2G Cellular Technology and Access Methods

This assignment delves into the realm of 2G cellular technology, focusing on its primary access methods: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). It elucidates the mechanisms by which these technologies enable multiple users to share a limited frequency spectrum simultaneously. The discussion highlights the unique characteristics of each access method and their significance in shaping the landscape of early mobile communication.

Running head: WIRELESS NETWORKS
Wireless Networks
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note:

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Table of Contents
Question 1........................................................................................................................................2
Question 2.a.....................................................................................................................................3
Question 2.b.....................................................................................................................................4
Question 3........................................................................................................................................5
Question 4........................................................................................................................................8
References......................................................................................................................................10

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Question 1
Compare and contrast the inner workings of physical layers for 802.11b and 802.11a
standards.
Solution
The WLANs or the Wireless Local Area Networks with higher and greater speed are
absolutely famous or popular in each and every sectors in the world (Bayraktaroglu et al., 2013).
These particular sectors are considered to be the most beneficial sectors in the society. The most
important standard for the Wireless Local Area Networks is known as the IEEE 802.11. The
most important aspect present in this particular standard is that this standard helps in the
specification of the MAC or medium access control and the physical layer for the Wireless Local
Area Networks. In the physical layer of the Wireless Local Area Networks, the IEEE 802.11 has
four distinct standards, which are known as the 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n (Vinel,
2012). The comparison and contrast between the two standards that is the 802.11a and 802.11b
are as follows:
Key Features 802.11a 802.11b
1. Range of Frequency Up to 5 GHz Up to 2.4 GHz
2. Speed or Rate in Mbps 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 18, 22,
24, 33, 36, 48, 54
3. Modulation BPSK or Binary Phase Shift
Keying, QPSK or Quadrature
Phase Shift Keying, 16 QAM
DPSK or Differential Phase
Shift Keying, DQPSK or
Differentially Quadrature

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or Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation 64 QAM or
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (Orthogonal
Frequency Division
Multiplexing or OFDM)
Phase Shift Keying, CCK
(DSSS or Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum, FH and IR)
4. Base Rate Up to 6 Mbps Up to 1 or 2 Mbps
5. Forward Error Correction
Rate
1/2, 2/3, ¾ NA
6. Main Functions Provides eight PHY or
physical modes and further
transmits data (Naraei, Amiri
& Saberi, 2014).
Serving as an interface
between the host device and
the physical layer; moreover,
the most important features
are the CRC or Cyclic
Redundancy Check and the
Packer Fragmentation.
The above given table helps to understand the basic contrast and the comparisons
between the two most important standards of 802.11, the 802.11a and the 802.11b. The common
feature between these two is that both the standards do their tasks in the WLAN’s physical layer.

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Question 2.a
Explain how 802.11i allows for a client device to be authenticated against an authentication
server.
Solution
The enhancement of the 802.11 standard is done by the 802.11i standard with the help of
several new and innovative security mechanisms to be sure about the confidentiality and the
integrity of the messages (Naraei, Amiri & Saberi, 2014). Additions are one of the innovative
security mechanisms. The other mechanisms are the perfect substitutes of the major processes of
the standard 802.11. Some other standard of IEEE is allowed by 802.11i. This particular standard
is the authentication algorithm of 802.1x port. It provides a typical framework for obtaining the
strong management of the keys and the mutual authentication (Vinel, 2012). The process of
authentication, which begins at the first step is carried out with the help of two specific and
relevant ways. The first way is by utilizing the PSK or the Pre-Shared Key whereas the second
way is by following the interchange of EAP through the 802.1x port. This particular interchange
of EAP is known as the EAPOL. The authentication server is required to be present when the
exchange of EAP is done (De Cristofaro et al., 2013). The process of the exchange of EAP
makes sure that the help of an access point should authenticate the client station or the client
device. The moment the PSK or the pre shared key is completed, a brand new shared secret key
is generated (Alasmary & Zhuang, 2012). This new shared key is called as the pair wise master
key or PMK. Thus, it can be said that the standard of 802.11i allows a specific client device for
the authentication against an authentication server by the help of the EAP exchange.

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Question 2.b
Discuss the usage of a virtual private network in establishing an encrypted secure
communications channel between two points on a public network.
Solution
The Virtual Private Network or the VPN is an extended version of a private network,
which allows all of its users for transmitting all types of information and data in any of the public
networks with extreme security (Uskov, 2012). The various applications, which are run on a
typical VPN, receive all of its benefits from the network’s security, functionality and
management. There is not much differences between this Virtual Private Network and the several
computing devices, which are connected directly. The private network is usually generated by
the help of the establishment of a perfect point-to-point connection virtually by perfect
connections and by several encryption in the traffic. This particular encryption traffic algorithm
helps in the security of the communication and no hacker or intruder is able to intrude in the
network (Uskov, 2012). The most important benefit that is provided by VPN to the point-to-point
connection on a typical public network is that it absolutely acts like a WAN o a wide area
network.
Question 3
Report on ZeeTech Case Study
Solution
Introduction

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ZeeTech is a recognized multinational company that does import and export. They have
five offices in Australia with forty employees in each of their offices. All of these five offices are
attending approximately four hundred daily clients or customers regularly (Vinel, 2012).
ZeeTech have thought of implementing a WMAN or Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
technology in their multinational company that will connect all of their five offices and also, will
be providing a mobile wireless access to their field workers because these workers have to travel
in various sites.
Discussion
ZeeTech has thought of implementing one Wireless Metropolitan Area Network in in
their multinational company that will connect all of their five offices. There are some of the
technologies of WMAN (Naraei, Amiri & Saberi, 2014). The best technology should be
implemented in ZeeTech for their organization amongst every other technology. There are
mainly three types of standards for WMANS. They are the HiperMAN, HiperACCESS and
IEEE 802.16.
The HiperMAN or the High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network is the
technology that provides a solution for broadband wireless for any Metropolitan Area Networks
(Wang, Zhu & Gomes, 2012). HIPERMAN normally operates between the radio frequency
range of 2 GHz and 11 GHz. The main advantage of this technology is that it enables flexible
mesh network deployments.
The HiperACCESS or the High Performance Radio Access is the technology that
provides broadband access to small and medium sized enterprises. It even provides backhaul for
the mobile systems like WCDMA, GSM, CDMA2000 and GPRS (Wang, Zhu & Gomes, 2012).

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This particular technology was developed for providing a broadband system with but rates that
ranges up to 100Mbit/sec approximately. However, the most widely deployed rate is about
25Mbit/sec. It is mainly developed for the higher frequency bands like the 40,5 to 43,5 GHz
band.
The IEEE 802.16 Wireless MAN technology mostly specifies in the air interface for the
particular networks. This technology also follows the connection of first mile/last mile in the
WMANs (De Cristofaro et al., 2013). It mostly functions at the perfect utilization of the
bandwidth between the 10 to 66 GHz and also helps in defining a MAC layer, that supports the
several specifications of the physical layer.
The selection of the technology of HiperACCESS of WMAN would be the best
technology for ZeeTech. The technology provides a higher speed and moreover it provides
mobile communication (Bayraktaroglu et al., 2013). Moreover, it generates Backhaul. Backhaul
helps in Wi-Fi connections, cellular tower connection and enterprise networks. It is extremely
cost effective and can be easily afforded by Zeetecha and other organizations.
Conclusion
Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that ZeeTech is a recognized
multinational company that does import and export. They have five offices in Australia with
forty employees in each of their offices. All of these five offices are attending approximately
four hundred daily clients or customers regularly (Vinel, 2012). ZeeTech have thought of
implementing a WMAN or Wireless Metropolitan Area Network technology in their
multinational company that will connect all of their five offices and also, will be providing a
mobile wireless access to their field workers because these workers have to travel in various

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sites. They even travel across the city. ZeeTech should opt for the technology of HiperACCESS
for the WMAN implementation.
Question 4
Discuss the three different multiple access technologies used with 2G: time division multiple
access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and global system for mobile
communications (GSM).
Solution
The major three multiple access technologies, which are utilized with the 2G are the
Time Division Multiple Access or TDMA, Code Division Multiple Access or CDMA and the
Global System for Mobile Communications or GSM. The description of these topics is given
below:
i) TDMA: The TDMA or Time Division Multiple Access is a process of accessing all the
channels for all types of networks which are shared medium. It even enables all of its users in
sharing the same channel of frequency (Ma, Leung & Li, 2014). This particular sharing is
completely done by the segmentation of a specific signal into several slots of time.. This
particular technology is utilized with 2G.
ii) CDMA: The Code Division Multiple Access or CDMA is the process to access the
channel, similar to TDMA. However, the difference between the two is that CDMA is used by
the several technologies of radio communications (Glisic & Leppänen, 2013). Several
transmitters in a single channel of communication can transmit the data or the information

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simultaneously. For this particular reason, various users can share frequencies. This particular
technology is also used with 2G.
iii) GSM: The Global System for Mobile Communication or GSM is the system of
mobile of telephony, which works digitally (De Cristofaro et al., 2013). This particular
communication uses the various technologies of TDMA within GSM. This is used in all over the
world. This particular technology is also used with 2G.

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References
Alasmary, W., & Zhuang, W. (2012). Mobility impact in IEEE 802.11 p infrastructureless
vehicular networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(2), 222-230.
Bayraktaroglu, E., King, C., Liu, X., Noubir, G., Rajaraman, R., & Thapa, B. (2013).
Performance of IEEE 802.11 under jamming. Mobile Networks and Applications, 18(5),
678-696.
De Cristofaro, E., Du, H., Freudiger, J., & Norcie, G. (2013). A comparative usability study of
two-factor authentication. arXiv preprint arXiv:1309.5344.
Glisic, S. G., & Leppänen, P. A. (2013). Wireless communications: TDMA versus CDMA.
Springer Science & Business Media.
Ma, L., Leung, H., & Li, D. (2014). Hybrid TDMA/CDMA MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor
Networks. JNW, 9(10), 2665-2673.
Naraei, P., Amiri, I. S., & Saberi, I. (2014). Optimizing IEEE 802.11 i Resource and Security
Essentials: For Mobile and Stationary Devices. Syngress.
Uskov, A. V. (2012, June). Information security of IPsec-based mobile VPN: Authentication and
encryption algorithms performance. In Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and
Communications (TrustCom), 2012 IEEE 11th International Conference on (pp. 1042-
1048). IEEE.