders insulin production. In addition to reduction in insulin secretion by pancreas disease,
genetic susceptibility influences the ability of the individual to respond to the environment stimuli like vitamin D. inherited immune dysregulation due to
genetic susceptibility result in the destruction of beta cells at their yearly stages. The destruction of the beta cell changes insulin production and also the
changes in glucose regulation.
Type 1 diabetes has increased in the world rapidly over the past 15 years due to the lifestyle acquired by many nations (Oilinki et al.,
2012).Migrants are at high risk of acquiring type 1 diabetes due to the change in the environment. People with close genetic characteristics but separated
by geographical and socioeconomic boundaries have different risk of acquiring type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, understanding the environment and
improving on the standards of living reduces on the viral infections, chronic illness which can lead to type 1 diabetes (Coppieters et al., 2012). Tropism
which is produced by viruses has been found in the pancreas of type 1 diabetes patients. This tropism is responsible for the pancreas diseases for example
pancreatic cancer.
Clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes's pathopphysiology
Type 1 diabetes's pathophysiology manifests in the patient after less insulin is produced. The blood glucose increase in the body increases thirst,
excessive urination and loss of weight in patients with the disorder. The decrease in insulin in the other tissue of the body leads to less energy production
(Maxine, Stephen, Michael , 2017). This results in total body weakness, laziness, fatigue which reduces the patents weight. The decrease in the insulin
levels increases glucose in blood involves alteration of the immune system. The plasma glucagon increases and the body fail to respond to the stimuli
(Newsholme and Dimitriadis, 2001). In addition, the genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to the islet autoimmunity in individuals.

Furthermore, the decline in insulin secretion causes changes in the intestines which make patients grow thin and fail to gain
weight. According to studies, 42% of children are affected with this pathophysiology (Vriezinga et al., 2015). Most of the patient
with type 1 diabetes with abdominal, vomiting and thin have HLA-DQ2 allele but also about 30 percent of the patients inherited
the allele. Vitamin D has been implicated with this pathophysiology in that the serum concentration in the bones in affected making
it difficult for individuals with the disorder to maintain their strength with experiencing lethargy.
Justification on the diagnostic tests and treatment modalities
Glycated hemoglobin test can be made inaccurate in condition of pregnancy or when a person has hemoglobin variant. These
inaccuracies may be avoided by using different diagnostic test as recommended by the physician. Glycated hemoglobin test works
in a way that as the glucose in blood binds to the hemoglobin, the A1c test measures the amount of glucose binding on the
hemoglobin. The normal hemoglobin test ranges between 3.5 percent to 5.8percet (Lynne and Madhusmita 2017).Individuals with
type 1 diabetes should be able to set their goals accordingly so that their test value does not exceed 6.5%. This will reduce on the
complication related to high glucose in the body like causing rapid deep breathing.ths is accompanied with better diet, exercises
and taking medications as directed by the doctor. In addition to the test, there have been cases of individuals with anemia, liver
problems and kidney diseases getting misleading results. Secondly test is the random blood sugar test. This test is important in
tracking the signs and symptoms to aid in managing diabetes. According to the American Diabetes Association, 180mg/dL are
recommended before having a meal(Foulis & Stewart, 1984) . Moreover, if the fasting reading ranges between 105mg/dL to
130mg/dL, there is a chance that the patient has prediabetes. Prediabetes is the impaired glucose tolerance and increases chances of
having type 2 diabetes.
Treatment for Hypertension is a significant disease amongst people with type 1 diabetes. Converting thee inhibitors requires
changing the individual lifestyle in order to prevent high blood pressure (McCulloch e2017). Regulating the amount of salts in the
diet and quitting smoking helps in reducing high blood pressure in type 1 diabetic patient. The salt intake should at least be less
than 1300 milligrams. In addition to high blood pressure, insulin administration is also significant in type 1diabetic patients. Insulin
is injected using an insulin pump that adds insulin to the pancreas.

Reference list
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