Analysis of Antenna Types, FDMA, and Wireless Technologies

This assignment delves into the critical role of antennas in modern communication systems, beginning with an overview of antenna reciprocity and the major types, including Yagi, horn, and cellular antennas. The discussion explores the operational characteristics and applications of each type, with specific calculations for horn antenna gain and bandwidth. The assignment then transitions to multiple access techniques, focusing on Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), detailing their principles, applications, and the differences between them. Finally, the assignment examines recent advancements in wireless technologies, such as WiGig, Bluetooth Smart, Apple iBeacon, Cisco Intelligent Proximity, and wireless systems in cars, providing insights into their functionalities and business applications, supported by references to relevant sources. The assignment aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future trends in antenna and wireless technologies.

Question 1
Antennas are one of the most vital necessity in systems meant for communications. An antenna is a
gadget that is used to transmute a radio frequency signal, transmitting via conductor through
electromagnetic wave is space which is free. Reciprocity is a property demonstrated by antenna
indicating that an antenna always maintains its similar features regardless whether it is receiving nor
transmitting. The following are some of the major types of antenna that exists (Schonfeld, 2015).
Yagi antenna
These are antennas which were used by TV in
receiving signals and since they were designed
to transmit one frequency at a time, hence not
suitable for transmitting wide range
frequencies. This type of antenna is made up of
a single element that is driven, a single
reflector and a single or many directors. This
tubes are made of aluminium.
The three components are always organized in
that the director precedes the radiator and
which in turn precedes the reflector. How the
three components relate determine the power
that will go in to the Yagi’s direction, hence
identifying gain of Yagi antenna.
Horn antennas
This type of antenna derives its name from its feature flared in appearing. The portion that is flared it
can be of different shapes may it be square, rectangle, cylindrical or even in cone shape (Anil Pandey,
2017). It is uniqueness is in that the direction of thoroughgoing radiations matches with the horn axis.
They are commonly used as the basic elements of a dish antenna. In dependence of their flaring nature
they can be three different horn types whose gains can be summarized as follows. The calculation for
getting the gain for a pyramid horn is shown here below.

Gain = [4 pi k A] λ2
Where k is 0.5 - 0.6 depending on the amplitude of electromagnetic fields displacement across the
aperture.
λ= wavelength in meters
A= aperture in m2
The bandwidth of the horn of the pyramidal horn is calculated as shown below:
B= 80/ [w/λ]
B= beam width in 0
W= horn antenna width
Λ = wavelength
Cellular antenna
They are many types of antenna but their specific configurations can make them more efficient and
this will only be clear only after the gain has been improved. These are antennas that we are all
familiar with as they are everywhere globally. They have brought connectivity in areas where it was
never anticipated it will be depending on the antenna stations set. In these stations there exists two
basic antenna types namely:
(a)Omnidirectional antennas
An antenna that exhibit a radiation pattern that
is circular operating in all directions virtually.
The figure above shows antennas which are
vertical and polarized. Rural sites applied is
900 horizontal bandwidth models.
(b)Directional/Sector antennas Antenna that operates in directions that are
specific and most covering an arc of 1200 or
even less depending on the capability of the
requirement
Cellular antenna is very different from other antenna types of communication in that it can be reused.
By “Reuse” we mean the cell can be reused in that it can be increased network capacity.

In my opinion cellular antenna features such as radiation pattern, antenna gain, front-to-back ratio
make it more suitable to deal with modern way of communications (Perez, 2014). The cellular base
stations play a major role in making it easy to make this antenna signals reach to different ranges with
a constant frequency. The principal of reuse in it make it a dominant player in future when it comes
medium and long-distance wireless links.
Question 2
FDMA is the Frequency Division Multiple Access where there exists band of frequencies that is
divided in to multi radio frequencies channels, where each carrier is allocated to particular different
users. In an example to elaborate more on FDMA:
In GSM the band frequency of 25MHZ entirely is divided in to 124 radio frequencies channels with a
bandwidth of 200KHz in each. When it comes to application in satellites the transponder band of
frequency 500MHz is divided in to 24 carriers with a bandwidth of 40MHz each where 36MHz is for
useful and 4MHz for guard band (Lilieholm, 2016). The two main types of Frequency Division
Multiple Access applied in satellite networks are the Single Channel per Carrier (SCPC) and Multiple
Channel per Carrier (MSPC). The MCPC uses both TDM and FDM as the multiplexing schemes.
The two most known types of FDMA in general are the Fixed Assignment Multiple Access
(FAMA)where there is pre-allocation of frequencies to users and the Demand Assignment Multiple
Access (DAMA) where the allocation of frequencies is done based on the request.
Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA) is type of multiplexing scheme where th bandwidth is shared
by assigning codes which are unique among users who are different unlike in FDMA. The following
explanation shows how the bandwidth is shared among different various channels and each with a
unique code in CDMA,

Question 3
Technology has changed rapidly especially the wireless technology. These has been experienced in
most businesses as the wireless technology is all around us in all dimensions. Some of the latest
advanced wireless technologies that most businesses are relying and which improve and evolve
constantly are as follows
1.Wigig: High-Speed Wireless
Known as 802.11 ad. It connects at speed of 10GBps with 60GHZ radio band theoretically. Currently
the latest 802.11ad connects up to 1 GBps with 40 GHz radio band. It is applied in building
monitoring that needs video cameras with high definitions that send the collected signals over the WI-
FI.
2. Bluetooth Smart
Is an advance of Bluetooth with a distinct advantage over the other Bluetooth in existence? It uses less
power and can connect to 30 feet’s within the range. It can verify the users based on their heartbeats.
3.Apple iBeacon
It is kind of a Bluetooth that works in apple platforms. It is used in retail-oriented use of Bluetooth
where one can shop using the Bluetooth.
4.Cisco Intelligent Proximity
This is a technology that is still in the make but will allow devices that are android to connect
automatically once they come in to close proximity.

5.Wireless in the Car.
In wireless technology there are specific antennas that might be useful and this will be due to low
profile as these antennas applications is extensive in systems such as mobiles such as 900/1800MHz
bands, WLAN such as 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHZ bands.
The following is are the Power Point slide for the above question three.

References
(n.d.).
Anil Pandey. (2017, jan 26). Types of antenna in wireless communicaions. Retrieved from
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-types-of-antennas-used-in-wireless-communication
cox, j. (2014, feb 10). How Apple's iBeacon Location Sensing Tech Works. Retrieved from
https://www.cio.com/article/2462866/mobile/139495-How-Apple-s-iBeacon-location-sensing-
tech-works.html
Lilieholm, E. (2016). Applications engineering manager. wireless network solutions .
Perez, J. M. (2014). Recent Advances in Communications and Networking Technology,. Volume 5.
Schonfeld, E. (2015). Types of antennas and the terminologies. Retrieved from http://www.rfwireless-
world.com/Terminology/Types-of-Antenna.html
Seper, L. (2015). for CommScope’s customers, supporting.