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Understanding Child Development and Development Theories By the end of this assignment you will have an understanding of child development and the theories that underpin the early year’s framework. 1
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What are main principles of child development? There are four main principles of child development all of them are as follows: ď‚·Physical:It is related with the growth and development of body parts, senses and muscles of children. ď‚·Social:It is based upon the way in which a child talks , relates and plays with others (Child development principles,2019). ď‚·Emotional:It is related to the self awareness of children and they way in which they express their feelings and take care of themselves. ď‚·Cognitive:It relates to the way in which children reason, resolve issues, use languages, think and understand problems. What is the sequences of development? Sequence of development can be defined as a normal series in which a child try to learn and develop different skills. For children of all the ages it is very important because it allows them to recognise patterns and make the world around them more recognisable and predictable (Afolabi, 2014). How are development and learning inter-connected? Learning and development are related to each other because for all the children it is very important to develop specific capabilities so that they can learn different things. If they are not able to attain development then it will be very difficult for them to learn new things. What is rate of development? The speed in which a child gets developed is known as the rate of development. With the help of it, it could be determined that where children need help and are facing risks due to lack of special education. Howistherateofdevelopmentdifferentfromthesequenceof development? Rate and sequence of develop both are different from each other. For most of the children sequence is common but the rate of development vary for all of them as it depends upon the speed in which they learn. The series refers to the expected sequence in which a kid can develop different skills which could be used to learn (Bredekamp,2014). How and why do variations occur in rate and sequence of development and learning? There are various reasons of variation which takes place between rate and sequence of development and learning. All of them are as follows: 2
Disabilities which are mental or physical result in variation between sequence and rate of development as it directly affect the ability of individuals to learn or adopt something (Carvalhoand Goodyear, 2014). Health issues are also one of the common causes of difference between sequence and rate of development because individuals who are physically challenged may learn things late as compare to others. What are the potential effects of pre conceptual, pre birth and birth experiences on development? There are various factors which may leave negative impact upon development of children. All of them are pre conceptual, pre birth and birth experiences. Before a baby is conceived lifestyle of parents may leave impact upon the development process of a child as their habits may affect. In order to ignore all the negative impacts they should try to ignore smoking, alcohol,recreationaldrugsetc.Birthexperiencessuchasinfections, maternal diet and health also affect the development of a child because all of themresultinphysicalweaknessthatimpactssequenceandrateof developing learning abilities. What is the impact of current research into the development and learning of babies and young children? Current research is highly concerned with the rate and sequence of development which can help individuals to find the ways in which all the factors which are affecting both of them could be dealt properly. It can help to find the best ways in which abilities of children could be enhanced to learn things and adopt skills (Cline,2018). Explain how learning takes place in different ways? There are various ways in which learning can take place. All of them are as follows: With the help of active participation learning could be enhanced. Through social interaction learning can be developed as it helps to increase knowledge. Different types of activities such as playing, cutting and mark making learning could be enhanced because it helps to enhance self awareness of them. Explain the Importance of play in children’s development? For each and every child play is very important because allows them tothinkcriticallyandusetheirownskillsofcreativity,developing 3
imagination, emotional strength etc. With the help of them brain of children could be developed in healthy manner. Through the plays their abilities of interacting with world at early age could be enhanced. There is range of personal and external factors that could influence child development. Complete the chart below to show positive and negative factors for the different factors. FactorPositive EffectsNegative Effects HealthIf children are having good healththenitcanhelp them to learn quickly. Bad or weak health reduce the abilities of a child to learn and think. DisabilityThe children who are free from physical and mental disability learn quickly as compare to others because they are highly capable to learnnewthings(Cook, Klein and Chen, 2015). A child who is physically or mentallychallengedmay haveverylowabilitiesto learn as most of senses may not work. Sensory impairment An individuals who is not havinganysensory impairmentcansenseall the things easily. Thechildwhoishaving sensory impairment may face difficultieswhilesensing anything. Learning difficulties Children who are able to learn properly and do not faceanydifficultywhile learning is a positive sign forthemthattheygets developed quickly. The children who are having difficultiesinlearningmay leave negative impact upon theirabilitytolearnand compete with others of their age. Genetic inheritance Someofthegenetic inheritancesuchasgood mathematicshelps Theseriousgeneticissues suchasheartdiseaseof childrenmayaffecttheir 4
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individuals to learn quickly andresolvetheissues properly. abilities to learn and perform differenttaskslikeother children. MotivationThechildrenwhoare havinghighlevelof motivationtolearnhelp themtogetdeveloped easily and take challenges. Ifchildrenarenothaving motivation of their parents or other individuals then it can affect their ability to learn as they will not have any person who can support them. Adult Expectations Some of the parents have expectationsfromtheir kids that they should learn properly so that they can groweasily.Forthis purpose they try to support them and play with them it helps the kids to develop properly (Graham, 2015). Most of the parents expect too much from their children andtheyengagethemin differentactivitiessuchas language,dance,music, swimming. All of them may leave negative impact upon child development. Financial factors Children whose parents are having sufficient financial resource are able to learn specifically and quickly as they can buy different tools for them which can help them to learn easily. If the children whose parents arenothavingsufficient resourcesmayface difficultiesinthestageof learning due to lack of tools which can help them to learn easily. Cultural factorsIn some of the countries it is necessary for parents to send their kids to kinder gardenandthenprimary school. This culture helps them to learn quickly in a proper manner. The countries where culture regarding primary education of children is not followed there it may leave negative impact upon their abilities to learn and get developed. Environmental factors Thecountrieswhere environment is very good and there is greenery all aroundherechildrencan learnproperlyas environment leaves impact upon their capabilities. Iftheenvironmentwhere children are learning is not goodthenitmayleave negativeimpactupontheir activities. 5
Communication needs Highlevelof communication helps helps individualstoenhance their learning skills as it helps them to clear all their doubts. For all the children it is very importanttocommunicate with others if they are not able to interact with others thenitmayleavenegative impact upon their learning. Physical Development Describe the development of Gross Motor Skills in the different age ranges below: include development of locomotion, balance and co-ordination: 0-3 years Children below the age of 0 to 3 years starts to kick legs in womb which states their development of locomotion. The kinds between the age group of 0 – 3 starts to learn walking at this stage. They try to balance them selves so that they can walk properly. At this stage parents are required to coordinate with them so that they can learn different things (Gurney, 2018). 3-5 years Children between the age of 3 to 5 starts to walk properly and they try to run and balance themselves. In order to run appropriately they require guidance of parents so that they can help to balance while running. 5-8 years Kids between the age of 5 to 8 years can run properly and at this stage they require proper coordination with their parents as they may have various questions for which they need an answer. If their mother and father are supporting them then it can help them to learn properly and quickly. Onset of Puberty and adolescence The children between the age of 8 to 14 are considered as the part of this group. This stage of age is very critical where communication between parents and kids is very important. The children who are at this stage need support of their mother and father as they can guide them to differentiate between right and wrong things. Physical Development Describe the development of Fine Motor Skillsin the different age ranges below: include infant reflexes, hand eye co-ordination, manipulation skills: 0-3 years The children between the age of 0 to 3 starts to learn different reflexes 6
which are crawling, grasping finger, tonic neck and learning to take step. All these reflexes are beneficial for them because with the help of all of them they get developed properly. 3-5 years Kids at the age of 3 to 5 years starts to make hand and eye coordination while moving. It is one of the main stage of child development where they can learn and grasp things very quickly. 5-8 years At the stage of 5 to 8 years the skills of children for manipulation get developed. They get to know that if they cry for a thing then they can get it from their parents. In order to fulfil all their demands they start to manipulate their parents. Emotional Development Describe emotional development in the different age ranges below: 0-3 years Children who are at primary stage are mostly attached to their care giver and their mother as they spend most of the time with them. They are not highly emotionally developed at this age but they want that they should be with someone with whom they feel comfortable (Kennedy and Heineke, 2014). 3- 5 years Kids between the age group of 3 to 5 years starts to get attached with other family members such as their father, brother and others. They may have strong bond with these people with whom they develop emotional relations. 5-8 years Childrenatthisagegroupstartstoexploreandestablishemotional relationships with their friends and other people with whom they meet. All the kids who are are at this age group require moral support of their parents so that they can get proper guidance. Onset of puberty and adolescence All the kids who are between the age of 8 to 14 have high level of emotional development because the require a person who can help them to resolve their curiosities. At this stage they develop emotional relations with their siblings and other people of their age who can understand properly. Explain the Development of attachments: Attachment can be defined as a primary caregiver for the individuals in the foundation of the relationships. There are various stages of it which 7
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are pre attachments, attachment in making, clear cut and formation of reciprocalrelationship.Childrenmaygetattachedtoapersonwho understand their feelings and guide them to deal with all the problems which could be faced by them in future. If it is highly secured then it could be an advantage for along term in life. For example, establishing attachments with parents helps children to feel safe and secure. Multiple attachments:These are the set of different attachments which are established with two or more people. Most of the children are not able to do the same and some of them make their specific connection with the care giver (Ma and Lai, 2014). Self-concept and personal identity:Own concept, views and beliefs of an individual for others are known as the part of this factor. According to this element all the children should be self aware about the things which are required by them from their life. Explain the different theories of development below and how these affect the framework and practice. Bowlby’s attachment theory:This theory was developed by John Bowlby who was a psychoanalyst. It was introduced by keeping in mind that behaviouralproblemsandmentalhealthcouldbeattributedtoearly childhood. This theory states that children come to the world for the purpose of forming attachments with other people because with the help of it they can survive in the real world. There are various points which are majorly focused by Bowlby. All of them are as follows: Children have an inborn need to get attached to one main attachment which is mono-trophy. It is a right of all the children to receive continuous care for al least two years of birth. All the long term consequences of deprivation of mother should be focused with reduced intelligence, depression, increased aggression etc. Bowlby has stated that a short term separation from a mother may lead to distress for the children. If children are getting attached in a specific relationship with their primary caregiver than it may lead to the development of an of internal working model of them (Macintyre,2014). 8
Skinner:ThistheorywasdevelopedbyB.F.Skinnerwhowasa behavioural psychologist. According to Skinner in order to understand behaviour of an individuals it is very important to look at the causes of an action and the consequences which may take place due to them. There are two main types of behaviours that are explained under this theory. All of them are as follows: Operant behaviour and conditioning:According to Skinner, all the things which requires conscious control are treated by this type of behaviour. There are various aspects such as responding to problems etc. which requires proper control. All these types of situations could be dealt with the help of this behaviour and it plays an important role in the process of learning because it can guide kids to reduce the possibility of taking wrong actions. Respondent behaviour:All the activities which are performed by children automatically are related to this behaviour. For example, the kids between 0 to 3 years pee and poop in their pants which is uncontrollable by them. Such behaviours are not learned as they may occur involuntarily. Freud: Oral stage:This is the first age and children belonging to age group 0 to 1 fall under same. Their sexual desires are fulfilled through their mouth. Sucking, breastfeeding and swallowing are the most common practices which are performed by them in order to get the satisfaction (Mensah and Badu-Shayar, 2016). Anal stage:The satisfaction level in this stage is dependent upon anus and children between the age of 1 to 3 get pleasure by defecating. Parents provide proper training to their kids regarding the place and time when and where they can poop. Early training of it may develop a behaviour of a child who do not like to mess defecate at right time and place. Phallic:This stage is related to the awareness of a child between the age of 3 to 6 regarding anatomical sex differences. It sets in the motion the conflict between jealousy, erotic attraction, rivalry, fear etc. and all of them are known as Freud. Latent:This stage is related to the age group of year 6 to puberty in which no psychosexual development takes place in human body. At this stage all the energy is of children is invested by them in developing new skills and enhancing knowledge. Genital:It is the last stage of this theory which range between puberty and adulation. At this stage they become aware of all the mediums which can provide pleasure to the children. These are kissing, oral sex etc. 9
Maslow:It is a theory which was developed by Maslow in 1943 in order to facilitate individuals to understand different stages of needs. There are five different elements of it which are as follows: Physiological needs:It is the first stage of Maslow's hierarchy which is mainly related to basic requirements of an individual. These are rest, food, water, shelter. All of them are the major needs of children which are fulfilled by parents at initial level. Safety needs:When all the basic needs are fulfilled then such requirements takes place in which children require safety, security, freedom from fear and stability. Belongingness and love needs:It is third level of human needs which develop with age and also known as social needs. At this stage children needsforinterpersonalrelationshipsgetsdevelopedwhichmotivates behaviour. Their requirements at this stage are trust, acceptance, affection, love and friendship (Sukkar,Dunst and Kirkby, 2016). Esteem needs:All the needs which are developed at late adult age are known as such requirements. The things which are required by individuals at this stage are status, prestige, achievement, mastery, interdependence, etc. All of them are very important to develop self esteem. Self actualisation needs:At this stage individuals understand their personalpotentialandtheytryforselffulfilmentandgettingpeak experiences. Bandura:A social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura that definesthatindividualsspeciallychildrenlearnfromeachothervia modelling, observing and imitating. It is also considered as the bridge between motivation, attention and memory. The mind of kids gets developed at early stage so the parents should pay attention towards their actions as the child will observe and learn them. If mother and father of a kid are fighting then it may leave negative impact upon the behaviour. Different aspects which are focused by this theory are attention, motivation, reproduction and retention. Watson:This theory was developed by John Watson in year 1913 which is mainly related to behaviourism. According to the theory it can be defined as a school which is based upon psychology and emphasises on objective and scientific method of inquiry. Some of the basic assumptions of this theory are as follows: ď‚·the behaviour of a children is shaped, learned and formed by the surroundings. ď‚·Stimulus response results in behaviour of an individual. 10
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ď‚·Human and animal learning are very similar to each other. Social Development Describe social development in the different age ranges below: 0-3 years Social development in children of 0 to 3 years depends upon the care giver. They should stay close during play groups, ignore forcing them to share, helping them to wait and let them deciding how long their turn lasts. 3-5 years At this stage kids learn to become self sufficient and they try to interact with peers and relate with them by themselves. Kids of year 3 to 5 try to become somewhat independent as they start to go pre school at this age. They also learn for sharing their things by themselves. 5-8 years Preferences of children changes at this stage as they start to liking to be around their peers because they can relate with them. They are also able to communicate with others without help of their parents. Onset of puberty and adolescence It is considered as the most complex and fascinating stage of life that drives various aspects of development and growth of children. All the kids at this age become mature and they can take decision by themselves. Explain prosocial behaviour:It is a type of behaviour that provides benefit to society and other people. The activities which are related to it are sharing, cooperating, helping, volunteering and donating. Explain moral development:The process which is pays attention towards change, understanding and emergence of morality from a kid to adult is known as moral development. Explainthedevelopmentoffriendships:Withthehelpofsocial development friendship is developed by individuals in which they can share all the feelings of them with others. Explainthedevelopmentofaggression:Geneticandenvironment componentscontributeinthedevelopmentofaggressivebehaviour.It develops with age and includes impulsivity, language delays and emotion dysregulation. Explainmanagingunwantedbehaviour,makesureyouinclude conditioning, reinforcement, social learning and role models: 11
For all the individual it is very important to manage unwanted behaviour by paying attention towards conditioning, reinforcement, social learning and role models. Intellectual development Describe intellectual development in the different age ranges below: 0-3 years In this age group the intellectual development of children is very low as they are not able to think properly and they are guided by their parents or caregivers. 3-5 years Intellectual development of children of this age group is moderate as kids at this stage starts to think properly about what they want to eat and drink. 5-8 years Children in the age of 5 to 8 years have higher intellectual development as compare to the age group of 3 to 5 because some of their decisions are taken by themselves such as interacting with other people. Onset of puberty and adolescence Children at this stage of age have highly developed intellectual skills as they think about each and every aspect before taking a step. They also think before communicating with other people (Waite,2017). Explain the theories of development and frameworks affecting practice for: Nature V Nurture:It is a psychological theory which is mainly developed for the purpose of determining the conflict of nature and nurture in detail. Nature is pre wiring element which is influenced by biological factors on the other hand nurture is totally dependent upon external factors such as life experienced and learning. Nature of a child depends upon the family members and nurture is dependent upon learning experiences and product of exposure. Cognitive/Constructivist:It is one of the main theory which is followed in schools by teachers and educators. It was mainly used in 1930 and 40s. As teachers are considered as the facilitators for students as they guide them to learn and get educated. This theory was developed by Jean Piaget in which it has been demonstrated that children can't be given information that could be understood by them immediately. Instead of this all the learners should construct their own knowledge themselves. 12
Piaget e.g. learner centred educational philosophy and learning through play:Piaget has also introduced the concept of learner centred educational philosophy and learning through play. Both the aspects are focused for the purpose of developing learning capabilities of individuals. Chomsky’s theory of language development:This theory is based upon the way in which kids acquire and learn languages. It states that a child have inherited skills to pick and learn languages . With the help of all the qualities they also learn to walk. Vygotsky’s theory:It is considered as one of the main foundations of constructivism as it asserts three major types of themes. All of them are relatedtosocialinteraction,zoneofproximaldevelopmentandmore knowledgeable. By paying attention towards all of them an individual can learn properly (Wang and Degol, 2014). Explainthefourapproachestostudyinglanguagedevelopment. Normative, behaviourist approaches, nature and social constructivist theories: Normative:This approach is related to the understanding of political theory. It is mainly based upon logical thinking that covers maths, logic and rationality. Behaviourist:It is a psychological approach that depends upon behaviourofanindividualthatchangeswithtime.Themain consideration of it is observable stimulus response behaviours. Nature:This was developed by Tracy Terrel which is mainly used for the purpose of developing learning abilities of individuals. It states that learning process is a reproduction of the way in which people acquire the language naturally. Social:This approach depends upon the social context that covers friends, family and society. It is focused with the public behaviour of individuals. Explain the factors to consider when communicating using Argyle’s stages of communication: There are various types of factors which should be considered by individuals while communicating. All of them could be understood with the help of 6 stages of Argyle's stages of communication. All of them are idea occurrence, message coding inaccurate or vague, message sent, message received, decoding of message and misunderstanding of message. While 13
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communicatingalltheseelementsarerequiredtobefocusedwhile communicating. Complete the chart below: Age rangeSpeech,languageand communication development Activities to support 0-3 yearsThelevelofspeech, languageand communication developmentisvery low. Playing games Conducting interactive activities 3-5 yearsThis age group have a slighthighlevelof speech,languageand communication development. Communicating with kids Appraisingtheir work. 5-8 yearsChildrenwhoareat this stage of age have a highlevelofspeech, languageand communication. Conducting language classes Interactingwith themandasking for issues. Onset of puberty and adolescence Thesekidshave highest level of all the aspects. Focusingontheir activitiesand tryingtosupport their efforts. How do speech, language and communication skills support children’s learning? Speech,languageandcommunicationskillssupportlearningof children because with the help of all of them they will be able to learn quickly.Alltheseelementshelptodevelopcapabilitiesofobserving, understanding etc. What are the potential impacts of speech, language and communication difficulties on the overall development of a child, both currently and in the longer term? Therearevariouspotentialimpactsofspeech,languageand communication difficulties for a child. All of them are as follows: 14
It will directly affect development of children by creating issues for them while interacting with others. All the difficulties will also create issues for children in loner term because they may get failed to achieve their carer goals if they face issues while communicating and delivering speech. Describe ways in which adults can effectively support and extend the speech, language and communication development of children during early years: There are various ways in which adults can effectively support and extend the speech, language and communication development of children during early years. All of them are as follows: Adults can provide moral support to children by guiding them for the wrong and right things to do. They can motivate them to deal with all the challenges by themselves and in proper manner (Webster,2017). What are the positive effects of adult support for children and their carers? Adult support for children and their carers is very important because it can help them to get developed easily and resolve all their issues properly. With the help of it all the queries which comes to the mind of kids may get resolved effectively which will enhance their confidence and skills of communication. Howdolevelsofspeechandlanguagedevelopmentvarybetween children entering an early year’s provision and the range of needs that needtobetakenintoaccountduringthesettlinginperiodand planning: Levels of speech and language development vary between early year's provision and settling in period because the kids have different needs in both the stages. At early stage they will be able to interact with others properly which can help them to deliver proper speech. In settling in period they may not be able to deliver a speech because they will not have skills for the same. Evaluatetheeffectivenessofspeech,languageandcommunication support for children in own setting: Speech, language and communication supportare very important for children own setting because with the help of all these elements they will be able to make others understand about the things which are communicated by them.Ifachildisnothavingproperknowledgeoflanguageand 15
communication then it may affect ability of delivering speech and setting a good image among others. What is the importance ofthe environment in supporting speech, language and communication development? Environmentsupportsspeech,languageandcommunication development because a good environment directly leaves impact upon behaviour of individuals. If a person is not having a good environment to deliver a speech then it may affect the way in which speech is delivered (Woodhead, 2015). Review evidence about the key factors that provide a supportive speech, language and communication environment: There are various factors which are supportive for speech, language and communication environment. All of them are support from adults, taking part in interactive activities, family support etc. 16
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REFERECES Books and Journals: Afolabi,O.E.,2014.Parents’involvementandpsycho-educational development of learners with special educational needs (SENs): An empirical review.Romanian Journal of School Psychology.7(14). pp.7-31. Bredekamp, S., 2014.Effective practices in early childhood education: Building a foundation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Carvalho,L.andGoodyear,P.,2014.Thearchitectureofproductive learning networks. Routledge. Cline, T., 2018.The Assessment of Special Educational Needs: International Perspective. Routledge. Cook, R. E., Klein, M. D. and Chen, D., 2015.Adapting early childhood curricula for children with special needs. Pearson. Graham,L.J.,2015.Alittlelearningisadangerousthing:Factors influencing the increased identification of special educational needs fromtheperspectiveofeducationpolicy-makersandschool practitioners.International Journal of Disability, Development and Education.62(1). pp.116-132. Gurney, P. W., 2018.Self-esteem in children with special educational needs. Routledge. Kennedy,A.S.andHeineke,A.,2014.Re-envisioningtheroleof universitiesinearlychildhoodteachereducation:Community partnerships for 21st-century learning.Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education.35(3). pp.226-243. Ma, J. L. and Lai, K. Y., 2014. Family engagement in children with mental health needs in a Chinese context: A dream or reality?.Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work.23(3-4), pp.173-189. Macintyre, C., 2014.Identifying Additional Learning Needs in the Early Years. Routledge. Mensah,F.A.andBadu-Shayar,J.,2016.IdentificationofSpecial EducationalNeedsforEarlyChildhoodInclusiveEducationin Ghana.Journal of Education and Practice.7(11). pp.1-8. Sukkar,H.,Dunst,C.J.andKirkby,J.eds.,2016.Earlychildhood intervention: Working with families of young children with special needs. Taylor & Francis. 17
Waite, S. ed., 2017.Children learning outside the classroom: From birth to eleven. Sage. Wang, M. T. and Degol, J., 2014. Staying engaged: Knowledge and research needs in student engagement.Child development perspectives.8(3). pp.137-143. Webster, A., 2017.Deafness, development and literacy. Routledge. Woodhead, M., 2015. Psychology and the cultural construction of children’s needs. InConstructing and reconstructing childhood(pp. 54-73). Routledge. Online Childdevelopmentprinciples.2019.[Online].Availablethrough:< https://www.babiesgenius.com/child-development-principles-2/> 18