Type 2 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

This report provides an overview of Type 2 Diabetes, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, clinical signs and symptoms, differential diagnosis, investigation, orthodox medical treatment, and natural medicine options. It also includes a resource list and bibliography.

Running Head: Type 2 Diabetes 0
[Type the company name]
Type 2 Diabetes
[Type the document subtitle]
SystemJP
[Pick the date]

Type 2 Diabetes 1
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Definition.........................................................................................................................................2
Epidemiology...................................................................................................................................2
Aetiology and Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................3
Clinical Signs and Symptoms..........................................................................................................4
Differential Diagnosis......................................................................................................................5
Investigation....................................................................................................................................6
Orthodox Medical Treatment..........................................................................................................7
Natural Medicine.............................................................................................................................8
Prognosis........................................................................................................................................10
Resource List:................................................................................................................................11
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................13

Type 2 Diabetes 2
Introduction
Type 2 Diabetes is basically a metabolic disease which causes increment of glucose level in
plasma stream. It is a prolonged disease which is generally triggered through plumpness,
unwholesome diet and absence of physical activity. Further, this order was well-known as
“adult-onset” because before it was primarily common in adult ages (40 years above adults).
Nowadays, type 2 Diabetes is gradually identified in children’s, teen-agers and younger adults.
Globally, around 90% diabetes belongings have type 2 diabetes. The main factors involved to
control the Type 2 Diabetes are regular physical activity, healthy nutritious diet and maintenance
of body mass index (BMI) (Anon., 2018). This report comprises framework of Type 2 Diabetes
(Diabetes Mellitus).
Definition
T2DM is a stage of human body when blood sugar level goes high. As the foremost basis of
energy is blood glucose and energy mostly comes from the nutrition human body intakes. This
disease is also classified by abnormalities of fats and carbohydrate itemization is known as
“heterogeneous syndrome”. Insulin is a relaxin which is excreted through the pancreas, helps the
sugar to get into cells so that it can be castoff for energy. Therefore, in this disorder, body stops
excreting the required quantity of Insulin. Apparently, sugar level rises in the blood stream due
to inappropriate passageway. Hence, excess of sugar blood results in Type 2 Diabetes (Anon.,
2018).
Epidemiology
In past three decades, the count of individuals with Type 2 diabetes has increased fourfold
globally. Moreover, Diabetes mellitus is the 9th major cause of death. As per International

Type 2 Diabetes 3
Diabetes Federation (IDF), 1 in 11 adult has diabetes and 90% of them have Type 2 in 2015. It is
estimated that folks with this disorder will rise to 642 million by 2040. Also, observed that
highest increases of inhabitants with this disorder are found in counties undergoing monetary
evolutions from low to middle income level. The reasons of intricate in the escalation of Type 2
are population ageing, urbanization, and unhealthy eating and deskbound routines (Yan Zheng,
2017).
Image Source: (Nijpels, 2016)
Additionally, type 2 diabetes cause almost 5 million death per year. As per data and research,
type 2 diabetes is a foremost reason of assimilated sightlessness and kidney failure and lower
foot confiscations. Furthermore, 673 billion dollars (12% of total health expenses) is the
estimated global health expenditure (Nijpels, 2016).

Type 2 Diabetes 4
Aetiology and Pathophysiology
Lifestyle and heredities are the greatest important factors involved in Diabetes Mellitus. In this
condition, insulin created through the pancreas is no longer affected on the body’s tissues and
cells. This condition is referred as “Insulin Resistance”. Therefore, pancreas starts producing
more insulin, however, after some period insulin is no longer enough for the conversion of
energy and blood sugar level rises (Lebovitz, 1999). The major points that can central to this
disorder are central exhaustion, overweight, impaired glucose tolerance, heredity, sedentary
lifestyle, high blood pressure, physical inactivity, depression and history, increase plasma
plasminogen activator inhibitor, increased risk of atherosclerotic disease and heart syndromes.
Darkened armpits and neckline is the warning sign of “Insulin Resistance”. Type 2 is connected
with deterioration of insulin sensitivity and beta cell persistence. Adipose tissue plays the
dynamic character in the pathogenesis of this disorder. The predominant examples are the
ectopic fat storage syndrome and the adipose tissue. Basically, these two paradigms constitute
the outline of the interrelation among insulin resistance and beta-cell purpose.
Various organs composition vital role in the pathophysiology like liver, skeletal muscle,
endocrine pancreas, adipose tissue and, central nervous system leads to alteration of glucose in
body. Diabetic nerve damage is the chief donor to non-traumatic limb deductions. Low levels of
oxygen or hypoxia cause the damage of the tissue. In type 2 Diabetes, transmission rate of NAD
to NADH is increased and hypoxia complexes the reaction to turn NADH back to NAD. This
reaction produces free radicals and chemical reactive compounds which damages the tissue
(Purdy, 2004).

Type 2 Diabetes 5
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Clinical Signs and Symptoms develop slowly for Type 2 Diabetes. Symptoms are so minor that
people do not notice in this disorder in initial phases. Indications of this disorder includes
frequent urination, extreme thirst, headache, distorted vision, increased hunger, odd behavior,
sore mouth and feels tired all the time. Though, if left unprocessed, sickness can top to heart
disease, kidney destruction, nerve injury, heart stroke and, aridity and crashes in feet (Ann
Pietrangelo, 2017). Chronicle symptoms include increased blood pressure, heart and blood vessel
disorders, hearing issues, foot impairment and, neuropathic problems. Repeated vaginal
infection, peel and bladder contaminations are red flag symptoms in pregnant females’. Also,
probability of Type 2diabetes is higher in pregnant women (LeanneBellamy, 2009).
 Amplified Hunger: When cells are not able to contact the required amount of glucose
for energy, person feels hungrier. Because the sways and tissues are low on dynamism.
 Distorted Vision: Extraordinary contented glucose in plasma results the eye liquids to
fall from eye lenses which causes puffiness and fleeting distorted vision.
 Recurring Urination and Augmented Dehydration: Excess glucose collects in the
blood circulation. Therefore, body extracts elucidations via muscles. This results in
extreme dehydration and frequent urinations.
 Fatigue: As the body lacks glucose, body becomes tired. Tiredness is the most
communal indication of this disorder.
 Sores and Infections: Reduced blood flow, leads to sores and infections (such as urinal
or mouth infections). Human body takes extended time for the repossession from wounds
and contagions (Anon., 2018).

Type 2 Diabetes 6
Differential Diagnosis
Diabetes Miletus is commonly referred as an examination of eradication. It is important to
consider the probabilities of supplementary explanations of diabetes as this may affect the
structure of therapies prescribe for this disorder. Genetic condition, drug therapy, endocrine
infections, damage to pancreas, iron storage diseases are some of the further causes. Moreover,
type 2 inherits as an “autosomal dominant”. MODY (“maturity onset diabetes of the young”)
must be checked in early stages of T2DM. Individuals who have emblematical this disorder
require gauges of autoimmunity. Maximum used marker is GADA (Glutamic decarboxylase
antibodies). The use of markers shows instant improvement to the secretion of insulin. This is
referred as LADA (“Latent autoimmune diabetes in grown-ups”) (Anon., 2014). Additional
reasons can be “psychogenic polydipsia”, “nephrogenic diabetes insipdidus” and, abdominal
heaviness, raised triglyceride, short level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), “high-output renal
failure”, fleeting hyperglycemia with sickness and simulated illness.
Investigation
Individuals who have indications related to Type 2 Diabetes should get tested as soon as
possible. Testing helps the healthcare professionals to examine the level of Diabetes and threat
aspects related to Diabetes. Health care specialists endorse repetitive tests for 45 years above
adults who are overheavy and corpulent (Anon., 2016). Investigational tests related with Type 2
are:
 Glycated hemoglobin test (A1C): this investigation fundamentally identifies blood
glucose level for previous 2-3 months. Investigation outcomes under 5.7 and 6.4% are
specified as “Prediabetes”. Outcomes above 6.5% are denoted as “Diabetes”.

Type 2 Diabetes 7
 Random Blood Sugar Test: Plasma glucose level screening as 200mg/dL denoted as
“Diabetes”. General standards for this investigational test are referred as milligrams per
deciliter (mg/dL).
 Fasting Blood Sugar Test: In this investigational assessment, healthcare professional
suggest an overnight fast so that the blood sample can be taken. Range between 100 to
125 mg/dL is denoted as Prediabetes. Rating above 126mg/dL is denoted as “Diabetes”.
 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): This examination is the minimum
recommended by healthcare professional as this test is commonly used for Pregnant
Women’s. For OGTT test, women’s have to keep an overnight fast and after that have to
consume a syrupy fluid while performing the test. In this test, blood glucose level is
checked for regular 2 hours. Range between 140 to 199mg/dL is Prediabetes. Range
above 200mg/dL refers as Diabetes (Anon., 2019).
Orthodox Medical Treatment
Individuals having prediabetes can easily maintain their sugar levels by daily activities (like:
gaming, swimming and workout) and taking appropriate well-adjusted healthy diet. Medical
treatment prescribed by healthcare professional depends on the level, stage and complications of
the diabetes. Listed below are potential medicinal supervisions (Castro, 2019):
 Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, others). These are the maximum prescribed
medicine for Type 2 Diabetes. Side effects are Vomiting and dehydration.
 Sulfonylureas. These medicines are prescribed for the excretion of required insulin. Side
effects are increased body weight and decrement in blood glucose level. Common
illustrations are “glyburide”, “glipizide” and, “glimepiride”.

Type 2 Diabetes 8
 Meglitinides. These medicines work as same as “Sulfonylureas”. Low sugar and
increased body weight are common side effects. Some examples are “glyburide”,
“glipizide” and “glimepiride”.
 Thiazolidinedione. These type of medications make the body tissues composite to
insulin. Side effects are anemia and heart attack. Due to high risk factors, these medicines
are not highly prescribed by the healthcare professionals. Examples are rosiglitazone and
pioglitazone.
 DPP-4 Inhibitors. These types of medications reduce glucose level in plasma. Possible
side effects are possibility of pancreatitis and regular joint pains. Some examples are
“saxagliptin”, “sitagliptin” and “linagliptin”.
 Insulin. In past years, this therapy was the final choice but these days, healthcare
professionals prescribe the use of insulin in the early stage due to its assisting power.
Decrement in blood sugar level is the most common side effect. Common examples are
“insulin detemir” and “insulin glarine”.
 SGL2 Inhibitors. The basic role of these medicines is to safeguard the kidneys from re-
absorption of the sugar in the plasma. Also, helps in the decrease of possibility of heart
stroke and heart attack. Related effects are ketoacidosis, vaginal mold contamination,
decreased blood circulation and urine related contaminations. Examples are
dapagliflozin, cangaliflozin and empagliflozin. Consumption of cangaliflozin can upsurge
the possibility of inferior limb expulsion.
 GLP-1 receptor agonists. These types of medicines are consumed for weight decrement.
Common effects are sickness, digestion issues, low blood sugar and risk of “pancreatitis”.

Type 2 Diabetes 9
Some examples are “exenatide”, “liraglutide” and “semaglutide”. Semaglutide and
liraglutide helps to decrease the risk of heart illnesses.
Natural Medicine
Natural medication along with orthodox medical treatment is the best way to maintain the
disorder. An individual must have appropriate information and supervision to intake natural
remedies. Individuals should consider a prescription of heath care provider beforehand
consuming whichever medical supplement (Greenman, 2018). Further down mentioned are some
top used natural medicines for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes:
1. Apple Cider Vinegar: ACV comprises of Acetic acid and has multiple aids in terms of
health. ACV is generally taken before pre-lunch to maintain sugar. ACV is taken
commonly added with meals which help to reduce the glycemic capacity of cellulose and
fat enriched meals.
2. Aloe Vera: The intake of Aloe Vera made products is efficient as Aloe Vera has laxative
properties. Aloe Vera can be consumed in the custom of freshly pressed juice. Aloe Vera
is highly inspired natural remedy.
3. Cinnamon: This is consumed in the coarse-grounded gunpowder form, which can be
auxiliary in meals to reduce cholesterol and sugar level. It also adds flavor to the food.
4. Fenugreek: This is used as food seasoning, which helps in the reduction of cholesterol
and sugar level. Side effects are syrup malodorous urine.
5. Berberine: It is mined from the tree of barberry, goldenseal and Oregon grape. Berberine
helps to reduce the blood sugar level. This remedy should not be recommended to
pregnant females’.

Type 2 Diabetes 10
6. Fiber and Barley: Fiber helps to reduce the blood sugar deliberations. Diabetic
individuals can combine vegan food with barley. Barley is known as a high-fiber
nutritious protein which helps the human body to maintain level of sugar.
7. Zinc: It has been observed that diabetic people are zinc deficient. Zinc helps the figure to
stabilize sugar in blood. Zinc appendages can also be used to extravagance the difficulties
related to diabetes.
8. Chromium: This remedy helps to reduce the level of sugar. Chromium can be obtained
from brewer’s yeast. Individual with kidney diseases should not consume chromium due
to side effects.
It is highly recommended that individuals should consult with the healthcare professional prior
consuming any natural medicine as a treatment. Individuals should consume high-quality source
of natural medicine. Orthodox Medical treatment should not be replaced with natural medicine.
Natural medicine is used as complimentary treatment option.
As per Debra Rose, herbs reduce the sugar level in blood and help to maintain the body weight.
Hence, individuals with type 2 diabetes can easily maintain the disorder by controlling diet.
Individuals should intermittently monitor sugar levels to uphold a healthy lifestyle (Johnson,
2019). Scientifically, if two or further medicines combined can result in a chemical or
pharmacological reaction. Such interactions have adversative effects. Although, the mechanism
and composition of herbs and medicines are alike (Chang, 2017).
Prognosis
T2DM is a chronic disorder which can reduce ten year life when diagnosed. There are multiple
features which can affect blood sugar level; instant attention to patient is required when

Type 2 Diabetes 11
complication arises (Leontis, 2018). Below listed are some major complications related with
Type 2 Diabetes.
 Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar). Intake of food, sickness, not taking the required
quantity of sugar can result in increment of sugar level in blood. Symptoms are blurred
vision, nausea, amplified urination and dehydration and dry mouth. In such conditions, it
is recommended to examine sugar level instantly.
 Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome. HHNS occurs while the sugar in
blood is more than 600mg/dL. Some common symptoms are dark fluid in urine,
tiredness, consciousness, extreme thirst and dehydrated mouth. In HHNS, thick blood and
sugary. It is recommended to pursue instant medicinal attention in such situations.
 Increased ketones in urine. When the cells use complete energy, to attain more
dynamism body begins to breakdown the fat. This situation results in the production of
toxins which are known as “diabetic ketoacidosis”. Symptoms are fruity breath, urinary
issues, sickness and dry mouth. In such condition, individual should seek instant medical
help.
 Hypoglycemia (Low blood sugar). This condition occurs when the individual regularly
skips meal, increased physical activity, and intake of more medicines results in the
decrement of blood sugar below the range. Hunger, weakness, headache, confusion and
sweating are symptoms of Hypoglycemia. In such condition, individual can consume
something which contains high quantity of sugar such as juice, candies, glucose tablets,
regular soda and should check sugar level in every 15 minutes. If still not stabilized,
people can seek medical help and get glucagon injection (Jaakko Tuomilehto, 2001).

Type 2 Diabetes 12
Resource List:
1. Northern Michigan Diabetes Initiative
Email: www.nmdi.org/northern-michigan-diabetes-initiative
Address: 1105 Sixth St.
Traverse City, MI 49684
Phone Number: 231-935-5000
2. Diabetes Education Services
Email: www.diabetesed.net/resources-for-patients/
Address: 45 Old Chico Way,
Chico, CA 95928 USA
Phone Number: [phone]
3. American Association of Diabetes Educators
Email: www.diabeteseducator.org/living-with-diabetes
200 W. Madison Street
Suite 800
Chicago, IL 60606
Phone Number: 800-338-3633

Type 2 Diabetes 13
Bibliography
Ann Pietrangelo, K. C., 2017. The Effects of Diabetes on Your Body. [Online]
Available at: https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes/effects-on-body#1
[Accessed 22 6 2019].
Anon., 2014. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Online]
Available at: https://www.diapedia.org/type-2-diabetes-mellitus/3104085114
[Accessed 22 06 2019].
Anon., 2016. Diabetes Tests & Diagnosis. [Online]
Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/tests-diagnosis
[Accessed 24 06 2019].

Type 2 Diabetes 14
Anon., 2018. Gestational Diabetes. [Online]
Available at: https://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/gestational-diabetes/
[Accessed 22 6 2019].
Anon., 2018. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. [Online]
Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/type-2-diabetes-mellitus-a-to-z
[Accessed 27 06 2019].
Anon., 2018. Type 2 diabetes: Overview. Cologne: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health
Care (IQWiG).
Anon., 2019. Type 2 diabetes. [Online]
Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20351199
[Accessed 22 06 2019].
Castro, M. R., 2019. Type 2 diabetes. [Online]
Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20351199
[Accessed 24 06 2019].
Chang, D., 2017. Interactions between antidiabetic drugs and herbs: an overview of mechanisms
of action and clinical implications. NCBI.
Greenman, D. D. E., 2018. Natural Remedies for Type 2 Diabetes. [Online]
Available at: https://www.stamfordhealth.org/healthflash-blog/integrative-medicine/type-2-

Type 2 Diabetes 15
diabetes-natural-remedies/
[Accessed 24 06 2019].
Jaakko Tuomilehto, J. L. e. a., 2001. Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in
Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. The New England Journal of
Medicine.
Johnson, J., 2019. Seven herbs and supplements for type 2 diabetes. [Online]
Available at: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317051.php
[Accessed 24 06 2019].
LeanneBellamy, J.-P. C., 2009. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 373(9677), pp. 1773-1779.
Lebovitz, H. E., 1999. Type 2 Diabetes: An Overview. Clinical Chemistry, 45(8).
Leontis, L. M., 2018. Type 2 Diabetes Complications: How to Prevent Short- and Long-term
Complications. [Online]
Available at: https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-
complications
[Accessed 24 06 2019].
Nijpels, G., 2016. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. [Online]
Available at: https://www.diapedia.org/type-2-diabetes-mellitus/3104287123/epidemiology-of-
type-2-diabetes
[Accessed 27 06 2019].

Type 2 Diabetes 16
Purdy, M. C., 2004. Diabetic tissue damage may be explained by controversial theory. [Online]
Available at: https://source.wustl.edu/2004/11/diabetic-tissue-damage-may-be-explained-by-
controversial-theory/
[Accessed 27 06 2019].
Yan Zheng, S. H. L. e. a., 2017. Global aetiology and epidemiology. Nature Reviews
Endocrinology , pp. 88-98.