Organisational Behaviour: Culture, Politics, and Motivation

This report explores the influence of culture, politics, and power on individual and team behavior and performance in an organizational context. It examines the impact of content and process theories of motivation in achieving organizational goals. The report also discusses the characteristics of effective teams. The case study focuses on Arcadia Group, a British multinational retailing company headquartered in London, UK.

Unit 12 Organisational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Examine how an administration's culture, politics and power influences individual and
team behaviour and performance.................................................................................................1
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................2
P2 Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques
enable effective achievement of goals in an organisational context............................................2
Task 3...............................................................................................................................................3
P3 Demonstrate an understanding of what makes an effective team, as opposed to an
ineffective team............................................................................................................................3
Task 4...............................................................................................................................................7
P4 Apply concepts and philosophies of OB within an organisational context and a given
business situation.........................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERANCES................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
The behaviour of a person and organisation is different that needs to be consider while
running a business and completing the task. A study of human behaviour and their values is
known as organisation behaviour that should be effective which can be uses to work properly
and manage the good performance (Borkowski and Meese, 2020). In organisation number of
people are working they have different culture and values which uses in workings and improving
the organisational profitability. This states how people are behaving in changing environment
and get ready to accept the challenges. This report is about Arcadia Group that is British
multinational retailing company, headquarter in London, UK. The purpose of report is to
understand how culture, politics and behaviour influences, how to motivate individuals and team
to achieve goals, how to cooperate with team and philosophies of organisational behaviours.
Task 1
P1 Examine how an administration's culture, politics and power influences individual and team
behaviour and performance
Power : This can be referred as energy and authority that a person have and influences
other. Some people who have power can use this positively and some are in negatively that
affected the business performance. To understand this, French and Raven model is used by
Arcadia Group that helps to define how this can be used:
Legitimate: This means a person get power from beliefs that having formal right to make
demand and others should be obedient. Under this, person who goes through legitimate power
influence individual of Arcadia Group as they become followers and follow all orders. And team
behaviour become effective by performing their task because person use legitimate power (Chen,
Chen and Sheldon, 2016).
Reward: This showing the ability of a person to compensate and compliance which can
help to complete work and give good results. In Arcadia Group, management can use to
influencing individuals by analysing their performance and give them rewards for their well
performance. Team of such organisation get appreciation and complete the common goals that
bring higher productivity.
Expert: This power derives from experience from individuals that can help to increase
the organisational performance and profitability. This power purely deprived from personal traits

in Arcadia Group that make more intelligent and talented in their work. Team performance
under this, become higher and attain the business goals effectively.
Referent: The bases of power is is liked and respected as individual that can help to
attracts the person and accept changes effectively. Individual get influenced from their
management as they have referent power and work perfectly that increases performance. Team
performance in this culture build the working capabilities of each member and increase the
business performance.
Coercive: When person do something against employee's will and threaten them for
working and completing task. This influences individual behaviour and performance in Arcadia
Group as they become bound to work and perform their activities in fear of job loss. On the other
side, team performance under coercive power complete the work that reduced organisational
profitability (Chen and et.al., 2020).
From the above Arcadia Group is using expert power in their organisation which can help
to increase the abilities and learning skills of individuals and deliver right performance. On the
other side, team performance increases as employees with different skills and experience handle
their role and responsibilities in good way and attain the business goals.
Influence of politics – This can be illustrated as social network authority, and power
which uses by management or top authority for motivating employees and accomplishing goals
in required duration (Cooper and et.al., 2017). Moreover, politics in relation to organisation is
just sum of formal as well as informal attempts which administration set goals for stay motivated
and helps to attain the business goals. On the other hand, it may have negative influence in
Arcadia Group like diminishing productiveness as well as demotivating unworthy staff that result
in gaining better opportunities with effect of politics which result in spoiling working
environment. Therefore, it is important for management to use their power and politics positive
by keeping all staff equally and provide them equal opportunity to perform well.
Culture : This can be evaluated by management of organisation to know the culture,
value and behaviour of employees who works individually and collectively. To improve business
performance and productivity there is need to follow appropriate culture that help employees to
work properly by accepting challenges. Arcadia Group is retailing organisation that uses Handy
Culture theory for selecting the best culture that are as explained:

Handy culture model
Power Culture- In this kind of organisational culture the power is concentrated amongst
few people like it can be hands of the leader or a small group of individuals. This type of culture
is a strong culture where the employees are judged by the work they achieve rather than how the
work is done or how they act in the entity. If Arcadia Group adopts this kind of culture, it can
affect the individuals and team performance negatively. This happens because the individuals
and team members have a feeling of not having powers in their hands despite of doing hard work
with full dedication (Gelfand and et.al., 2017).
Role Culture- In this type of culture the work is assigned to the individuals on a specific
job or a role. This helps in spreading the tasks amongst the employees work on a key tasks in
which they are specialist. If Arcadia Group adopts this cultural type then it will definitely affect
the individuals and team performance positively. As the individuals will be assigned the work on
a specific task efficiency and effectiveness of work will increase which will increase their
productivity level. While talking about the team performance, the unnecessary duplication of
work can be covered and the team can achieve the target of one goal.
Person culture – This kind of culture is related to person in which people who are
working in organisation understand themselves as important and unique so they perform their
activities accordingly. In Arcadia Group, management can goes towards person culture where
employees set their goals personally and perform the business activities that increases
satisfaction level. On the other hand, team behaviour become ineffective because employees
does not ready to work collectively and understand themselves as owner of organisation (Gagné
and et.al., 2018).
Task Culture- In this kind of culture teams are formed in the organisation to perform on
specific tasks and problems. The power particular team can shift often depending upon the team
members and the task they are performing. If Arcadia Group goes with this cultural type then the
performance of individuals and the teams will be affected positively. This will happen because
the individuals will feel motivated as they can be empowered to make decisions. And the teams
selected for the task would work in coordination and cooperation with each other which will
increase the productivity and creativity of the team.

From the above Task culture is adopted by Arcadia Group which can help to perform
individual task of employees and complete the work effectively. On the other side, team member
work collectively in order to attain the common goals and increasing organisational sale in
changing business environment.
Task 2
P2 Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable
effective achievement of goals in an organisational context.
Motivation is the process of initiating, guiding, inspiring and maintaining the goal
oriented behaviour that can help to increase the performance and profitability. When employees
are working in organisation then it is important for management to understand the needs of them
so kind of products and services can be provides to them. If employees who are working, not
satisfied and motivated then it can be challenge to operate business and increases organisational
abilities. In context to, Arcadia Group management uses different motivational theories that are
as explained:
Content theory: This theory of motivation states what is motivation and how they can be
affected the others in an organisation. The description state different things what people feel and
how their lives so motivation can help to work continuously. Arcadia Group is using different
motivation theory that are as explained:
McCelland's theory of need: This theory is related to motivation that involves needs,
affiliation and achievement that are as explained:
Need for power : This shows ability to influence behaviour of others. In Arcadia Group
management have high power and they uses their position for influencing and controlling others.
This can help to increase the business performance by getting work done and attain the work
completion (Ghosh, 2017).
Need for Affiliation: This means needs for affiliation that take pleasure from being
loved by all and tends to avoid the pain. In Arcadia Group, com0pletion of this need can be
motivate employees by maintaining pleasant social relationship which increases respects and
also maintain sense of intimacy that increases morale.
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Need for achievement: In organisation, employees have intense wants to achieve goals
and motivation. In Arcadia Group management can use this by motivation employees in which
they set goals and make efforts that helps to become higher achiever by taking high risk.
Process theory: Process model of motivation uses in organisation for the purpose of
motivating staff or human behaviour that consider psychological and behavioural process. If
management of Arcadia Group is able to motivate their staff then it can perform well and
increases the profitability.
Vroom Expectancy theory – This is the theory of motivation which is developed by
Victor Vroom as well as it was created on expectations that employees behaviour depends on
their choices and they work accordingly. Expectancy is provided by business firm through
different alternative options. Expectancy theory result in maximizing pleasure of individual with
reducing pain (Kanfer and Chen, 2016). In Arcadia Group employee's performance is based on
several factors like experience, skills, personality and talent and many more. Employees
motivation is depended on three variables explanation of these are as follows :- Expectancy – This variable showing relation with enhancement in efforts of Arcadia
Group staff members that result in enhancing capabilities as well as performance. Instrumentality – In Arcadia Group this is related to performance that when staff
perform well as per the need of business they will be able to receive higher outcomes.
 Valences – It is important for staff to accomplish desired outcomes and conduct
operations as per the expectation for gaining required results in better manner (Latham,
2019).
Task 3
P3 Demonstrate an understanding of what makes an effective team, as opposed to an ineffective
team.
In an organisation number of people are working where it is important to make a working
team which be always ready to work and accept the challenges that can help to increase
organisational productivity and profitability. If team members are happy and uses their skills to
complete task then performance of organisation can be increases. In relation to Arcadia Group,
management is responsible for framing the effective team by analysing their skills and
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knowledge which can help to complete targets. The difference between effective and ineffective
team are as defined:
BASIS EFFECTIVE TEAM INEFFECTIVE TEAM
Goals In effective team goals and
objectives of organisation are
communicated properly and
shared for completion of projects.
In this team, individuals goals and
objectives between team member
and employees are not properly
communicated and not work well.
Decision making Herein, every individual is able to
share their views and make the
right business decision by
participating in organisational
activities (Lee, Schwarz,
Newman and Legood, 2019).
In ineffective team, no one is able
to make decision as they does not
uses skills and knowledge to
complete task nor participate in
goals.
Communication In Arcadia Group, management
and employees are
communication properly that
means there is two way
communication which increases
the business performance.
This can be described as one way
communication which can be uses
by ineffective team and reduced
the organisational performance.
As a leader, I am going to tell that how my team member has perform their roles and
responsibilities in Arcadia Group that have shown by using Belbin typology:
Action Oriented
Shaper: I analysed that this role has provided me necessary drive to ensure that team
does not loose hope and keeps moving continuously. In Arcadia Group, I increased my skills and
accepted dynamic environment which bring improvement and attain the business goals.
Implementer: There is need to implement the plans and strategy which carry
organisational efficiency and maintain good performance. In Arcadia Group, I used this role
appropriately where new marketing plans and strategies are implement by me and team member
for the purpose of getting good results and maintain high performance.
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People Oriented
Co-ordinator: This is important role which is uses by management to cooperate with all
teams. As I used this role to coordinate and share the information with employees that helped to
bring changes and improve the performance (Li and et.al., 2019).
Team worker: This main role is enjoyed by me where realised that employees are
required to work as a team and manage all performance. In the selected organisation I played this
role effectively as provide provide proper guidance and direction to employees who needs
training and improve the productivity.
Central Roles
Monitor evaluator: In this role, I monitor the employees performance in relation to
Arcadia Group that helps to make impartial judgement and maintain high performance in the
changing environment (Wu and Lee, 2017).
Specialist: I enjoyed this role as me and my team brings depth knowledge of key area to
the team that can helped to increase the performance of Arcadia Group. This role also helped me
to increase my knowledge and experience so all activities can be performed effectively.
Tuckman model of team – This can be defined as team development model which is
adopted by management and people of a group in order to develop their skills and experience in
challenging environment. This model is given by Bruce Tuckman in 1965, that mainly
formulated for attaining the business goals and objectives. The stage of Tuckman model are as
defined:
 Forming – This phrase is related to forming a team and task is allocated between team
members. In this, management b ring new plans and strategies for increasing the sales
and profitability. As a leader of Arcadia Group, I formulated new plans and marketing
strategy that can help to increase performance.
 Storming – This stage is related to team members where all team member come within
organisation with idea and their views for implementing new plans. I noticed in Arcadia
Group that all team member comes with new ideas that has created issues and conflicts
between them (Morin, McLarnon and Litalien, 2020).
 Norming – This stage is related to getting together team member in harmonious way
which develop trust between employees and increase their morale to work. When new
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ideas is brought by me in Arcadia Group for increasing sale then all employees came in
harmonious way and understand their role effectively.
 Performing – This stage stating the performance of employees and make efforts to
reduce conflicts. In chosen organisation as a manager I analysed employee's performance
and made efforts to solve problems which helped to increases business activities by
working timely.
 Adjourning – The ending stage is related to team building and individual development
by implementing plans and move inside distinct area which helps to complete task and
attain goals (McShane and Glinow, 2017).
Hard and Soft skills
Hard skills: This can be defined as teachable and measurable abilities which is important
in organisation to bring something innovating and creative in order to increase the organisational
performance. In Arcadia Group, management have knowledge about accounting, operation,
technology, typing technique, programming language and software knowledge which can help to
store the employees, customers and other business data for running a business.
Soft skills: This refer is skills combination of people which is required to understand the
common goals and manage the organisational performance. In Arcadia Group, management have
work ethics, communication skills, career attributes, emotional intelligence, creativity and
problem solving skills which uses to resolve conflicts and bring improvement effectively. This
can help to operate the business continuously and attain the goals (Stewart, Courtright and Manz,
2019).
Benefits and risks of teams: Team is good for organisation that helps to bring new ideas
and implement in their organisation for improving performance and complete the work on time
by managing all roles and responsibilities.
On the other side, Risks related to team is that the inter-dependence of team members can
delay the work and conflicts might generate due to difference in opinions.
Effectiveness of teamwork: For organisation it is important to focus on team work which
can help to understand the goals and give their contribution to attain them effectively. In Arcadia
Group, all people are working as team and rock the organisation by increasing sales, influencing
customers and attaining the competitive advantages (Tasselli, Kilduff and Landis, 2018).
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Task 4
P4 Apply concepts and philosophies of OB within an organisational context and a given business
situation
Organisation behaviour is defined as analysis of individual behaviour who are performing
different job roles and responsibilities in an organisation and provide them solution to bring
improvements. This is important for management to focus on organisational activities and select
an best option which can help to improve the performance and increases productivity. When ever
there is conflicts arises in organisation then management are responsible to adopt appropriate
model and theory which can hep to solve problems and support employee to work properly.
Situation
Arcadia Group is a larger size organisation that is selling products and service at retail prices.
This organisation is facing the conflicts between their team members due to unclear roles and
responsibilities of employees which are not completing work and attaining the objectives. This
problem needs to be solve by using appropriate theory that can help to understand their problems
and provide a good solution for increasing performance. Therefore, a path goal; theory is uses by
management for solving the conflicts:
Path goal theory : This can be defined as theoretical framework which is uses by
organisation to solve the problems by using effective leadership style and motivating the
employees by offering job satisfaction. Arcadia Group uses this, for determining team
capabilities and skills which based on individual's characteristics are as defined:
In Task and environmental characteristics, employees in context to Arcadia Group have
great characteristics such as listing, understanding roles, making decision, doing well, accepting
challenges and deceive thinker which can help to bring something new and increase the
performance. The different leadership styles are directive in which leader provide right direction
and ways to their employees, in participative style management and employees are working
collectively by participating in activities that can help to complete the work and in effective
manner (Tasselli, Kilduff and Landis, 2018). Other than this, supportive leadership is uses by
management and leader to provide the support to employees so they can understand the
challenges and perform functions efficaciously, achievement oriented leadership style mainly
uses by those organisation who wants to getting work done from employees any how and not
analysis their performance. From the above, management of Arcadia Group should be use
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directive leadership style that can help to provide the clear role and responsibilities of employees
in goals of organisation that can help to understand how to perform and get the higher outcomes.
This increases business performance and profitability in dynamic environment by applying path
goal theory. Therefore, it has been defined that management should be uses path goal theory for
resolving conflicts between employees by clearing their goals and manage the employees
performance which provide higher benefits (Wu and Lee, 2017).
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that organisation should be focuses on their
behaviour by involving culture, politics and power which influences individual and team
behaviour in changing environment. Handy culture theory is uses to manage the role and
responsibilities of employees and get outcome. Path goal theory uses to solve the problems and
conflicts between employees. The reflection part of team development provide information how
to perform different roles in context to organisation and manage the team.
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REFERANCES
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Applied Psychology. 101(8). p.1082.
Chen, X. and et.al., 2020. An Enumerative Review and a Meta‐Analysis of Primed Goal Effects
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