Understanding Leading Change

This document provides an in-depth understanding of leading change in organizations. It covers the impact of change on organizational behavior, different drivers of change, and measures to minimize negative impacts. It also evaluates the ways in which internal and external drivers of change affect leadership, team, and individual behaviors within an organization.

Understanding leading
change

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
Activity 1 ........................................................................................................................................4
P3 Evaluate measures that can be taken to minimise negative impacts of change on
organisational behaviour .......................................................................................................4
P1 Compare different organisational examples where there has been an impact of change on
an organisation’s strategy and operations...............................................................................5
M1Assess the different drivers for change in each of the given examples and the types of
organisational change they have affected...............................................................................8
D1 Draw conclusions and recommendations with valid justifications for planning effectively
for change and applying change impact analysis...................................................................9
P2 Evaluate the ways in which internal and external drivers of change affect leadership, team
and individual behaviours within an organisation................................................................10
M2 Apply appropriate theories and models to critically evaluate organisational response to
change...................................................................................................................................13
D1 Draw conclusions and recommendations with valid justifications for planning effectively
for change and applying change impact analysis.................................................................14
Activity 2.........................................................................................................................................1
P4 Explain different barriers for change and determine how they influence leadership
decision-making in a given organisational context................................................................1
M3 Use force field analysis to analyse the driving and resisting forces and show how they
influence decision-making......................................................................................................3
D2 Critically evaluate the use of force field analysis in the context of meeting organisational
objectives................................................................................................................................5
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................6
P5 Apply different leadership approaches to dealing with change in a range of organisational
contexts...................................................................................................................................6
M4 Evaluate the extent to which leadership approaches can deliver organisational change
effectively applying appropriate models and frameworks.....................................................8
D3 Critically evaluate the effectiveness of leadership approaches and models of change
management............................................................................................................................9

CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................10
References:.....................................................................................................................................11
Force Field Analysis Advantages and Disadvantages. 2020. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.latestquality.com/force-field-analysis-advantages-disadvantages/>.............13

INTRODUCTION
Organisational change termed as a modification and alteration within an organisational
workplace structure. If an organisation get duly affected by any of the external and internal
factors then it is signified as organisational change. It is one of the most important component
that stimulate organisation towards more competitive advancements (Alvesson and Sveningsson,
2015). Organisation by having adaptable nature towards its policies, strategies, working climate
and structural relationship modern corporates can effectively able to adapt changes in a well
defined manner. In this report two activities are covered. In first project discussions has been
conducted on House of Fraser and Marks and Spencer while activity 2 has been conduced in
Nokia. In this report formative discussions has been made on, impact of change upon operations
and strategy of each of the organisation along with different drivers of change. Along with this,
report include ways in which external and internal drivers of change affect individual and team
behaviours and leadership with House of Frazer and M & S. Further this project include
measures as to reduce negative impact of change. In addition to this, application of Burke-Litwen
Model, continuous improvement model and system theory is being covered in this report. Lastly,
recommendation is provided to company.
Activity 1
P3 Evaluate measures that can be taken to minimise negative impacts of change on
organisational behaviour
Change is defined as one of the most important process of an organisation despite of their
size and scope that lead them towards gaining high competitive advancements. It has been
evaluated that change is having positive as well as negative impact over functioning of
organisation. In order to deal them in best effective manner and reduce negative impact of
change it is essential for Marks and Spencer to undertake significant strategic measures. There
are some of the efforts mentioned below that can be undertaken by company:
 It is essential for Marks and Spencer to make sure that there is continuous market
researching in order to effectively evaluate current trends and measures within business

environment. With the help of this company can effectively able to adopt changes in
proper time frame and further communicate the same to employees as to ensure their
proper support in a well defined manner.
 Marks & Spencer is required to carry out training as to provide effective knowledge to
employees for the change which is going to be implement by entity. Main motive of these
training sessions must be to effectively prepare employees to cope with instant change
and handle those situations without getting panic and execute the change in best effective
manner.
P1 Compare different organisational examples where there has been an impact of change on an
organisation’s strategy and operations
Organisational structure is defined as a framework that defines different measures within
which activities of organisation takes place as to fulfil goals and objectives of entity in a well
defined manner (The changing state of Retail. 2019). Some of the activities include supervision,
responsibilities, roles and duties. Along with information flow is being covered in this.
House of Fraser and Marks and Spencer is the selected organisation as per according to
the given case. House of Frazer operate their functioning in retailing sector and is a British
department store. Company was founded in the year 1849 while having headquarter in England ,
U.K. Products of company include home ware, fashion clothing, gifts, cosmetics, toys and more.
While Marks and Spencer is a British multinational organisation operating their services in
retailing sector. Company was established in the year 1884 and have its headquarter in London,
United kingdom.
Mentioned below a formative comparison among Marks and Spencer & House of Fraser
is being defined below:
Basis Marks and Spencer House of Fraser
Technological Change As to make significant
modification in the process of
ordering, entity is undertaking
advantage of point-of-sale
(POS) system. Along with this,
in order to have regular check
As to offer their products with
latest design in time effective
framework company
undertakes use of innovative
technologies (Latham, 2013).
For this entity make reduction

on latest design availability of
products, organisation adopt
personal digital assistant. In
addition to this, company offer
online shopping facility to
customers in order to provide
them ease while purchasing.
in defects with an aim to
increase overall organisational
profitability. Further as to
maintain long term
sustainability in present high
competitive marketplace entity
is required to make significant
upgrade in their technology as
per according to dynamic
environment (Lillard and Al-
Suqri, 2019). In addition to
this, it has been identified that
without having online sites,
entity can lead towards
shortfall in their overall
profitability ratio.
Technology Adopted Marks and Spencer enforced
mobile augmented reality app
as their promotional tool
within their 959 stores around
UK (Marks & Spencer reveals
technology transformation
programme. 2019). In addition
to this, entity undertakes
advantage of “location
intelligence” technology as to
easily track down footfalls
within their stores.
Organisation take use of
different form of software's as
to ensure effective
organisational performance. As
per in accordance with current
technological change
organisation implements
numerous form of software's
like performance management
software and more.
Structural Change Company opted for vertical
integration with their
It has been analysed that as to
make significant increase in

manufacturers as to introduce
new products in time effective
manner. It has been analysed
that Online website make
significant boost in overall
sales of organisation in U.K. In
addition to this, entity adopted
control policy in order to
manufacture organisational
products with high quality.
Further organisation made
formative collaboration with
California-based Fetch
Robotics in order to undertake
advantage of artificial
intelligence in order to duly
manage inventory stock in a
well defied and effective
manner (Gersch and Franz
2019).
overall sales and profitability
of organisation House of Fire
make expansion of their
business operations in
European countries in which
they are not yet established.
Man reason to expand their
business is to keep products
prices at low cost as to duly
attract attention of customers
in a well defined and effective
manner.
Differences in Organizational Approaches to Change
As per the given report, this has been identified that both of the mentioned entities
operates their functioning within same retailing industrial sector. Apart from that it has has been
determined that both Marks and Spencer & House of Fraser face different types of issues within
their organisational structure. It has been identified that, Marks and Spencer effectively ensure
flexibility within their design (Cruz Roche, Romero and Sellers-Rubio, 2019). In addition to this,
they are having strategical agreements with of domestic manufacturers in order to ensure timely
delivery of products as well as services. In order to ascertain success it is essential for
organisation to effectively evaluate market trends. While, House of Fraser offer their products as
well as services with lower price range as per compared to their competitors. For this

organisation undertakes use of “cost leadership”. Further it has been analysed that within entity
there is a separate team those who engage in the process of evaluating current prevailing trends
within industry.
Similarities in Organizational Approaches to Change
It has been analysed that both of the companies deal within same industrial sector, this
indicates certain form of the similarities among them (Kotter, 2012). Marks and Spencer and
House of Fraser offer wide range of products and services to customers with an aim to make
significant increase in organisational profitability. In addition this, it has been evaluated that
while operating their functioning in same segment, trends as well as approaches are being
followed within organisation are same most of the time. Along with this, both of them have same
aim which is to ensure long term sustainability by offering qualitative products as well services
to customers as to provide them effectively satisfaction.
M1Assess the different drivers for change in each of the given examples and the types of
organisational change they have affected
Change lead towards improvement, it is essential for manager to adopt diverse range of
change smoothly in organisational structure. It has been evaluated that changes within internal
and external environment constantly lead towards affecting each and every business activities.
These changes can takes place at individual and at either at organisational level. It has been
analysed that both internal as well as external factors acts as essential element with the proper
understanding of which managers can effectively able to gain wide range of opportunities.
Mentioned below the drivers of change that facilitated both the firms to bring about the changes
is being defined:
Technological advancements:
Technology is changing with its fast phase which is required to be adopt by organisations
in order to serve their customers at best (Pantano and Dennis, 2019). This factor significantly
facilitate both of the retailing organisation. In order to offer high quality products as well as
services entities are required to implement technological advancements in their workplace
structure as to ensure high competitive advancements. In addition to this, with the hep of
strengthening IT department both of the retailing entities can execute their organisational
functioning in an advanced level that further lead them to gain high growth rate in respective
industry.

Rivalry:
This is an another factor that duly facilitate both of the companies to bring structural as
well as technological change in their workplace structure. In this it is essential for organisations
to effectively evaluate strategical policies and measures that has been undertaken by their rivals
and then take use of advanced level of strategies as to stay one step ahead of their competitors.
This significantly aid companies to ensure competitive advancements and potential growth in
marketplace.
D1 Draw conclusions and recommendations with valid justifications for planning effectively for
change and applying change impact analysis
In order to effectively manage change, it is essential for management undertake use of
effective change management. With the help of this, company can effectively able to ensure high
growth opportunities and profitability. Mentioned below there are some certain measures that are
required to be implement by both of the entities as to manage their operations in a well defined
manner:
Strong Leadership:

In order to make employees compatible with change, it is essential for leaders of both the
entities to ensure that there new skill development undertake place in organisational workplaces
structure on continuous basis. This will help organisation to manage complexity and uncertainty
in a well defined manner while further providing formative direction to employees.
Monitoring staff behaviour and attitude:
In this Marks and Spencer and House of Fraser is required to engage their employees in
the change process from the starting to end phase. In addition to this, they are also required to
formulate effective communication channel. Further it has been evaluated that, entities are
required to create a work environment as to direct employees towards change in best effective
manner.
By undertaking all these measures into concern, entities can effectively able to implement
change within their structure and can further stimulate employees to adopt these changes in a
well defined manner.
P2 Evaluate the ways in which internal and external drivers of change affect leadership, team and
individual behaviours within an organisation
This has been evaluated that organisational change is one of the most important element
as it is inevitable. With the help of change entities can effectively able to stimulate their growth.
In this manager hold the responsibility to effectively identify current prevailing changes and
formulate plans. This effectively benefit companies to ensure their long term sustainability in a
well defined manner and further gain more competitive advancements against their competitors.
It has been identified that by undertaking advantage of change entities can effectively able to
gain advancements from wide range of opportunities that are prevailing in marketplace. Apart
from that, it has been identified that dynamic changes also impact upon working of organisation
in number of ways. It has also been seen that lots of changes makes most of the employees to
resist change. Thus, in order to effectively implement change within workplace structure it is
essential for organisation to effectively implement their strategies, policies as well as processes
as to ensure organisational growth in best effective manner:
Drivers of change-
It is defined as a inclusion of elements that lay down impact upon overall functioning of
organisation or industry (Pantano and Vannucci, 2019). It has been signified that participants of
industry are being significantly pressurised to make significant modification in their activities

that lead towards change within organisations. Drivers of change can undertake within both
internal as well as external environment. It further impact upon leaders and team, individual
behaviour within organisational structure. In order to simulate change in best effective manner
and and ensure successful implementation of change it is essential for leaders to undertake well
effective decision-making and further make best effective plans, procedures and policies in order
to strengthen resources of entity in a well defined manner.
Internal factors and their impact:
Internal factors involves those factors that are mainly under control by managers within
entity. Mentioned below there are some certain form of internal factors are being defined below:
Organizational culture-
Organisational culture include factors related to traditions, values, perception and
believes of the personnel those who are performing their work in organisation. This lead towards
impacting upon employees employees behaviours. It is essential for organisation to have best
effective strategies as well as policies as with the help of this company can ensure effectively
employee turnover, productivity and profitability and more (Cummings and Worley, 2014).
Within House of Fraser working premise of it has been seen that due to the presence of
Corporate Culture Favouritism, employees feel discriminated on the basis of their skin colour.
While on the other hand, in Marks and Spencer good relationship with employees depicts
employee retention ratio in a best effective manner.
Poor Delivery-
It has been seen that companies face issues that are mainly linked with delivery and
quality of services that further lead towards impacting upon organisation probability ratio in all
of their outlets. In relation with Marks and Spencer, this has been evaluated that customers do
not get their delivery in time of their purchased products via online store. The main reason
behind this is improper way of supply chain management. In addition to this, it has been
evaluated that House of Fraser offer satisfactory products as well as services to customers as to
maximise satisfaction level of customers in a well defined manner.
Financial Management
Finance termed as am life blood of each and every organisation despite of their size and
scope. Thus, it becomes essential for an entity to duly manage their funds in well effective
manner as to undertake all other activities in best effective manner. With the proper management

of funds an organisation can effectively able to conduct their other activities that are related to
purchase of raw materials, new assets etc. Within Marks and Spencer it is essential for company
to ensure that they produce products as well as services by maintaining product quality in lower
rate base. While on the other hand, by making large base of investments organisation can
effectively able to ensure long term returns and can further able to make significant increase in
overall sales base .
External forces and their impact
In this elements of external parties impact upon functioning of organisation. In addition
to this, it is not under control of leaders as well as manager of company (Cummings and Worley,
2014). Thus, it is essential of top executives of organisation to formulate well effective plan as
well as policies in order to overcome pressure of external forces upon functioning of
organisation.
Technological Change-
Technology is changing at its fast rate that affect organisational operations in number of
ways. There are lot of innovations as well as advancements that undertakes in external
environment. Thus, it becomes essential for entities to take advantage of updated technologies in
order to ensure more competitive advancements. In context with both Marks and Spencer and
House of Fraser it is essential for both of the companies to make significant improvement in their
technology and upgrade them in regular manner
Globalization-
It involves diversification as well as expansions of operations of organisation at
international level in order to increase profitability of entity in a well defined manner. It has been
identified that with easy entrance there is presence of high competition. In order to ensure
effective growth resources are required to be maintained in a well effective manner. In relation
with Marks and Spencer, it has been analysed that company gained effective competitive
advantage due to their popularity. While on the other hand House of Fraser does not have
effective recognizationa as they are only confined to United Kingdom marketplace.
Impact on leader, individual and team
Leader
A leader must examine and
interpret the changes and their
Individual
Employees have individual
tasks and resist changes when
Team
Manager of team is responsible
for providing direction. Hence,

effect on the manpower. They
will change their policies by
adopting a suitable leadership
style as per the situation.
it occurs in the organisation.
They should be motivated by
the leaders to accept changes
and work for increasing their
productivity.
they must focus on rearranging
their guidelines for team
members which would be
accepted by all.
M2 Apply appropriate theories and models to critically evaluate organisational response to
change
In order to make significant reduction of the negative impacts of each and every change
upon organisational functioning, company undertake use of PDCA model. Mentioned below
stages of this model is being defined below:
PDCA Model
Plan- It is defined as initial stage of PDCA model in which organisation indulge in the
process of evaluation of main cause of issue. In order to effectively conduct this function
company undertake the process of market research. In context with, Marks and Spencer it as
been identified by their management is that there are significant number of technological
changes prevailing in within global retail environment. In order to overcome this issue entity is
required to prepare themselves with the help of well defined strategies as well as planning and
offer effective training sessions as to make employees compatible with change. This will lead
entity to ensure effective growth while dealing with change in a well defined manner.
Do- formulation of well defined and effective plan for probable constants during the time
period of change, while next stage is related to best effective execution of planning in order to
deliver positive outcomes for Marks & Spencer. In this, Marks and Spencer brought structural as
well as technological changes within their organisational structure. With the help of this stage
company can make reduction in their wrong decision making aspects.
Check- This phase within PDCA state a contract among desired and actual performance
with an aim to significantly control activities in a well defined and effective manner. In this, with
the implementation of techniques related to monitoring effectively benefit Marks & Spencer to
have regular check an evaluation of both the changes effectiveness.

Act- At this phase of PDCA model there is a documentation and reporting of change in
being done. In this changes are mainly put in order to use practically (Hintz and Bahia, 2013).
Act stage offer proper guidance to Marks and Spencer in relation with changes success and
failure.
As per the discussion it has been determined that, all the mentioned stages in PDCA
effectively offer benefit formative assistance to Marks & Spencer as to make reduction in
negative impact which is duly linked with change.
D1 Draw conclusions and recommendations with valid justifications for planning effectively for
change and applying change impact analysis
Organisational factors significant posses the power to effectively influence overall
business environment in many different manner. These elements exist in internal as well as
external environment. This bring organisation to undertake use of effective strategies as to deal
with these challenges in a well defined manner. Changes also affect probability as well as growth
of organisation. Thus, it becomes essential for Marks and Spencer and House of Frazer to
undertake use of Bruke Litwin Model in order to effectively overcome negative impact of change
upon organisational functioning.
In the year 1992, Bruke Litwin developed this model. This model was developed by
Litwin in order to understand various parts of an organization. This model is used by various
companies in order to know about the affected areas and their interrelation.
External environment-
In external environment there are different types of factors such as competitors, markets,
legislation etc. In this it is important for organisations to effectively understand external
environment factors impact upon organisation functioning (Aslan and Reigeluth, 2013). Marks
and Spencer and House of Fraser aim towards providing qualitative qualitative products and
services to their customers. For this, both of these entities are recommended to frame plan as
well as strategies in order to overcome the impact of external factors upon activities of
organisation.
Mission and Strategy
Every entity have their own set of mission and vision that are being established by them
as to achieve organisational goals in best effective manner. As Marks and Spencer and House of
Fraser conduct their functioning in retailing industrial segment with a common aim which is to

fulfil requirements and demands of consumers in a well defined manner. For this,
recommendation is being given to organisations in respect of taking use of strategies and policies
as to fulfil organisational mission and vision in a well defined manner.
Leadership-
It has been analysed that behaviours and attitudes of sub-ordinates get influenced by
leaders. Leaders act as key element in a team. Thus, they are required to motivate and increase
morale of employees in a well defined manner. As both House of Fraser and Marks and Spencer
operate their functioning in retailing organisation thus, it become essential for both of the entities
to provide effectively guidance to their employees. For this, they are recommended to use
different types of leadership styles and policies as to ensure sustainable stability in this global
competitive environment.
Organizational Culture
It refers to the beliefs and values which exist within the organization. Cultural changes
evolves over the time period as a result of various different changes in the organization. The
manager of the companies should interpret and keep in mind the desired state for the company.
This will be in terms of how they expect employees to behave within an organisation.
Structure-
Strong changes of external environment lead organisation to change their structure. In
order to implement effective changes restructure and re-engineering is being done by entity that
duly affect responsibilities, relationship etc (Anderson, 2016). In this, it is essential for both
Marks and Spencer and House of Fraser to effectively posses understanding of all the factors
that affect organisational operations. In addition to this management of company is being
recommended to take advantage of strategic opportunities in order to fulfil requirements and
expectations of consumers in a well defined manner.