Conclusion and Recommendation

The main factor affecting tourism in urban centers is the increase in the number of cities, as people travel from one city to another to change their environment. This has led to a higher number of tourists preferring urban tourism over rural tourism due to the vast range of products available in urban areas. Urban cities maintain a clean environment to attract visitors and have been found to receive twice as many tourists as rural areas each month.

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Executive summary.
The purpose of this report was to critically analyze the urban tourism in the major tourism
destinations. Therefore, this paper described how these cities create new products that need to
satisfy the list of preferences of the visitors and the tourists. This paper also mentions the various
theories used in motivation of tourism, theories used in consumption and theories of culture. It
finally recommends a further study in the entire tourism sector.

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Table of Contents
Executive summary.........................................................................................................................1
Background to the project................................................................................................................1
The underlying nature of urban tourism and its essentials.......................................................1
Information about the destination.............................................................................................2
Urban tourism in chosen city....................................................................................................2
Potential for shopping, cultural, arts and heritage....................................................................3
Tourism as appropriate.............................................................................................................3
Previous research......................................................................................................................4
Development of a particular attraction or tourism activity......................................................4
Concepts and relevant theories........................................................................................................5
Theories of tourist motivation..................................................................................................5
Theories of cultural/heritage/urban/ religions..........................................................................5
Theories of consumption..........................................................................................................5
Tourists enclaves and bubbles..................................................................................................6
Management and business concept..........................................................................................6
Proposed research methodology and analysis.................................................................................6
The purpose of the project and the aim of the project..............................................................6
The research questions and the objectives...............................................................................7
Method used and justification..........................................................................................................8
Method of analysis...................................................................................................................8
Hypothesis................................................................................................................................9
Focus of the project..................................................................................................................9
Results and discussion..............................................................................................................9
Conclusion and recommendation....................................................................................................9
Conclusion................................................................................................................................9
Recommendations..................................................................................................................10
References......................................................................................................................................10

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Background to the project
The underlying nature of urban tourism and its essentials.
The purpose of this section is to state categorically the nature of urban tourism and the
underlying essentials. From a lay man point of view, tourism can be defined typically as
movement of people from their original homeland to other areas with a motive of observation for
entertainment and new venture and experience. For the purpose of this report, urban tourism is
one of the many types of tourisms that a lot of people all over the world are really enjoying and
according to the statistics, a lot of wealth has been collected through urban tourism. Urban
tourism can be broadly defined as a multiple tourism activity where tourists view cities and other
urban centers as place of interest and other destinations for most investors who need to venture
new areas. Although this mode of tourism is very complex and old, in the recent statistical
report, cities have become the main area of interest and destination by many travelers in the
world. A lot of people are have appreciated urban tourism from early 80’s to today. The high
increase in the level of tourism in major cities has been attributed by many factors that have
taken place in the development of the cities (Spirou, 2010). The main reason is the development
of these cities in term of technological advancement, roads, railway and other mode of
transportation.
Again, the general growth of the cities has been another cause of development of urban tourism.
Cultural tourism again become another important nature of urban tourism because culture make a
larger percentage of why many people travel from one place to another. The main nature of
urban tourism is perfect positively correlated to a number of activities such as transport, training,
entertainment obtained from clubs and events, conferences during participation in congresses,
business venues, religion, family and friend visits, shopping as well as leisure. All these activities
collectively promote urban tourism (Ryan & Deci, 2017). A significant growth in urban tourism
is also attributed to other essentials such as increase in the level of transport, proximity to other
attractions, increase in the number of and diversity of attraction, well designed and high quality
of accommodation facilities and finally the effectiveness and efficiency of promotion and
marketing strategies.

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Information about the destination.
World has become a global village and information become the most crucial thing that people
need in the 21st century. There are various sources of information about the urban tourism
destination. This information has been obtained via effective and efficient promotions and
marketing strategies (Thomas, 2009). Again, due to the recent rise in demand of tourism
activities in the cities, there are various technological packages that display the various urban
tourism destination. This information is also obtained in the tourism links and websites of the
various cities. A typical city will have many tourism activities which become destinations of
many tourists.
Urban tourism in chosen city.
There are many cities in the world that attract visitors and tourisms all over the world. These
activities generate a lot of resources to the city and economic strength of that particular city is at
boom stage. There are many urban tourism activities that major cities use to attract as many
visitors as possible. These areas will include the following tourism attraction facilities.
 Botanic gardens, green areas and parks.
 Organized events, amusement amenities, and sport recreational facilities.
 Fashion shows as well as shopping centers.
 Restaurants and other modern cafes.
 Casinos, bars, dance clubs and night clubs.
 Theater halls, concert halls, cinemas and concert venues.
 Art galleries and museums.
 Unique street patterns, old statues as well as historical monuments.
All these urban tourism activities will be provided in the various information that will display all
the various destinations. The top urban tourism destinations include Rome, Bali, Bangkok,
London, and Hong Kong.

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Potential for shopping, cultural, arts and heritage.
There are a number of shopping areas that urban tourists can do shopping, areas where they can
promote their culture, development of arts design and heritage. There are huge business centers,
well organized shopping malls and many supermarket outlets in the city. These create a well-
structured flow of potential shopping. Imported products that will be able to fit the preference of
the tourists are also available in the city. This implies that tourists are well prepared to get any
product within the city of destination at any appropriate moment in time. This is important since
the tourist is in total confidence of satisfaction within the city of choice. Another aspect to be
covered on this section is culture, art and heritage. It is a fact that most of the cities have been
able to maintain the original culture of the city and the very important heritage. This fact attracts
very many tourists in the city so as to learn about the new culture, art and heritage of particular
city and the original people of that particular city.
Tourism as appropriate.
Tourism in the urban cities is very appropriate toward growth of any particular city, a lot of
wealth has been generated and distributed a long a wide line of investors and the government.
Again, it is appropriate toward creation of employment. A lot of employment is created in
transport sector, accommodation facilities sector, hospitality, tour travel and guidance and many
other. It is also appropriate in reservation of culture of a particular city and its citizens. Tourism
has been rated among the top ten business activities that generate huge revenues to the
government and the entire economy of any particular city. Therefore, the issue of tourism in the
urban cities remain relevant altogether.
Previous research.
There are a number of case studies that have been conducted in the past to enumerate the issue of
urban tourism in the world top urban tourism destinations. These research shows a very close
relation on a number of issues. There has been a perfect positive correlation on some other issues
concerning the urban tourism in these cities. One of the issue mentioned in all the previous
research study is growth of the city (Trainor & Graue, 2014). The research asserts that there is a
perfect positive correlation between growth of a particular city to the level of tourism activity in
that city. The more the growth of the city, the more the number of tourists that will be attracted at
a given point in time. Other research indicate that urban tourism had not been active in 50’s. later

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on, it picked up in the early 80’s to late 90’s. This was documented in the statistical report after
analytically conducting some research on the same.
Development of a particular attraction or tourism activity.
Apart from the existing tourism activities taking place on a given city a given point in time, there
are a number of other aspects that can promote the creation of other tourism activities. It is
important to realize the type of visitors who visit a particular city. This information will enable
the city to critically analyze the available activities that the city is currently offering. In case a
gap exists for any reason whatsoever, it is important to fit the gap using all means possible so as
to satisfy the tourist’s list of preference. Again, to generate a new tourism activity, a city can
borrow some ideas from other cities that attract many tourists. Through that ideological lending,
a city can be able to provide new activities to the tourists. These will enable the city to draw
more visitors that would not have come due to insufficient facilities of their choice. Furthermore,
there should be concrete research on the same. Cities need to be innovative to generate new ideas
and activities that will attract more tourist. With those new innovation of activities, the city will
be in a position to apply effective promotion and marketing so as to expose those activities to the
market and to all the potential tourists. Destination malls and shopping centers also need be of
good quality (Richard, 2013). Quality accommodation also need to be provided so as to attract
more tourists. Finally, it is important to enquire from the visitors and tourists on any missing
tourist activity that need to put in place so as to satisfy the list of preference. A lot has been done
but I believe more activities need to be innovated to those cities so as to attract the maximum
number of tourists at any given point in time.
Concepts and relevant theories.
Theories of tourist motivation.
There are a number of theories that have been used in motivation of urban tourism. The main
theory of tourism motivation is the popular Maslow’s 5-stage theory (Maslow, 2013). This
theory aims at satisfaction of five main basic human needs. This theory has been extended via
self-actualization need, aesthetic as well as cognitive aspects. It has been used to analyze tourism
needs. This theory motivates the tourisms by using the different models in tourism such as Plog’s
psychographic and Iso Ahola’s model. Both of these models are used in social psychology of
tourism (Piasecki, 2009). Tourism theories is a website that need to make tourism a better
business activity. It is important to note that tourism industry has emerged as the major employer

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of many individuals as the fastest growing sector in the modern world. It is true that most of the
tourists move from one place to another for the purpose of changing the environment. This
motivates tourist to travel from one place to another.
Theories of cultural/heritage/urban/ religions.
Culture is one of the most important aspect of any organization or a particular city. It relates
closely to heritage and religion. There are certain theories that explain the urbanization and
cultural correlation. The main theory of culture is the ideational theory of culture. These theory
treats culture as cognitive system (Maslow, 2011). It also treats culture as structural system. It
also asserts that culture is a symbolic system. Therefore, collectively, all these systems make
culture a very important aspect of any given community. In tourism and urbanization, as a
symbolic system, culture represent the community of a particular city and all the underlying
things done in that city must fall within the culture.
Theories of consumption.
Consumption typically means the way people used all the available resources at their disposal.
Therefore, there are several theories of consumption that can ascertain that particular claim.
There are three crucial theories of consumption (Latham, 2010). They include the permanent
income theory of consumption, the relative income theory of consumption and the life cycle
theory of consumption. To start with, according to the American economist, the relative income
theory of consumption asserts that individual level of consumption is highly determined by the
relative income of that particular individual. Thus, the higher the income the higher the
possibility of higher consumption and vice versa. On the permanent income theory of
consumption, the economist asserts that when individual have a permanent income inflow, then
their consumption is in constant level since there income will always be there to cater for all the
consumptions (Marylene, 2014). Finally, the last theory of consumption. That is, the life cycle
theory of consumption asserts that human consumption can also be attributed to the behavioral
life cycle. Therefore, individuals will have to base their consumption on their life cycle.
Tourists enclaves and bubbles.
The bubbles and enclaves of tourism relates to the potential market created by tourism sector.
These bubbles indicate all the activities obtained from the business sector of tourism (Harding,

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2014). There are ways documented so as to escape the tourism bubbles. They are used to
eliminate the tourism bubbles asserted in the experimental travel. First, it is eliminated by
sleeping with neighbors, secondly, one should eat off the street, again party with the people and
finally mix some work with all that play.
Management and business concept.
In any business entity, management become important aspect in achieving the overall objective
of the business. Therefore, a managerial skill is very crucial as far as the success of any business
is concerned. There management will revolve along the various factors or aspects affecting the
business directly (Klosterboer, 2011). These concepts refer to the financial concepts, marketing
concepts, human resource concept and the overall achievement of the business objectives.
Therefore, in that case, a management strategy to be used in that particular area need to be
comprehended to solve all those requirements with ultimate skills and knowledge.
Proposed research methodology and analysis.
The purpose of the project and the aim of the project.
The main purpose of this project is to critically analyze the urban tourism and how it relates to
the total aspects in the tourism sector (Grummit, 2007). It also indicates the various theories
relating to urban tourism. This project help in promoting the urban tourism of the major tourism
destination cities. This project will be used as a case study in the future so as to benchmark on
the various aspects of tourism. Again, the project will enlighten individuals to realize all the
possible areas that can be used to promote tourism in the cities (Farrington & Lyson, 2012). It
will give them innovative mind that can be implemented to promote the success of the tourisms
sector (Muller, 2011). With all that said and done, it will our expectation that it will be used to
solve all the conflicting ideas used in creating a concrete solution in the tourism sector. It finally
forms a baseline for further study in the future for the same section of study.
The research questions and the objectives.
The research questions.
 What are the factors affecting tourism in urban centers?
 How is population of a city related to the number of tourism in a particular period?
 Why urban tourism may be preferred to the rural tourism in the 21st century?
 What urban tourism will do to maintain an upward trend in the number of tourists before
the release of a new mode of tourism probably the rural tourism improvement?

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 In case of a negative trend in tourism movement, how will urban tourism make the trend
in movement of urban tourists’ positive?
 How many tourists visit a particular city every month?
Research objectives.
 To identify trend in urban tourism movement in a given period of time probably in a
month, year or any other specified period of time.
 To identify the various urban tourist destination cities and the products provided by these
cities.
 To find out the response of the customers once they visit a given city and how they rate
the current product provided by the city.
 To find out the various theories affecting tourism motivation.
 To find out the various theories affecting the heritage and culture.
 To find out theories affecting human consumption.
 To recommend solutions to tourism sector on how to maintain an upward trend in urban
tourism and all the factors associated to tourism.
Method used and justification.
The study will use primary and secondary data. The primary data will be qualitative and
quantitative in nature. The secondary data will be quantitative in nature. Our data instruments
will include online Questionnaires and online survey, Interviews, and Audited reports from
tourism sector and the Internet. Secondary data are usually collected from several sources such
as the internet, books and journal articles (Ellsworth, 2015). In this research, quantitative method
is used to collect data about the urban tourism in the major city destination and how these
destinations can promote the entire tourism sector. This method of data collection helps in
answering the research questions. It also assists to obtain research objectives. It helps us to
quantify the level of tourists who visit a particular city in any given time frame. The urban
tourism movement tends to follow a certain model. We can employ a generalized linear model
and tourism motivation theories to obtain both positive and negative trend in the movement of
urban tourists’ a given period of time (Christopher, 2016). Still, to determine the human
consumption and concept in management and business, ruin theory is appropriate because the
number of visitors in a given point in time applies the queuing theory and also involves
stochastic processes.

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Method of analysis.
From the collected data as laid down in the aforementioned steps, this section will focus on the
analysis of the data collected. The level of urban tourism will be analyzed based on the number
of tourists who visit a particular tourist destination city. The human consumption rate will be
analyzed in terms of the three main theories of consumption discussed in the context. Analysis of
variables will be used to relate the number of tourist visiting a given city to the ability of the city
to host these tourists with all the possible products and the activities (Chopra, 2012). We shall
use statistical tests to generate the generalized linear model, correlation between the number of
tourist in the city and the ability to provide the list of preference. Again, it is possible to analyze
statistically the accumulated quantitative data about the cities to be visited by the tourists and the
number of tourists recorded to visit these cities over the last one year. In the present research,
quantitative data analysis method is followed in the analysis of data. The corresponding
quantitative research design is used in making statistical inferences and descriptions. Therefore,
it is very crucial to consider the design in the present research (Bragg, 2015). From 50’s the
number of tourists in the urban center was to low compared to the overall tourism activities that
took place all over the globe. However, a great improvement was recorded and documented in
the early 80’s to late 90’s.
Hypothesis
Here we consider the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
Null hypothesis. There is a great movement of tourism in the urban centers and all the products
are available to satisfy their list of preference.
Alternative hypothesis. There is a great movement of tourism in the urban centers but there are
no products available to satisfy their list of preference.
Decision. We accept the alternative hypothesis because investors have no fully exploited all the
possible products to provide the best services to the tourists in the urban cities.
Focus of the project.
This project should focus on promoting the urban tourism so as to obtain the maximum services
to all domestic and international tourists.

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Results and discussion.
From 50’s the number of tourists in the urban center was to low compared to the overall tourism
activities that took place all over the globe. However, a great improvement was recorded and
documented in the early 80’s to late 90’s (Ballantyne, 2007). The urban tourism movement tends
to follow a certain model. We can employ a generalized linear model and tourism motivation
theories to obtain both positive and negative trend in the movement of urban tourist’s a given
period of time.
Conclusion and recommendation.
Conclusion.
In conclusion, the increase in the number of the cities is the main factor affecting tourism in
urban centers. This has been achieved by the people travelling from one city to another to change
the environment (Baily, Farmer & Crocker, 2015). The larger the population of a given city, the
higher the number of tourists. Most tourists prefer urban tourism to rural tourism due to vast
tourism products in urban cities. Urban cities maintain clean environment so as to attract as many
visitors as possible. In every month, the number of tourists visiting a particular city is twice the
number of tourists visiting rural areas.
Recommendations.
 New products to be created to attract more tourists in the urban tourist destination cities.
 Cities need to maintain proper culture and clean environment to attract visitors all over
the globe.
 A further study need to be done so as to promote the entire sector of tourism all over the
globe.
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