Contribution of Women Empowerment towards SME’s Development in India

This document discusses the contribution of women empowerment towards the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India. It explores the role of women entrepreneurs in the economy and their impact on India's economy. The document also covers the conceptual framework and research methodology used in the study.

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT TOWARDS
SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE’S
DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: THE
CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN IN
DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA'S ECONOMY
WITHIN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE
INDUSTRIES

Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 4: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.............................................................................1
CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................3
5.1 Research philosophy.............................................................................................................4
5.1.1 Epistemology............................................................................................................8
5.1.2 Ontology...................................................................................................................9
5.1.3 Axiology.................................................................................................................10
5.2 Research approach..............................................................................................................12
5.2.1 Deductive approach................................................................................................12
5.2.2 Inductive approach..................................................................................................14
5.2.3 Abductive approach................................................................................................15
5.3 Research strategies..............................................................................................................16
5.3.1 Experiment..............................................................................................................17
5.3.2 Action research.......................................................................................................17
5.3.3 Case study...............................................................................................................18
5.3.4 Survey...................................................................................................................................18
5.3.5 Observation.............................................................................................................19
5.3.6 Grounded theory.....................................................................................................20
5.3.7 Interview.................................................................................................................20
5.4 Choice of data.....................................................................................................................22
5.4.1 Qualitative research................................................................................................23
5.4.2 Quantitative research..............................................................................................24
5.4.3 Mixed methods.......................................................................................................25
5.5 Research Design..................................................................................................................26
5.5.1 Descriptive research design....................................................................................26
5.5.2 Experimental research design.................................................................................28
5.5.3 Explanatory research design...................................................................................28

5.5.4 Correlation research design....................................................................................29
5.5.5 Diagnostic research design.....................................................................................29
5.6 Data collection....................................................................................................................31
5.6.1 Primary method of data collection..........................................................................31
5.6.2 Secondary method of data collection......................................................................33
5.7 Research Questionnaire Data Collection............................................................................35
5.7.1 Justification for the Use of Questionnaire..............................................................35
5.7.2 Questionnaire design..............................................................................................35
5.7.3 Design and Contents of Study’s Questionnaire......................................................36
5.7.4 Development of Questionnaire Guide....................................................................36
5.7.5 Reliability and validity of questionnaire.................................................................37
5.7.6 Questionnaire Pilot survey......................................................................................37
5.7.7 Questionnaire main study.......................................................................................37
5.8 Sampling.............................................................................................................................38
5.8.1 Probability sampling...............................................................................................38
5.8.2 Non- probability sampling......................................................................................40
5.9 Data Analysis......................................................................................................................41
5.9.1 Descriptive statistics...............................................................................................42
5.9.2 Inferential statics.....................................................................................................42
5.9.3 Text analysis...........................................................................................................42
5.9.4 Content analysis......................................................................................................42
5.9.5 Prescriptive analysis...............................................................................................43
5.9.6 Thematic analysis...................................................................................................43
5.9.7 SPSS.......................................................................................................................43
5.10 Validity and Reliability.....................................................................................................44
5.11 Ethical considerations.......................................................................................................45
5.11.1 Informed consent..................................................................................................45
5.11.2 Voluntary participation.........................................................................................46
5.11.3 Confidentiality......................................................................................................46
5.11.4 Anonymity............................................................................................................46
5.11.5 Do not harm..........................................................................................................46

5.11.6 Only assess relevant components.........................................................................46
Questionnaire 1: Effectiveness of women entrepreneurs and their contribution......................48
Questionnaire 2: Role of women entrepreneurs in economy of country..................................54
Questionnaire 3: Contribution of women empowerment towards SME in Andhra Pradesh....56
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................59

Title: Contribution of women empowerment towards SME’s development in India.
CHAPTER 4: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Conceptual framework is related to women's empowerment towards SME development
in India. Empowerment in the development of a woman is a way of explaining, challenging, and
also overcoming barriers in life by which a woman enhances her ability to shape life. The
empowerment process will not only able to make improvements in their skills and also access to
be productive resources but succeed in increasing quality (Chatterjee, Gupta and Upadhyay,
2018). Empowerment consists of psychological and cognitive components for instance
understanding of woman of her subordination condition. Women empowerment is stage about
acquiring power for the women to understand their rights and perform responsibilities towards
others and themselves in an effective manner. Women empowerment is a necessary process for
the upliftment of the social, economic, and political status of women. It is an expansion about the
capabilities and assets of poor people to participate, negotiate with and influence the control.
Figure 1: Conceptual framework on Women empowerment
(Source: Women empowerment, 2021)
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This conceptual framework related to women empowerment depicts the empowerment as
dynamic process in which woman acquire the resources. It enables women to develop the voice,
capacity to articulate the preferences, agency and fulfil own aspirations. The resources consist
human resources for an instance self-efficacy and skill development. Social resources are related
to the success to peer networks, participation in company and also access to the role models
outside family (Das, 2018). Other than this, economic resources are concerned with property,
land and earning. In context to this, resources enable but do not guarantee the empowerment due
to normative as well as wider structural environment in which women are grow up. From
theoretical viewpoint, ability of women to become empowered at individual level based on
environment in which she lives. This is necessary for the communities to change with respect to
opportunities for women, collective voice and norms about the gender.
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CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research is explained as the creation of new knowledge and the use of the existing
knowledge in a creative way to generate new concepts, understanding and methodologies. It
could consist of analysis and synthesis of the previous investigation to an extent that leads to
effective outcomes. Research methodology is an important section of research as it provides a
framework in which investigators collect reliable data based on the specified research topic.
Basically, it is a path by which researcher needs to undertake an investigation in an appropriate
manner. As it shows the direction to investigator to formulate issues and objectives of specified
research. By this, researcher can easily acquire reliable data that assist in taking right and
meaningful data. Research methodology consists procedure through which an investigator goes
about work of explaining, defining ad predicting the phenomenon. It is study of the methods
through which knowledge can be gained effectively, aim of research methodology s to provide
work place of an investigation. This chapter discusses different research methods that were used
at the time of executing research activities (Datta and Sahu, 2017). Therefore, it is significant for
investigator to select an appropriate methods and technique to carry out the study so that valid
conclusion can be easily attained and also improve the possibilities of making it more reliable
and successful in nature. The research methodology is path by which an investigator requires to
conduct an investigation. This shows path by which these investigators develop problem and also
objective to present result from data that obtained during study period. In context to this,
research output is mainly accepted is underpinned through better research methodology that
gives clear description as well as analysis of data used in study and understanding research
findings in better manner. It is vital for researcher to select an appropriate research method as it
has direct impact on the overall results drawn. It is said that research methodology is basically a
part through which all the studies is conducted in a systematic and proper manner. In undertaking
the present investigation, variety of the research literature was effectively reviewed for purpose
of giving guide to enable an investigator to adopt the one or more than one methodology.
Research onion was developed through Saunders et. al., 2007 to explain stages by which
an investigator should pass when developing methodology. It consists the various layers to
research onion, premise being that begin from outside and peel each layer away until reach core.
The research onion consists different areas such as research philosophy, research approach,
research choices, research strategy and data collection procedure (Devarapalli, 2017). All the
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research methods are ideal for some parts of research methods components as they are fail to be
address key problems and are not effective to show methodology and related elements in logical
way. In context for an investigation to have the maximum credibility, there is a need to give
justifications and explanations for each level of the methodological decisions.
5.1 Research philosophy
It is the first layer in research onion as it is foundation of study and explains set of the
beliefs an investigation is built on. Research philosophy is all about way under which the data
regarding phenomenon should be collected and used. This deals with source and development of
the knowledge. This claims that social can be understood in objectives manner. Positivism
adheres to view that factual knowledge is mainly gained by the observation that consisting the
measurement. In this, role of an investigator is limited to collection of the data and also
interpretation in objective manner. Research philosophy is unique assistance to research in power
to determine as well as adapt research design and taking in to the consideration various
knowledge structure (Eswarappa, 2020). On the other hand, underlying the research philosophy
is mainly used at the time of research work that predicted on necessary assumptions regarding
worldview of an investigator. It is important for researcher to adopt appropriate research
philosophy so that an effective and valid conclusion is drawn in a proper manner. Significance
of having the better research philosophy cannot have underplayed amongst reason for this are
that this assists to be clarify the research design and dealing with kind of data required. An
effective research philosophy background is helpful to an investigator to understand which of
research designs work in better manner. It underlying the assumptions work in such a manner
that they identify research methods and strategies. Research philosophy is unique assistance to an
investigation to determine as well as adapt research design. It is taking into consideration various
knowledge structures and limiting factors. This can helpful to inherent knowledge of an
investigator to develop design outside own experience of an investigator. This assists to shape
frontiers of an investigation that is being conducted. the selected research philosophy in some of
the other research methodology aspects will be mainly used to realistically situate contributions
of an investigation in business area. It is vital for researcher to select an appropriate research
method as it has direct impact on the overall results drawn. It is said that research methodology is
basically a part through which all the studies is conducted in a systematic and proper manner. It
is important for researcher to adopt appropriate research philosophy so that an effective and valid
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conclusion is drawn in a proper manner. There are different types of research philosophies used
in order to conduct study and are as follows. In addition to this, positivism research philosophy
state that there is no difference within the logic of inquiry across sciences as research is
empirically observe by the human senses. It is stated that positivists philosophy involve data that
is reliable as it consists of methods that is structured questionnaires, official statistics and so on.
This also help researcher in gaining data within less time and cost as well die to which researcher
is able to achieve objectives timely and effectively (Snyder, 2019). Moreover, it is perceiving
that significance of doing quantitative research that is large scale surveys for getting an overview
women's empowerment. One of the major advantage of positivism research philosophy is it is
based on quantitative information which researcher believe is reliable as compare to qualitative
investigation. It is analysed that quantitative research is more scientific and is trustworthy and
also give objective researcher which investigator can use in order to make scientific assumptions.
Another advantage of positivism research philosophy is well defined structure during discussions
and studies which in turn make studies more accurate. Furthermore, positivism research
philosophy state that objective inferences & conclusion can reach as long as researcher doing
observation is disregards emotions and is objective. It also encourages investigator to disregard
human behaviour and emotion, there is no guarantee which will arise all time while conducting
study. On the other hand, some of the researcher state that positivists believe everything can be
calculated and measured which tends to be inflexible and is also see things as they tend to
neglect unexplained phenomena. It also allows researcher to develop hypothesis tested at the
time research procedure. It is stated that such belief decline lateral thinking that means the
procedure of finding answers by indirectly and creatively finding out methods to solve issues. In
the last, positivism researcher philosophy is based mainly on facts & undertake the things to be
objective and external as well (Nayak and Singh, 2021). Therefore, using of research philosophy
help researcher to gain factual and quantifiable data which in turn help in finding out valid as
well as reliable results in an effective manner. This also let researcher to gain benefit as it gives
detailed explanation of specific subject area which in turn leads to attainment of positive and
desirable outcomes. Along with this, deductive approach is associated with developing a
hypothesis and then developing a research strategy in order to test the hypothesis. It is stated that
deductive approach involves abundance of sources and is involve less time available in order to
complete study or investigation. Moreover, deductive approach allow researcher to use logic in
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order to justify the decisions in an effective manner. The hypothesis has to be tested under the
experimental conditions. If the data is supporting overall hypothesis that can be used to develop a
well-designed research. One of the major advantage of using deductive approach is it state causal
relationship among variables and concepts and is also measure concepts quantitatively. Another
advantage of deductive approach is it save time of researcher that impact positively on
conducting the study. It is analysed that in deductive approach, investigator begins with the
procedure by undertaking present and past theories associated to the topic of research which
assist in developing hypothesis. One of the major objective of deductive research is to test
existing theory and is also involve large sample size which assist researcher to draw valid and
reliable conclusion (Leatherdale, 2019). This approach has wider scope as herein instructions is
direct by stating at once principles and rules at beginning. On the other hand, it involves passive
learning associated with less involvement in part of learners. Another disadvantage is that
researcher properly not take part within formation of conclusion and the learners involvement
will be drills after explanation of principle or rules. It is determining that in this approach the less
appears uninteresting at first as lessons look uninteresting and irrelevant as well. Deductive
approach is basically in the form of deductive agreement which determine information is valid as
well as reliable. Therefore, using of deductive approach in order to conduct the study is
beneficial for investigator as it help in analysing data which is in quantifiable form and also
allow researcher to draw valid and reliable conclusion in an effective and timely manner. In the
last, using of deductive approach to draw the valid conclusions from the initial premises
properly. It is analysed that data gathered by using descriptive research design is helpful in
significant decision-making as herein information is obtained from large sample size or
population. This let researcher to obtained statically data by which information can be mad
deduce desired outcomes. One of the major advantage of using descriptive research design over
other research design methods is that conducting descriptive research is it is cheap & quick.
Moreover, deductive research can be conducted within natural settings and there is no
requirement to have a designated space for conducting research. Furthermore, descriptive
research design provides and in-depth knowledge as well as view of topic that researcher want to
study and also give level of detail that is extremely valuable for conducting investigation. It is
determining that using of such method assist investigator to find data which is not known and
allow researcher to form hypotheses regarding cause & effect relationships. It is important for
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researcher to select an appropriate number of people in order to gain responses on the objective
develop in context to research topic. This assist in gaining knowledge about view point of people
on a particular topic which in turn is beneficial as well as valuable for investigator in order to
gain desirable results in an effective and timely manner. Descriptive research design has
disadvantage that is it is mainly rely on the response of participants as sometimes people did not
give actual performance then what is expected by the investigator which in turn effect on the
overall results drawn. Moreover, there are also chances that respondents answers the question
honestly that make output of descriptive investigation study non-reliable and invalid because the
outcome develop from such type of information is not appropriate or accurate. Another
disadvantage of this method is it mainly associated with halo effect which means that
investigator might be partial if having knowledge about participants personally, this observation
made within this way is undertaken as invalid. Furthermore, in descriptive research design
method the respondents are picked on random basis which cannot represent the overall
population in an accurate manner. It is stated that descriptive method is more effective as
compare to other methods as it is effective in order to analyse non-quantified issues and topics
and involves the possibility to observe phenomenon within a completely unchanged and natural
environment. Using of descriptive research method in the present investigation provide
opportunity to researcher to integrate quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection.
Furthermore, it also takes less time and cost of investigator that affect positively on the outcomes
attained. This also let investigator in collection of information in easy and quick manner. In the
last, it helps researcher to gain holistic understanding as well as knowledge of research topic due
to which reliable and appropriate conclusion is drawn for the study in a timely and effective
manner.
In order to framing philosophical assumptions in an investigation, this has been
established that an investigator face issue of how to be interlink the ideas, social experience and
the existing social reality. Research onion and its related layers are mainly subjected to influence
of research philosophy in regards of roles in an investigation process (Varghese, Ramesh and
Veeraiyan, 2019).
There are different types of research philosophies used in order to conduct study and are as
follows:
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5.1.1 Epistemology
This brand of the research philosophy is related with questions about what is considered
as the acceptable knowledge in discipline and how it can be obtaining. It deals with better way to
inquiring into needed knowledge state and acceptable universally as true knowledge nature
(Farashi, Rahimian and Gholamrezai, 2019). In this kind of research philosophy, researcher can
obtain the knowledge and also come to understanding the different things. There is a need to
figure out the things and knowledge limited. In context to the social entities, this research
philosophy is related to “theory of the knowledge” that is reliable and valid. It deals better way
of inquiring into necessary knowledge state and universally acceptable as true knowledge nature.
There are different epistemological views which are taken in research mention below:
Positivism research philosophy- Positivism is based on quantifiable observations which
lead to the statistical analysis. This research philosophy believes that reality is mainly stable and
can be explained from the viewpoint in an objective manner such as without interfering with the
phenomenon that is being studied. It is stable and also can be observed from the objective
perspective. It can consist of reality manipulation with the variations in a single independent
variable to determine the regulations (Gangadhar, Bhat and Malyadri, 2017). The main focus of
positivism research philosophy is on the power of science to understand as well as manipulate
the immediate environment. The rationale through consists of uses of value-free and accurate
knowledge through being objectives by the whole research process. Requirement for objectivity
to generate the universal rule from samples and this can be applied to the whole population for
an instance universal rule from the samples. This can be effectively applied to the whole
population for an instance predicting behaviour. Positivists look for the facts than opinion to be
effectively used for the justified outcome of an investigation. it deals with the conduct of an
investigation in the social world they mainly believe should be properly studied. If in case an
investigator is following the same process as that of natural science, then the epistemological
bent of an investigator is to be positivist.
Realism- This type of the research philosophy questions reality of scientific knowledge
and also maintains that all the theories can revised and obtain the reliable outcomes. In regards
to this, new research methods are contributing to acceptable knowledge in this case (Gouri,
2017). This is viewpoint that accords to the things those are perceived a proper existence. This
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kind of the research philosophy relies on idea of the independence of reality. Realism research
philosophy is based on the assumption of scientific approach to knowledge development.
Interpretivism research philosophy- This research philosophy is mainly aligned with
research view of interdependence among an investigation and an investigator. It contends that
only by subjective interpretation of and also intervention in the reality that can be understood in
significant manner. This kind of research philosophy recommended that there is a need to an
investigator to understand contrast among the role of an investigator. It will be philosophy of an
investigation and its basis is that an investigation related to social world needs various logic
regarding research procedures. On the basis of this philosophy, strategy is needed that realise
differences among the information and data (Hemalatha, 2018). This research philosophy uses
the epistemological assumptions on the subjectivism basis to understand existing social reality.
An investigator should have hands on the experience related to social world that investigating
about contribution of women empowerment towards SME’s development in India. An
investigator is mainly impacted through worldview of respondents, agreement, values and the
perception of other people. This helps in make an investigation subjective.
Pragmatism- It standpoint the centres on linking of the practice and theory. This asserts
that the constructivism and objectivism are valid and practical ways to approach any
investigation. They both could be used to search the solutions to issues in comfortable manner
(Kumar and Kuncharam, 2020). This research philosophy is lies among the interpretivism and
positivism. It occurs when an investigation uses the quantitative and qualitative approach as
interpretivism or positivism cannot be accommodating both methods. Both can be used in single
study or various stages of an investigation.
5.1.2 Ontology
It is related with study of the things that exhibit reality. It is looking into what understand
as world or nature of the social reality. This has no relationship with social actors or perceived as
world where inactions and actions regarding social actors generate the social phenomena
(Kapila, Singla and Gupta, 2016). Other than this, ontology research philosophy is related with
what accepted universally as reality or understanding the knowledge in the reality. It is looking
into what need to be understand.
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Objectivism and Subjectivism- It is derived from idea that the human values and
knowledge are objectives and also identified through nature of the reality. They are not
developed through ideas which one has. Objectivism philosophy believes that the social
phenomena are in the reality external in social world (Kiranmayi, Hemalatha and
Bhagyalakshmi, 2018). The objectivism is belief that social phenomenon is in the reality external
in social world and control of values which held through an investigator. instead of
communicating with participants, this will have related with social world as set of the tangible
objectives and not to be subject to daily changing relationship consists the participants. On the
other hand, subjectivism is school of the though same as the interpretivism where
interdependency is among the participants and investigators. In regards to this, relying on
perception of an investigator adopt wither objectivist or subjectivist view. The subjectivity has
direct relationship with interpretivism in taking an account relationship among social interactions
and motivations of groups which are being properly observed.
Constructivism- Its focus on how the knowledge bodied come to be and how thoughts are
constructed through human decisions and interactions. It maintains that the reality is dependent
or constructs through social actors (Kumar, Dahiya and Ratwan, 2019).
5.1.3 Axiology
These are the concern nature of values of an investigation that is being conducted and
deal with perception of an investigation regarding study. In context to values held through an
investigator that plays an essential role in course of study. View of positivists about research
process as value free. This is because of perception that there should be the independence among
an investigator and research work (Rajabov, 2019). In regards to this, interpretivists view
investigators and participants as the interdependent of one another or an investigator in most of
the cases is embedded with research work. Use of the axiology skills is ability of an investigator
in order to articulate the facts and using values as basis for making effective decisions related to
research that carried out. It provides the way to interpreted collected data and also present
findings.
Justification: In conducting the present investigation, there has been positivism research
philosophy used. The main benefit of using this philosophy is that it provides the detailed
explanation regarding particular subject area. This research philosophy has been considered
10

because this assists through giving an insight to research work. The positivism research
philosophy is methodologically and theoretically relevant to present research work. In this,
predictions can be made according to previously observed realities. Positivism reality is stable
and observable from the viewpoint in significant manner regarding the contribution of women
empowerment in SME (Kumari and Arun, 2019). On the other hand, positivism is both
methodologically and theoretically both and specific to research work. This kind of research
approach best answered with many methods for an instance use of questionnaire regarding the
specific area. In addition to this, positivism research philosophy state that there is no difference
within the logic of inquiry across sciences as research is empirically observe by the human
senses. It is stated that positivists philosophy involve data that is reliable as it consists of
methods that is structured questionnaires, official statistics and so on. This also help researcher in
gaining data within less time and cost as well die to which researcher is able to achieve
objectives timely and effectively. Moreover, it is perceiving that significance of doing
quantitative research that is large scale surveys for getting an overview women's empowerment.
One of the major advantage of positivism research philosophy is it is based on quantitative
information which researcher believe is reliable as compare to qualitative investigation. It is
analysed that quantitative research is more scientific and is trustworthy and also give objective
researcher which investigator can use in order to make scientific assumptions. Another
advantage of positivism research philosophy is well defined structure during discussions and
studies which in turn make studies more accurate. Furthermore, positivism research philosophy
state that objective inferences & conclusion can reach as long as researcher doing observation is
disregards emotions and is objective. It also encourages investigator to disregard human
behaviour and emotion, there is no guarantee which will arise all time while conducting study.
On the other hand, some of the researcher state that positivists believe everything can be
calculated and measured which tends to be inflexible and is also see things as they tend to
neglect unexplained phenomena. It also allows researcher to develop hypothesis tested at the
time research procedure. It is stated that such belief decline lateral thinking that means the
procedure of finding answers by indirectly and creatively finding out methods to solve issues. In
the last, positivism researcher philosophy is based mainly on facts & undertake the things to be
objective and external as well. Therefore, using of research philosophy help researcher to gain
factual and quantifiable data which in turn help in finding out valid as well as reliable results in
11

an effective manner. This also let researcher to gain benefit as it gives detailed explanation of
specific subject area which in turn leads to attainment of positive and desirable outcomes.
5.2 Research approach
It is the next layer in research onion as it is based on extent to which theory is clear at
starting of an investigation. Inductive and deductive are two different approach of research
(Kumari, 2017). This plan includes several decisions that are to be taken as per it is making sense
and the order of presentation. The overall decision making involves the approach that has to be
used as per study of the topic. There are certain specific research methods that are based on
nature of a research problem so that issue can be timely addressed. The relevance of a hypothesis
is related to the main distinctive points that is part of inductive or deductive approaches.
Deductive approach tests are part of validity of assumptions on other hand inductive approaches
are used as a contribution toward emergence of new theories that can move towards
generalisations. Lastly there is third aspect of a research approach that is adductive research that
is based on a surprising factors or puzzles
5.2.1 Deductive approach
The deductive research is existing theoretical driven approaches. It is an approach where theory
is mainly developed and research strategy is mostly designed to test hypothesis. Deductive
approach is enable use of the quantitative data for testing hypothesis and used in the present
investigation. The quantitative data are gathered as well as analysis are done of collection of data
by survey method using questionnaire. It provided the particular answers to founds to answer
research question (Maiorano, Thapar-Björkert and Blomkvist, 2019). In case of a deductive
reference the overall premises are completely true and the overall conclusion has also to be true.
There is movement from generalising that is ranging from general to specific scenario in a
particular report. There is use of data collection for the purpose of evaluating the overall
proposition and the hypothesis that is part of existing theory in a research work. There is
requirement of falsification and verification of a specific theory. While a research is being
conducted there is need to start with a theory where there is application of reasoning deductive
that is testing of the existing theories. Generally, in this case deductive research is taking place in
four major stages in every research work. Such as there is starting up of the research work with
an existing or already prevailing theory. After that there is formulation of hypothesis that is
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based on existing theory after there is development of the hypothesis there is further collection of
data for the objective of developed hypothesis. After this there is analysis of the overall results
and the data may be supported or rejected based on support of the hypothesis. But deductive
approach has several limitations also in firm of conclusions that are drawn can be true only if
premises that are set in case of inductive are true or clear. Otherwise there can be issue in terms
of validity and reliability of the way deductive approach is being applied in case of a research
work. There are many advantages of deductive approach that are offering several advantages for
the researcher in case of research. Such as there is possibility to analyse the relationships
between variables and concepts. It is very helpful in measurement of the quantitative concepts
that are crucial part of every research work, it also assists researcher in possibility to generalize
the overall research findings up to a certain extent. Research are having preferences for
deductive approach because there is abundance of sources that is wealth of a literature, it helps in
completing the research work in short time period so it can easily be used when there is limited
availability of time period. So this type of approach is very helpful while the availability if
resource is limited. This approach is also preferred by researcher for the purpose of avoiding risk
in certain cases. Deductive research approach is exploring a present theory or a phenomenon
only when it is valid in specific or prevailing circumstances, it is based on following up of path
of logic that is most closely related with the research topic. The overall are analysis is starting
with the theory and can lead to new hypothesis. The hypothesis is put to test by confronting it
with the set observation that can lead to rejection or may be confirmation of a specific
hypothesis. The overall process is based on drawing of general conclusions from the individual
observations and instances (Wang and et. al., 2019).
The deductive approach is used for drawing valid conclusions from the initial premises. It
is an approach that is based on considerable appeal. It is associated with logical positivism and
classical. In this there is used of deductive logic that is associated with hypothesis deductive
approach. It involves generation of formulation of specific hypothesis about the theoretical
knowledge and the existing practical form of information. The hypothesis has to be tested under
the experimental conditions. If the data is supporting overall hypothesis that can be used to
develop a well-designed research.
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5.2.2 Inductive approach
Inductive approach begins with observation and also developing the hypothesis on the
basis of observation. This approach is mainly used in the qualitative research and make this
enable to explore the social phenomenon in order to obtain the empirical patterns. When using
inductive approach, data are gathered and theory is mainly formed using outcomes of data
analysis. It is mainly suited to present investigation as inductive approach makes this able to be
study small sample instead of large number studied with deductive approach (Mallikarjuna,
2016). Inductive approach is preferred when there is scarcity of sources. But it can be used only
when there is sufficient availability of time period. The overall risk associated with a research
work is accepted only when a theory may emerge. The benefit of inductive approach can be seen
as a grounded theory that helps in allowing flexibility and attending closely to support and
context of generating a new theory. There is drawing from first principles where there is no
overriding requirement of a specific research topic. There is already huge amount of existing
researcher that is already applied in the case of a particular research work. Inductive approach is
used when there is scarcity of resources. It is generally used when there is no shortage of time
period to complete the available research work. The overall associated risk with resources have
to be accepted and in some cases no theory may emerge at all. Inductive reasoning is opposite to
deductive reasoning that the researcher is not dealing with the hypothesis in any manner.
Inductive approach starts with the inductive reasoning that is theories are proposed at the end of
research process that is a result of observations, it involves searching of a pattern from
observations and development of exactions. It involves searching for a pattern from range of
observations and further there is development of explanations, these are patterns through series
of hypothesis. No hypothesis or theories can be applied in inductive studies at the beginning of
research world. As the researcher is free in terms of making alterations to the directions of study
after the research process is commenced. Inductive approach does not apply in case of
disregarding the theories while the research questions and overall objectives are formulated. In
case of inductive approach, the researcher is staring the work by collection of data that is
relevant to the topics. There is substantial amount of data that is collected and then researcher
will be working towards data collection step to further perform the next important steps to reach
to valid conclusions as per requirement of the research work. At this stage the researcher is
looking for patterns in the data to work towards development of their so that such patterns can be
14

further explained. When research is willing to use the inductive approach there is starting with
the set of observations and then moving from particular experiences that is more general set of
proposition related to those experiences. In inductive approach there is inference from
generalised conclusions that is develop from specific instances, it is formation of be realisation
based on what can be observed or known by the research with respect to the laid aim and
objectives of the research work.
5.2.3 Abductive approach
It beings with surprising the facts and research process is mainly devoted with the
explanation. Surprising the facts may emerge when an investigator encounters with empirical
phenomena that cannot be properly explains through existing range of the theories. It is criticised
for lack of the clarity in context about choosing the theory through developing hypothesis
(Mathur and Agarwal, 2017). There are some of the claims that are made up for inductive or
deductive approach that has to be contested fiercely to analyse the increasing recognition that
offers a choice between the two. But sometimes one specific theory may not be properly applied
in case of a research. In this case there is need to lead the hypothesis that can be explored with
respect to specific collected data. In adductive approach there is decision of the most likely
reference that can be made from an existing set of observation. It is based on syllogism that is the
major premise is evident but the minor premise can only be conclusion of probable. It involves
process of formation of a conclusion from the information that is already existing and known.
Justification: In conducting the present investigation, there has been deductive research
approach used as it is based on quantitative research method. It seeks to draw the valid
conclusions from the initial premises. An investigators taking deductive approach that take steps
explained earlier for the inductive research and to reserve order. It starts with hypothesis and
generally on causality. Deductive approach consists starting with theory, developing the
hypothesis and then gathering data to test hypothesis (Mishra, 2016). The deductive approach is
suitable for the present research work as it is going to help in making evaluation based on the
quantitative form of information that is available in the research work. It is very important for
movement from general to specific it is also regraded as top down approach in some of the
instances. As there is narrow down of specific hypotheses that can be further tested. In present
research work researcher will be able to work towards development of theory hypotheses,
15

observation and further confirmation. Along with this, deductive approach is associated with
developing a hypothesis and then developing a research strategy in order to test the hypothesis. It
is stated that deductive approach involves abundance of sources and is involve less time
available in order to complete study or investigation. Moreover, deductive approach allow
researcher to use logic in order to justify the decisions in an effective manner. The hypothesis
has to be tested under the experimental conditions. If the data is supporting overall hypothesis
that can be used to develop a well-designed research. One of the major advantage of using
deductive approach is it state causal relationship among variables and concepts and is also
measure concepts quantitatively. Another advantage of deductive approach is it save time of
researcher that impact positively on conducting the study. It is analysed that in deductive
approach, investigator begins with the procedure by undertaking present and past theories
associated to the topic of research which assist in developing hypothesis. One of the major
objective of deductive research is to test existing theory and is also involve large sample size
which assist researcher to draw valid and reliable conclusion (Papachristos and Struben, 2019).
This approach has wider scope as herein instructions is direct by stating at once principles and
rules at beginning. On the other hand, it involves passive learning associated with less
involvement in part of learners. Another disadvantage is that researcher properly not take part
within formation of conclusion and the learners involvement will be drills after explanation of
principle or rules. It is determining that in this approach the less appears uninteresting at first as
lessons look uninteresting and irrelevant as well. Deductive approach is basically in the form of
deductive agreement which determine information is valid as well as reliable. Therefore, using of
deductive approach in order to conduct the study is beneficial for investigator as it help in
analysing data which is in quantifiable form and also allow researcher to draw valid and reliable
conclusion in an effective and timely manner. In the last, using of deductive approach to draw
the valid conclusions from the initial premises properly.
5.3 Research strategies
The research strategy is defined as step by step action plan that provides the direction to
efforts and thoughts, enabling an investigator to conduct an investigation in systematic manner. it
is on schedule to produce the quality outcomes as well as the detailed reporting. It is related to
determining approaches is choosing strategies to answer research questions, attain research aim
and supporting the objectives (Ross and Call-Cummings, 2020). Research strategy guides an
16

investigator in planning, implementing and also monitoring study. It tells to an investigator how
to gather as well as analyse relevant data with the help of using different methods. It is related to
how an investigator plans to gather data for research (Padmavathi, 2016). Research strategy is
mainly introduced major components of research project for an instance research area and
perspective of an investigation. It is related to how an investigator propose to answer research
questions and also implement methodology in an effective manner. Research strategy is
important because it provides the reliable information and the quality outcomes. The research
strategies are of different types for an instance survey, action research, experiment, archival
research and others. Different research strategies are mention below:
5.3.1 Experiment
It is rigid in the structure and experimental designs are meant to test the causal impact of
phenomenon on group. Data gathered by using this strategy could be analysed statistically
(Pathania and Rao, 2018). Main purpose of conducting the experimental research strategy is to
establish existence of the cause and effect relationship among two different variables. To attain
the objectives, experiment is mainly manipulated the one variable while the other variable is
measured and controlled. On the other hand, experimental research strategy is helpful in develop
process that analyse results of experiment against expected outcomes. This can be effectively
used in all research areas and consists consideration of number of the limited factors.
5.3.2 Action research
In this strategy, client collaboration and action investigator in diagnosis of issue and in
development of solution on the basis of research problem. It is mainly accepted as method in
order to test hypothesis in real environment. It is mainly designed to deal with particular issue in
the specific situation. Process of the action research starts with setting up the clear objective.
Issue is diagnosed and there is a need to prepare list of the solutions and presented as the
suggestions to solve those issues (Pati and Narendra, 2016). This kind of the research strategy
combined an investigation with the participation as well as action in area. 6the action research
strategy develops knowledge on the basis of enquiries that conducted with in context of
contribution of women in development of India’s economy within small and medium scale
industries. Its main purpose is to learn by the action that leads on professional and personal
17

development. This kind of the research strategy is used to search solution that can be used to
solve certain issue.
5.3.3 Case study
This kind of the research strategy gives the unique examples regarding real people in the
real conditions. Number of case studies is restricted for developing the clear conclusion from
data (Ponna and et. al., 2017). Its main focus is on conducting the in- depth research of single
case or the small number of the cases. In case study strategy, information and data is sought from
various sources and by use of the various kinds of the data for an instance interviews, documents
analysis, observations and surveys. This kind of research strategy permits composite as well as
multifaceted research of issue. Other than this, case study strategy is more focused on one or
more than one people. This can provide an insight into particular nature and establish
significance of the culture. This research strategy is an assessment of single unit to establish key
features and also draw the generalisations. It gives the unique examples of the real people in the
real conditions. Number of these types of cases is restricted in order to drawing the clear
conclusion from data. Its main focus is on research area relating contribution of women in
development of India’s economy within small and medium scale industries. It provides the
strong relevance to applicability of the research outcomes. It would be varied from applying
outcomes of better approach were taken without consideration of particular case study.
5.3.4 Survey
The survey is explained as collection of the information from sample of people by
responses of questions. This kind of the research strategy permits for variety of the methods in
order to recruit the participants, gather data and use different methods of the instrumentation. It
often results from deductive approach and capable to gathering the more data that is apt for the
statistical analysis. Gathered data assists to answer research questions in cost effective manner
(Prasad and Deepak, 2019). This is economical and finest strategy to collect information and
data. An investigator can gather the reliable and rich data by using this method related to
contribution of women in development of India’s economy within small and medium scale
industries. In regards to this, survey tends to be used in the quantitative project and consist
sampling representative proportion of population. It is mainly used to observe contributing the
variables between various data. This permits gathering of the wider data that will be mainly used
18

to give the answer of research question. On the other hand, data is mainly obtained by use of the
standardised process in order to assure that every respondent can answer questions at level that
playing area to neglect biased opinions which could impact outcome of an investigation. the
benefit of conducting survey is that this is straightforward in order to analyse data in the real
time. This is ready to draw the inferences as well as share outcomes effectively. In the survey,
questions can be designed so that participants are able to understand, read and also respond to
them in meaningful manner. Many of the questionnaire surveys are tend to be self-administrated
mail surveys whereas similar questionnaire is to be mailed to large number of the people. Willing
participants can complete survey as per their convenience.
5.3.5 Observation
This kind of research strategy is mainly used in obtaining the qualitative data. It involves
an investigator being present in goal oriented manner. It is using the systematic approach
determined through recording objects and paying the attention to the actions taken place to
verbal expressions in an environment. The observation research is qualitative research strategy in
which an investigator observed the ongoing behaviour of participants in natural condition.
Purpose of conducting an investigation is to collect the reliable insights. An investigator can
capture the data on which the respondents do as opposed they do (Shields, 2019). The
observational research is mainly used when the other methods of data collection for an instance
questionnaire, surveys and others are not adequate. This provides the qualitative data as an
investigator is observing subject in natural setting. It can provide the deep insights into behaviour
of people that can help in decision making (Lê and et. al., 2019). This research strategy can be
structured or unstructured. In the structured observation, data collection is mainly conducted by
using the particular variables and on the basis of pre- explained schedule. On the other hand, an
unstructured observation is conducted in open manner in sense that there would not be the pre-
identified objectives variables. Benefits of using the observation research strategy is that it
consists the direct access towards the research phenomena, generating permanent record of the
phenomena and high flexibility level in application terms. Its disadvantage is that it takes more
time, high observer bias and impact of the observer on collecting primary data. Observation
strategy may be related with ethical issues. Full informed consent of the research participant’s
ion main ethical considerations to adhered through investigators. Behaviour of the sample
19

members may be change with the negative impact on research validity level if they are notified
regarding observer presence.
5.3.6 Grounded theory
This strategy takes approach about gathering data to develop theory rather than test. An
investigator can use this strategy begins with qualitative data collection or research questions
(Rajalakshmi and Selvam, 2017). Data gathered by observation is reviewed through an
investigator and repeated ideas are grouped in to categories. Grounded theory is mainly
introduced as comparative and inductive methodology that gives systematic guidelines for
collecting, analysing, synthesizing and also con conceptualizing qualitative data. Other than this,
quantitative and qualitative data generation techniques can be effectively used in grounded study.
It sets out to search from data, obtained systematically and also analyse by using the comparative
analysis. Study based on the grounded theory is start with question or with collection of the
qualitative data. As an investigator review data collected, concepts and ideas become apparent to
investigators. On the other hand, ground theory is continuing to be misunderstood method as
several investigators purport to use this. The qualitative investigators claim to conduct the
grounded method without adopting the distinctive guidelines. They may employ one or more
than one strategy. It provides an investigators method that is complement different form of the
qualitative method of data collection.
5.3.7 Interview
It is method of data collection where an investigator speaks directly either through online
media or physically. Other than this, asking respondents to finish survey that consists
predetermined questions or permitting an investigator to follow up the questions in open ended
manner. Interview is mainly used to gather the data from small sample groups regarding women
empowerment and their contribution in small and medium size enterprises. It is mainly
qualitative research technique that consists asking the open ended questions in order to converse
with participants and gather elicit data regarding subjects. Interviews are mainly conducted with
sample from whole population and main characteristics they are exhibit conversational tone
(McCosker and Gerrard, 2020). In regards to this, interview consists conducting an intensive
individual interview with small number of the respondents in order to explore perspectives on
20

women empowerment and their contribution in small and medium size enterprises. There are
different types of interviews such as structured, semi structured and unstructured. The structured
interviews are considered as research tools which are rigid in operations and obtain the positive
outcomes. These are mainly used in the survey investigation with an intention of maintaining the
uniformity by interview sessions. The semi- structured interviews provide considerable mound of
the leeway to an investigator in order to probe participants with maintaining the interview
structure. An investigator can be effectively assured that many interview rounds will not need
win presence of structure under semi structured interview. At last, unstructured interviews are
explained as the conversations that held with purpose in mind to collect data regarding research
study. These kind of interviews have least number of the questions as they lean towards normal
conversation with underlying subject. Objective of using the unstructured interview is to develop
bond with participants because of which there are more chances that respondents will be truthful
with answers.
Justification: In conducting the present investigation, there has been survey research
strategy used. The reason behind using survey is that it can be developed with in minimum time
period. It is easier to collect the information regarding women empowerment and their
contribution in small and medium size enterprises (Rajani, 2016). The surveys can be
administrated to respondents by different ways. Questionnaire can be sent through e-mail or
administrated by Internet. Questionnaire consisting the series of different questions fort aim of
collection of information from chose respondents. This is set of the written questions with
choices of the answers, devised for purpose of survey. The main benefit of using questionnaire is
that it can help in collect information from large sample size. Each participant received identical
set of the questions related to women empowerment and their contribution in small and medium
size enterprises. With the close ended questions, response is more standardized that can help in
interpreting from the chosen respondents in significant manner. Other than this, questionnaire are
the practical way to collect data. The researcher can pick as well as select questions asked and
format. They give better way to collect wider amount of the data on subject. As compared to
some of the other approached consisting face to face and over telephone questioning, ability to
give anonymity with online questionnaire is main advantages when looking to the survey
participants on the sensitive problems. When the anonymity is mainly given immediately puts
the participants to encourage them to give the answer truthfully that is better when trying to get
21

honest as well as accurate picture of investigation subject area i.e. explore the contribution of
women empowerment towards SME’s development in India. On the other hand, there are some
issues arise in developing questionnaire for an instance reliability of information, affect sample
size and some of the other factors. In regards to this, survey questions is more biased if this is
phrased in which a manner that skews people towards giving answer. This occurs if questions are
complex to be understand and making this complex for chosen participants to be answer
honestly.
5.4 Choice of data
In order to undertake an investigation, various methods and choices are there that support
researcher in collecting data on the basis of particular topic and area. To address all the key
objective of research, there are two type of choices such as qualitative and quantitative research
method. Both techniques are useful for investigator to acquire authentic data that improve the
chances of attaining favourable results. The difference is that orientation of the quantitative
method in context to theory us deductive, though testing theory that deal with the experimental
examination by collection of the data which are carrying as well as measuring out analysis on
this data. It is effective in understand causal relationship among variables. An investigator
conduct study in value free environment. On the other hand, qualitative research orientation in
context to theory is inductive, through theory generation. Process does not consist experimental
examination. An investigator pays specific attention to constructed the reality nature, showing
interdependency relationship among an investigator and study. This kind of the investigation is
Value laden as comparison to simply not value free (Säfsten and Gustavsson, 2020).
There is a difference between qualitative and quantitative method. The quantitative
method can be objective when an investigator uses the questionnaire for collection of data. On
the other hand, qualitative study is subjective in nature when using the interview for purpose of
collection of data and information. In regards to this, qualitative investigators do not use the
positivist methods and they believe that they can present the relevant outcomes by using process
of collection of the data and information, analysis and outcomes which can be verified in
significant manner. They feel that outcomes are result of interrelated activities among
participants and investigator. They can be explaining constraints faced at the time of collection
of data and they like rich explanation of all activities. Other than this, quantitative study does not
22

consist relationship among participants and investigators which is less concerned regarding
description and impacted through participant’s constraints.
5.4.1 Qualitative research
It refers to the data obtain by investigator in the form first hand observation. Basically, it
is designed in the way that help in understanding the behaviour and perception of target
audiences on the basis of particular research topic (Rao, 2016). As, it also helps in providing in-
depth evaluation of different aspects that contributes in drawing a valid and meaningful
conclusion at the end of the study. It includes various methods such as in-depth interview, focus
group, content analyse, case study research and many more. All these are assist in acquiring
authentic data about particular area. On the other hand, qualitative method is combination of the
interpretative methods with aim of explain, translating and decoding consistent meaning as well
as the in- depth understanding of the natural occurring phenomenon. In regards to this,
combination of the narrative study and inductive approach is helpful in give deep and fresh
insights that enable generation of theoretical framework as study outcome. Qualitative research
method has one of its characteristics aim of obtaining proper understanding regarding social
phenomenon and methods. In many of the cases generate words instead of the numbers as data
required for the purpose of information presentation. The qualitative investigators use various
sources of the data in order to understand topic they are mainly studying. These type of data
sources consists the in- depth interviews, standardized interviews, artifacts and focus groups. In
this research method, idea of the recursivity is related to emergent nature of the research design.
In relation to the standardized research method, recursivity embodied idea that qualitative
investigator can change design of study at the time of data collection. In this, data are gathered
repeatedly specific stopping the situations are met, reflecting nonstatic attitude to planning as
well as design research activities. Qualitative investigators would argue that the recursivity in
order to developing relevant evidence that enable an investigator to be open to the unexpected
outcomes. Other than this, it is combination of the narrative study and inductive approach that
assists the providing the deep insight that enable generation of theoretical framework as study
outcomes. It has one of main characteristics aim of obtaining proper understanding regarding
social phenomena and related method in many of the vases generate words and get detailed
23

information regarding the Contribution of women in development of India’s economy within
small and medium scale industries.
5.4.2 Quantitative research
This technique is also an effective method that allows researcher in collecting data in the
statistical, mathematical and numerical form to make an appropriate result. It includes various
methods such as polls, questionnaire, survey and many more. This method if focuses on
collecting numerical data and at the same time also generalising it across groups of people in
order to determine a specified phenomenon. With the assistance of this, researcher can take right
decision and also draw a meaningful conclusion. It consists collection as well as analysis of the
numerical data by using whole population. This examined features of selected sample with an
aim of developing the generalisations from sample in order to represent whole population. The
quantitative research uses predominantly the deductive approach, through application of the
theory from early research stage. The way of data analysis is statistical, following application of
theoretical framework. It aids to make comparison among current as well as some of the other
empirical studied easier to be carried out. As the quantitative work is mainly uses tested as well
as existing theoretical framework that developed through an investigators and current outcomes
can be compared to the old. This research method is mainly helpful to understand the
experiences, perspectives and some of the other aspects of life (Bisdas and et. al., 2019).
Quantitative research method is mainly derived from philosophical rationalism that has
characteristics differentiate this from qualitative method. There are already laid out the structure
as well as mind set of actions cause in order to follow in context of the process that study will be
explore, ability to measure variations level in the variables. On the other hand, quantitative
methodology is deductive in the nature and mainly used to understand aspect of social
phenomenon, by perspectives and methods. In regards to this, questionnaire can be effectively
used to determine caused. This can provide details to resolve encountered challenges. In regards
to this, an investigator should follow the particular protocols when using quantitative methods
but there is need to observe directly to each and every participant. Benefit develops the better
response rate because people have the more time as well as less pressure to complete work.
Although complexity of questions which asked or survey length can be main barriers to the
24

participation. Amount of the data that investigators gather from quantitative process is more
useful.
5.4.3 Mixed methods
It is emergent methodology of an investigation that advanced systematic integration or
mixing the qualitative and quantitative data within single investigation. It integrating the data at
the time of data collection, discussion and analysis. This method can be viewed as the pragmatic
study as it employs the qualitative and quantitative both method. The qualitative method is in
observation as well as the interview based research. On the other hand, quantitative method is in
the form of the existing data or questionnaire. The mono- method investigation consists process
of using single method while the multiple methods assure of more than one method of data
collection. Mixed method both employs use of the mono and multiple methods (Saeed and Al
Qunayeer, 2021).
Justification: For carry out current research, investigator will adopt quantitative research
method because is to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables.
As it is also deals in logic and objective stance that contributes in addressing research problem in
an effective way. This will directly contribute in increasing possibilities of attaining positive and
reliable outcomes at the end of the study (Reddy, 2018). This research method takes on
systematic approach that mainly relies on empirical investigation of the observable phenomena.
This uses the computational techniques and statistical models in order to develop theories and
hypothesis related to contribution of women in development of India’s economy within small
and medium scale industries. Measurement process is central to success of work. An investigator
gathers information for quantitative research process in the real time scenario so that the
statistical analysis can be occur immediately. Survey give the answers immediate that become
useful from data centred approach. This method does not need separation of the systems or
identification of the different variables in order to produce outcomes. The main benefit of using
quantitative method is that it needs careful experimental design and ability to be replicate results
and tests both regarding explore the contribution of women empowerment towards SME’s
development in India. It makes data that an investigator collects reliable as well as open to the
argument. When a researcher gathers the quantitative data, type of the outcomes will tell which
kind of statistical tests are effective to e use (Liamputtong, 2019). Interpreting data as well as
25

presenting findings is to be straightforward and less open to the subjectivity and error. On the
other hand, the issue arising by implementing the quantitative method is that there is false focus
on the numbers. Quantitative research can be limited in pursuit of concerned and the statistical
relationship that can be lead to investigators overlooking writer’s themes. There can be chance of
misleading. Bias and opinions of an investigator are likely to be impact the quantitative
approached in order to collecting information. The quantitative methods are mainly mandated to
operate assuming outcomes attained from the surveys and experiments are presence of face to
face encounters by using this kind of the approaches.
5.5 Research Design
The research design consists detailed framework with structure that shapes study. It gives
plans that assists to explain as well as establish how to answer research questions or attain set
aim and objectives in such a manner that leads to the valid conclusion and strong inference from
final research output. This is mainly carried out through specifying systematically detailed of
study that consists study design, logistical arrangement required to undertake an investigation. In
regards to this, there will be measurement procedures, sampling strategy will be used, frame of
collection of data, analysis and time frame that required for completion. The research design is
detailed framework with structures that shapes study. It provides plan that assists to explain as
well as establish how answer research questions or attain research objectives to get valid
conclusion. On the other hand, research design is mainly comprising plans that used through an
investigator at the time of course of study (Asadullina and et. al., 2020). The research design
mainly performs two different main roles. The first role consists determination as well as
development of the logical arrangements which are sufficient to conduct an investigation and
some of the main role that emphasising that the quality should be better when conducting an
investigation. It is attained by the procedures and process that are reliable, valid, accurate and
objective in nature. Research design is mainly comprising methodological paradigm, research
methods, methods of data collection and also analysis. There are different types of research
designs mention below:
5.5.1 Descriptive research design
It is theory based research design where an investigator is interested in explaining topic that
is related to subject area. It provides the detailed explanation regarding particular subject area
26

(Saravanan, 2016). Descriptive research is defined as the strategic of population that is based on
phenomenon, it is methodology that is focussed on the overall research topic. In this kind of the
research design, an investigator is interested in explaining situation under research study. This is
theory based method that developed through collecting, examining and also presenting the
collected information and data. It permits an investigator to give insights into why and how to
conduct an investigation. This kind of the research design aids others understand in better
manner requirement of an investigation. The descriptive research method is primary focussed on
describing the nature of demographic segment of research based on “why” a particular
phenomenon is incurring; it is deserving the subject of research. It is a quantitative research
method that is based on collecting of quantifiable information from use of a statistical analyses
that is a population sample. It is a popular market research that helps in collecting and then
describing the demographic segment nature. It includes uncontrollable variables that are
influenced in a specific manner, it is based on observational methods to be used for conducting
the research. The nature of variables and behaviour is not in hands of researcher. There are cross
sectional studies that is different sections that are part of same group have to be studies. It forms
the basis of further research the collected data and then analysing it as part of descriptive
research work by use of different techniques. This data is also very helpful in pointing towards
the types of research methods that have to be used as part of subsequent research work. It can be
used on multiple ways as per the specific requirement of research. There are major three
distinctive methods that are part of research work that includes observation elements that is one
of the most effective ways of conducting the research work where there is use of both
quantitative and qualitative form of observations. Quantitative observation is one in which there
is objective collection of data. Another method is case study method where there is involvement
of in depth research and the overall study is based on groups and individuals. It leads towards
development of hypotheses that can widen the further scope of studying a pheromone. It is used
for determining the cause and effect for making accurate predictions as there can be biases on
part of researcher. Another method is the survey research method that is answered through
questionnaires, surveys or polls, it is popular market research tool that is adopted for collection
of feedback from respondents, it is a study that is based on gathering of useful information and
data by use of right survey questions. Survey method can be conducted both offline and online as
per the available sample size.
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5.5.2 Experimental research design
This research design established relation among effect and cause of specific happening. An
investigator observes impact of independent variable on dependent one (Saravanan and Dash,
2017). Experimental research design is centrally concern with constructing of research that is
high in casual validity. It is randomized experimentation design that is providing the highest
level of casual validity. It is concerned with constructing of research that is high in internal
validity of a research work. It is conducted with a scientific approach by use of two variable sets,
the first set acts as constant to measure the differences of the second set. Generally, a researcher
is willing to use experimental research design in situations where time is a vital factor in
establishment of relationship between cause and effect, there is invariable behaviour that is
prevailing between cause and effect and researcher is willing to understand the overall
relationship between such cost and effect relationships. Experimental research design helps in
allowing the test of a theory it helps in having string hold over variables for obtaining the desired
results, the overall results drawn from this are very specific and after there has been analysis of
results there can be application of finding to similar situations of ideas.
5.5.3 Explanatory research design
It is mainly used to explore, expand and define ideas of an investigator. It is used to elaborate on
unexplored aspects of specific area and also try to define missing pieces (Shanti, 2020). This
research design seeks to generate hypothesis through examining data set and also looking for the
potential relations among variables. This is possible to have an idea regarding relationship
among variables but there is lack of the knowledge of direction and also strengthen relations. If
in case an investigator does not any particular hypothesis, then research is exploratory in context
to variables considered in questions. Benefit of the exploratory research design is that this is
easier to make the new search because of stringent methodological restrictions. On the other
hand, explanatory research is mainly conducted for issue that was not investigated before,
demand priorities and also provide an effective research model. Focus of this research design is
on defining aspects of study in detailed way. This re search design is mainly conducted for
research issue when an investigator has no past data or studied for the reference. Sometimes,
research is unstructured and informal. This serves as tool for the initial investigation that gives
theoretical or hypothetical idea of research issue (Kennedy and et. al., 2019). For this kind of an
28

investigation, an investigator begins with general ideas as well as use this investigation as
medium to determine problems which can be focus for the future investigation. Investigators use
the exploratory research methods when trying to gain the familiarity with existing phenomenon
and also acquire insights into it form precise issue.
5.5.4 Correlation research design
It is non- experimental research design technique that assists an investigator to establish
relationship among two connected variables. There are not any assumptions while examining the
relationship among two different variables and also the statistical technique to calculate
relationship among them. Positive and negative correlation are two different types of the
correlation research design. Positive correlation is relationship among the two different variables
is when enhance in single variable that leads to rise in other variable. Reduction in the single
variable will see reduction in other variable. On the other hand, negative correlation is opposite
of positive relationship. If there is enhance in the one variable, then second variable will be show
reduce and view versa (Nally, Sorensen and Kavanagh, 2020).
5.5.5 Diagnostic research design
The aim of this research design is to examine underlying cause of certain situation. This can
assist to search more regarding factors which lead to particular issues or the challenges.
Justification: In this research, there has descriptive research design used because it provides
the detailed explanation and analysis regarding the contribution of women empowerment in
small and medium size enterprises. The reason behind using this research design is that is
describe the population systematically and accurately. It can use wider variety of the research
methods in order to investigate the more or more than one variables. This is broader used
research design that indicated through researchers. The descriptive research design is non-
experimental in order to search the new meaning as well as give new knowledge regarding
contribution of women empowerment in small and medium size enterprises. This method
consists data collection, analysis and also interpretation. This lets an investigator present the
issue in clear manner to permit other to understand requirement for this investigation. It is
analysed that data gathered by using descriptive research design is helpful in significant
decision-making as herein information is obtained from large sample size or population. This let
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researcher to obtained statically data by which information can be mad deduce desired outcomes.
One of the major advantage of using descriptive research design over other research design
methods is that conducting descriptive research is it is cheap & quick. Moreover, deductive
research can be conducted within natural settings and there is no requirement to have a
designated space for conducting research. Furthermore, descriptive research design provides and
in-depth knowledge as well as view of topic that researcher want to study and also give level of
detail that is extremely valuable for conducting investigation. It is determining that using of such
method assist investigator to find data which is not known and allow researcher to form
hypotheses regarding cause & effect relationships. It is important for researcher to select an
appropriate number of people in order to gain responses on the objective develop in context to
research topic. This assist in gaining knowledge about view point of people on a particular topic
which in turn is beneficial as well as valuable for investigator in order to gain desirable results in
an effective and timely manner. Descriptive research design has disadvantage that is it is mainly
rely on the response of participants as sometimes people did not give actual performance then
what is expected by the investigator which in turn effect on the overall results drawn. Moreover,
there are also chances that respondents answers the question honestly that make output of
descriptive investigation study non-reliable and invalid because the outcome develop from such
type of information is not appropriate or accurate (Silverman, 2020). Another disadvantage of
this method is it mainly associated with halo effect which means that investigator might be
partial if having knowledge about participants personally, this observation made within this way
is undertaken as invalid. Furthermore, in descriptive research design method the respondents are
picked on random basis which cannot represent the overall population in an accurate manner. It
is stated that descriptive method is more effective as compare to other methods as it is effective
in order to analyse non-quantified issues and topics and involves the possibility to observe
phenomenon within a completely unchanged and natural environment. Using of descriptive
research method in the present investigation provide opportunity to researcher to integrate
quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Furthermore, it also takes less time and
cost of investigator that affect positively on the outcomes attained. This also let investigator in
collection of information in easy and quick manner. In the last, it helps researcher to gain holistic
understanding as well as knowledge of research topic due to which reliable and appropriate
conclusion is drawn for the study in a timely and effective manner.
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5.6 Data collection
It is an important process of gathering, measuring and at the same time also analysing
accurate data by using validated techniques. Basically, it is also assist in measuring data on the
basis of variables of interest in an effective manner. Data collection is procedure of collecting as
well as measuring the information on targeted variables in established system. It enables one to
answer the relevant research questions and examine outcomes. Its main goal is to capture the
quality evidence that permit analysis to lead to formulation of credible answers to questions
which have been posed. By this, researcher can easily assist in determining answer of stated
research questions. In includes various method that assist researcher in gathering detailed and
accurate information towards the specific topic and area as well. Regardless of study area for
explain data, it is necessary to maintain the research integrity in better manner. selection of the
accurate data collection method as well as delineated instruction for right use to minimize
chances of errors. Mainly, it is categorised in two methods such as primary and secondary
method of data collection. Both type of methods is effective in acquiring accurate data that may
assist in attaining positive and valid results within the study. Formal process of data collection is
essential as this assure that data collected are accurate and explained. Subsequent decisions are
on argument based embodied in findings using the valid and reliable data. Process gives baseline
from which to measure and certain cases are indication about improvement. On the other hand,
accurate data collection is necessary for maintaining research integrity, making the informed
business decisions and also assuring quality insurance. Researcher is responsible for selecting the
reliable and effective method of data collection so that valid information can be collected and
getting positive research outcomes. Different methods of data collection are given below:
5.6.1 Primary method of data collection
In relation to this, primary method of data collection is an effective way of gathering data
in which information is gathered first-hand information directly from people to understand their
view points (Vij and et. al., 2017). It includes various sources such as questionnaire, survey,
interview and many more to gather information and draw a valid conclusion. The main purpose
of using primary method is to collect information for the specified purpose of study that may
assist in acquiring fresh data on the basis of particular research topic and area. With the
assistance of this, investigator can address specific research issues. Along with this, primary data
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collection is also considering as a direct approach that is used by researcher for a specified
reason. It can be long procedure but at the same time also provide important and first-hand
information on the basis of particular area. For investigation, it is like raw material that help
researcher in analysing actual viewpoints of selected participants. In addition to this, the major
benefit of using primary method of data collection is that it allows researcher to address as well
as resolve specific issues present in the research activities. Furthermore, primary data is much
more accurate as it directly collected from selected population. It is also an effective source of
acquiring latest and up to date data from the field in real time (Eisend and Kuss, 2019
Daniel, 2019). On the other hand, this method could be very expensive to obtain primary data as
it also takes lot of time in undertaking research from the starting point to the end. The distorted
findings are result of the improper data collection for an instance misleading the questions on
questionnaire, omitting collecting of supporting data and others. Primary data collection methods
are various ways in which the primary data can be gathered. This explains tools which used in
gathering the primary data. Different ways to collect the primary method are given below:
Interviews- It is method of the data collection that consists group of two people, where
first group is interviewer and other is interviewee. The responses and questions at the time of
interview may be verbal or oral as case may be. Under this method, participant may give the
imaginary and wrong information. For the better interview, there should be better rapport with
chosen respondents that is complex to be develop. For getting positive research outcomes related
to contribution of women empowerment in small and medium size enterprises, it is necessary to
an investigator be friendly, conversational and also unbiased for which effective training is
needed.
Questionnaire- Under this method, group of the different questions concerned with
contribution of women empowerment in small and medium size enterprises written down and
also sent to sample of study in order to give the responses. Questionnaire is mailed to an
individual related with request to answer questions. After providing the necessary response,
questionnaire is given back to an investigator to be record. This is more advisable to conduct
pilot study where questionnaire is mainly developed through experts and meant to be assess
questions.
Focus groups- It is related to collecting the two or more than two people with same
characteristic. They are mainly seeking the open ended thoughts and also contributions from
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chosen respondents. It is primary source of the data collection because data is gathered from
participant directly. They are less formal and participants are ones who like talking with the
moderators to oversee process (Havens, and et. al., 2020).
Experiment- It is structured study where an investigator attempt to understand the
effects, processes and causes consists in specific process. This kind of the data collection method
is controlled through an investigator that identified which area is to be considered. In regards to
this, primary data including of reactions as well as actions which are recorded through an
investigator.
5.6.2 Secondary method of data collection
Apart from this, secondary method of data collection is also play a vital role in gathering
detailed information towards the specified research objectives. This research method is mainly
used previously for other purpose in conducting research study. An investigator determined the
pre- collated data as data and information required for current investigation. It also provides
theoretical framework in which researcher acquire information from various sources including
books, sources, articles, magazines, newspaper and many more. Basically, this type of data has
been already gathered for other purpose but has some relevancy towards the selected study. As, it
is collected by someone else as compare to researcher himself that may contributes in acquiring
detailed and in-depth evaluation on the basis of specified research topic or area as well. Along
with this, secondary data is related with second hand information as it is not used for the first
time it already published data in various sites. In addition to this, secondary method of data
collection also provides valuable interpretations and analysis which is based on primary sources.
By gathering secondary information, investigator can draw a valid conclusion at the end of the
study and at the same time also make it more reliable in nature. In this method of data collection,
data and information are gathered through some other person that investigator. The main benefit
of considering the secondary data is that this is available and minimum time is needed to collect
relevant information. In this method, data may not be specific to needs of an investigator and at
similar time is incomplete to reach a conclusion (Alexander and et. al., 2020). There are less
chances about authenticity of information regarding the contribution of women empowerment in
small and medium size enterprise. The sources to collect secondary data consists personal
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sources, newspaper, books, website and others. This needs less investigation and require for the
manpower to use all these sources. Some of the secondary sources are given below:
Books- These are traditional ways of gathering data and all the topics are available on
this. When conducting an investigation, there is a need to look for book on area that is being
investigated on, after then choose from available repository books. Selection of the authentic
book is helpful in provide the reliable data that will be useful in developing literature review.
Published sources- In this, there are many published sources available for various kind of
research area. authenticity of data collected from sources based in author or writer. Published
sources may be electronic or printed. They may be free or paid based on the decision of writer
(Coe and et. al., 2020).
Journals- These are becoming necessary than the books when collection of data is
concerned. It is because the journals are updated on regular basis with the new publications on
periodic basis.
Websites- Information shared on the website are not to be regulated and as they may not
have trusted compared to the other secondary sources. there are some of the regulated website
which share authentic data and can trusted through investigators.
Blogs- These are the common online sources for different data and may be minimum
authentic than the websites. Each person owns blog and many people use them to drive the
traffic to website.
Justification: There has been primary method of data collection used as it is time saving and
easy to collect in significant manner. The main benefit of using the primary method is that it
provides the authentic data and up to date information. It is reliable in nature because this is
collected and objectives from original source directly (Swamy, Rao and Reddy, 2016). It means
that an investigator mainly conducts research themselves data to be gathered on behalf. This kind
of the investigation is relevant where collection of data requires to be particular to context. There
has been questionnaire developed in the primary method of data collection. It is economical way
to accumulating the information. Cost for conducting study through questionnaire is low. The
researcher can send the questionnaire to the respondents for filling by using the chosen
respondents. This does not need the high cost for conduct of an investigation. In regards to this,
questionnaire make this possible to contact with several people which could not reached.
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5.7 Research Questionnaire Data Collection
This section of research methodology provides effective detailed regarding data collection
strategy that is mainly used in an investigation.
5.7.1 Justification for the Use of Questionnaire
Questionnaire is most important research instrument and strong technique of data
collection with major measurement function. This is stated when specifying questions or
designing questionnaire in order to generate the data that is suitable to answer research questions
or attaining research aim and objectives. The questionnaire has been used in conducting the
study as it is used when conducting the analytical, enquiry and factual investigation. This data
collection technique is used in the primary method of data collection and broadly used in
quantitative research method. it is attempt to obtain the first hand or fresh information from
chosen participants. The aim of questionnaire in present study is to analyse challenges which
investors mainly face to prevent them from investing or giving the finance on scale needed and
collect information on necessary characteristics to attract the private investors. The research
questions are linked to the research objectives. Like the first objective is to understand about the
women empowerment. The second objective is related to explore the role of women in the small
scale industries in Andhra Pradesh. The third objective is to analyse favourability of SME sector
to women. The fourth objective is to determine challenges which are faced through women and
analyse better practices for the female owned SME (Thompson Burdine, Thorne and Sandhu,
2021). The mentioned questionnaire regarding specific subject area is closed ended or consider
the structured questions that covering sample from the Andhra Pradesh.
5.7.2 Questionnaire design
It is necessary that design of questionnaire should be precise and accordance with
research aim and objectives. This helps in answering of research questions in detailed manner.
The precedent situations arise when structuring or designing questionnaire. There are different
steps given below in designing of questionnaire:
 It is necessary to find out the effective technique of data collection for an instance
interview, questionnaire, self-completion and others.
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 This step is related to search the ways to contact with respondents. It consists sending of
the informed consent forms and also obtaining the informed consent forms as well as
obtaining expressed willingness. There is a need to maintain the anonymity,
confidentiality and the time needed to complete questionnaire (Galati and Bigliardi,
2019).
 There is logical design as well as arrangement of the questions in questionnaire.
 There is question sequence mainly with modules. These are the best challenge sorted out
using the funnel techniques in order to narrow items down to be more particular.
 Determination of the research related techniques for an instance close ended questions
with the proper pre identified response.
Choice to be mainly used in present investigation is based on appropriateness in attaining
study aim and objectives and resources which are available in context to time, location and
financed.
5.7.3 Design and Contents of Study’s Questionnaire
Content and design of questionnaire is necessary because this will help to attain to
effective questions. These all questions will aid to help study to attain one objectives regarding
contribution of the women empowerment in Andhra Pradesh (White, 2019). Questionnaire used
in conducting the present investigation is mainly focused on exploring how to attract the people
to providing relevant answers to research questions. An investigator attains better responses from
chosen respondents, better care requires to be taken in administration, wording and design of
questionnaire. It is necessary that an investigator should take cognizance of time and knowledge
of respondents related to the specific research area. Survey is necessary to participants and
presentation of questionnaire. These all considerations are important so as not to discourage
participants from giving answering or finishing questionnaires.
5.7.4 Development of Questionnaire Guide
Questionnaire protocol stated major themes as well as questions to be finished through
participants was mainly developed. Protocol tool form of guide for questions to be mainly asked
from the stakeholders. Guide was mainly based on problems determine in literature review
regarding contribution of women empowerment in Andhra Pradesh and research objectives. In
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context to this, flexibility was main guiding principle in present study. Questionnaire guides give
framework which is flexible in conducting the present study. In regards to this, structured guide
was mainly used to give focus for an investigation to answer research questions as well as attain
research objectives. Validity, reliability and acceptability of present investigation was
strengthened with questionnaire use (Kaur and Nagaich, 2019).
5.7.5 Reliability and validity of questionnaire
Requirement for the validity and reliability of questionnaire and it was used in present
investigation was subject to the effective validity and reliability tests. These both can have
likened to better of measure. Reliability is mainly related with consistent measure issue while the
validity is mainly deal with scale response questions about they are mainly meant to way to
developing validity were not the concurrent predictive validity, convergent validity and construct
validity (Jessee, 2019).
5.7.6 Questionnaire Pilot survey
Literature review is mainly emphasising requirement for pilot study as well as pre testing
of the prototype questionnaire before main study. It is mainly used to minimize incidence of
chosen respondents having complexities in order to finishing questionnaire and test validity and
reliability of collected data. In regards to this, requirement for prototype test of questionnaire is
mainly conducted on the people which are not the sample members. Before final copy of
questionnaire was developed, several iterative process were included among research supervisors
and investigators. This process is mainly consisting developing questionnaire from literature
review under which all questions included in questionnaire were backed up with literature body
in order to justify inclusion of every questions in survey. These were mainly used for pilot study
of prototype questionnaire before conducting main study for minimizing incidence of the
respondents having completion challenges. Data collected were mainly tested for the validity and
reliability (Aguinis and Solarino, 2019).
5.7.7 Questionnaire main study
The focus of present study is to gain the understanding and collect information about
contribution of women empowerment in small and medium size enterprises. The questionnaire
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method consists collection of the data from different sources such as primary and secondary and
use of main methods for data analysis and interpretation such as SPSS. Aim of questionnaire is
to collect information on contribution of women empowerment in small and medium size
enterprises. Primary approach used for collection of data was use of the structured questionnaire.
This method is mainly used in the quantitative data in order to obtain the first hand information
from chosen participants. In regards to this, structured questionnaire was mostly employed in
present study as it is part of method of the understanding as well as defining objectives. Using
questionnaire method provides anonymity to participants when answering the questions which
are personal or giving the confidential information. Other than this, the questionnaire protocol
stating main questions and themes which need to be asked through participants was mainly
developed. Present investigation developed guide for questions that asked from multi
stakeholders investors.
5.8 Sampling
Sampling is process that used in the statistical analysis under which the predetermined
observation number are mostly taken from large population (Suresh and VJ, 2018). It is mostly
used to the sample from large number of population based on analysis type that is performed. It
is procedure of selecting right sample size from larger population in order to gather reliable and
authentic data. Process of choosing study sample out of whole population is necessary situation
under this kind of the investigation. Practicality of using whole population is nor effective as the
cost wide would be expensive and not ethical to use whole population. It is mainly use to make
the inferences regarding populations. They are easy to gather data from because they are cost
effective, manageable, practical and convenient. Benefits of sampling are fast data collection and
minimum cost than measuring whole population. Each observation is mainly measures one or
more than one properties of the observable bodied as the independent individuals. It is used to
collecting the data and information about the whole population. It is classified into two methods
such as probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling techniques:
5.8.1 Probability sampling
It means that each member of population has chance of being chosen. This is quantitative
investigation and produce the outcomes which are representative of whole population. Most
necessary need of the probability sampling is that each person in population has equal chance of
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getting chosen. The probability sampling mainly uses the statistical theory to choose small group
of the people from existing number of population. It predicts that all responses will match overall
population. The probability sampling is method related to deriving sample where objects are
mainly chosen from population based on probability theory. The probability sampling method
can be classified in different samples which are given below:
Simple random sampling- It is one of the straightforward way of choosing sample and
in this each member has equal chance of being study. It is possible subset of the population that
provided equal chance of being chosen (Finley, Messinger and Mazur, 2020). This sampling
method consists choosing the respondents from sampling frame but large number of sampling
mainly table to the random numbers. This is more reliable to obtain the information and data
where single member of population is selected on random basis through chance. Each person has
similar probability of being selected to be main part of sample. To conduct this kind of the
sampling, an investigator can use the tools for an instance random numbers based on the chance.
With the help of using random sampling, each member of population subset carries equal
opportunity of being selected as part of sampling process.
Systematic sampling- This is similar to the simple random sampling but it is more easy
to conduct. Each member of population is mainly listed with number but instead of generating
the number randomly, people are selected at the regular interval of time. The sampling frame is
mainly ordered on the basis of criteria and components are chosen at regular interval of the time.
Approach to choose sample is to pick beginning point and after then pick the participants at
predefined sample interval. This kind of sampling method is time consuming as comparison to
the other methods.
Stratified random sampling- This is method of diving participant’s population into the
distinctive but the pre- explained parameters in research design phrase. Under this sampling
method, participants do not overlap but repented collectively whole population. This sampling
method is divided into non- overlapping and homogenises subgroups and simple random sample
is to be drawn within subgroup. The stratified sampling method permit to draw the precise
conclusion through assuming that subgroup is represented in sample in proper manner (Flak,
2020).
Cluster sampling- In this kind of sampling, group of people are mainly formed from
population set. In this participants are divided in equal clusters. They are determined as well as
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consist in sample based on discussing demographic parameters. It makes this easier for survey
creator in order to derive the practical inferences from feedback.
5.8.2 Non- probability sampling
Non- probability sampling is defined as sampling techniques under which an investigator
chooses the samples on the basis of subjective judgement of an investigator than the random
selection. This kind of sampling method based more on expertise of an investigators. This is
mostly carried out through observation and investigators use this is for the qualitative research.
The non- probability sampling is sampling method under which not all the members included in
population have equal chance to being participating in study. This sampling method is mainly
used for the exploratory study (Sultana, Jamal and Najaf, 2017). The non- probabilistic sampling
is mainly derived from ability of an investigator in order to get sample. This kind of the sampling
method is used for the preliminary investigation where main objective is to drive hypothesis
regarding research area. In this, each member does not have the equal chance of being part of
sample population. In regards to this, there are some situations like preliminary research stages
or the constraints for conducting an investigation but the non- probability sampling will be useful
than other type. Different non- probability sampling methods mention below:
Convenience sampling- This is dependent method on ease of the subject access for an
instance surveying people. In this an investigator ease of carrying out and also getting touch with
subjects. An investigator has no authority to choose sample components and based on the
proximity. The convenience sampling is used when there is cost and time constraints in
collection of the feedback. Another limitation is the limited resources are available. This kind of
non- probability sampling consists people who happen to accessible to an investigator (Nielsen,
2019).
Quota sampling- Under this kind of the method, population is mainly segmented into
the mutually subgroups and then non- random observation is selected from subgroup in order to
meet pre-defined quota. It is method if gathering sample where an investigator has liberty to
choose sample based on strata. Main characteristic of this method is that two people cannot be
exist in two various situations. In the proportional quota sampling, proportion of the respondents
in subgroup should match of population.
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Snowball sampling- It is explained as the non- probability sampling under which
samples have some traits that are not easy to search. In this, existing subjects give the proper
referrals in order to recruit the samples needed for present study. Under this sampling method,
researcher begin through determining that match criteria for inclusion in study and ask them to
be recommend the key know they meet selection criteria.
Judgemental sampling- This kind of sampling method is formed through discretion of
an investigator. The researcher considers purpose of study with understanding of target audience.
In this sampling method, samples are choosing based on knowledge of an investigator. As
knowledge is more instrumental in developing sample, there are chances to obtaining better
accurate answers with less marginal error (Ronen, 2020).
Justification: In conducting the present investigation, there has been random sampling
method used as it is main part of the random sampling. The random sampling is part of sampling
technique that provides the equal chance to the chosen respondents. Sample selects on random
basis is mainly meant to be unbiased representations of total population. It assures that the
outcomes are obtained from sample that should be approximate what would have been obtained
if whole population has been analysed. It permits all units in population to have equal chance of
being chosen or remove the biasness. With the help of using this method, there has been 370
respondents chosen on random basis and these are women entrepreneur of Andhra Pradesh. The
reason behind selecting these respondents that they have understanding about the contribution of
women empowerment in small and medium size enterprises.
5.9 Data Analysis
Data analysis is explained as process about cleaning and transforming model to search the
useful information for decision making of business. Its main purpose is to extract the useful and
meaningful information from data and also taking decisions on the basis of data analysis (Singh,
2018). It is defined as the process about applying the logical and statistical techniques to explain,
condense and examine the data (Frost and et. al., 2020). In regards to this, there are several issues
that an investigator should be cognizant in respect to the data analysis. On the other hand,
systematic application of the logical and statically techniques to explain data scope, data
representation, illustrate through tables, graphs and imaged in order to drive the meaningful
conclusions. The analysis process enables to induce underlying inference from data through
eliminating unrequired chaos developed. In this, different data analysis methods are given below:
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5.9.1 Descriptive statistics
It consists providing the statistical characteristics data used in study in systematic and
effective manner for an instance explaining features to give information on specific set of interest
area. It is summary, analysis and also presentation of findings concerned to data set that derived
from sample. It is summary that explains quantitatively from collection of the information. This
is process of using as well as examining the statistics. This kind of analysis method do not
consists defining variation among variables for an instance independent and dependent variable.
The characterizes for an instance median, mean and the values by using primary data were being
the main part of the descriptive statics. It is baseline from which the data analysis starts. This is
related with the statistical analysis and also absolute numbers (Biccard, 2019).
5.9.2 Inferential statics
It consists use of the sample taken from whole population to define relationships, predict
whole population using sample and also draw the inferences from sample to show that attributes
of whole groups close to those samples. Most common methods for conducting the inferential
statics are estimation theories and hypothesis tests. This analysis method is used in the market
research to compare two different variables in attempt to reach a conclusion.
5.9.3 Text analysis
It is known as the text analytics uses the machine learning with the natural languages
processing to determine unstructured text data. It is form of the qualitative analysis that is related
with more than numerical values a statistic. Thus is one of the better data analysis method to
search pattern in the large data set using the data mining tools. This is mainly used to transform
the raw material into the business information. These tools are mainly present in market to take
the strategic business decisions. This provides way to extract as well as examine data and then
make interpretation of whole data (Brownell, 2019).
5.9.4 Content analysis
This data analysis method is mainly used to understand overall themes that mainly
emerge in the qualitative data. Using this technique for an instance coding the specific themes
and ideas which assists to parse the textual data in order to search common threads. The content
42

analysis can mainly work in better manner when dealing with the data for an instance interview
data, feedback, open ended surveys and others. It can assist to determine necessary area to focus
on the improvement.
5.9.5 Prescriptive analysis
The prescriptive analysis is advanced form of the analysis as this combines all data and
put model prescription. It works to examine many scenarios, predict outcome and decide which
is better action course based on findings. The artificial intelligence technology is one of the main
example of prescriptive analysis as it cutting edge of the data analysis. This technology enables
for the perspective analysis that can be break down and ingest massive amount of the data and
make informed decisions. This can complex to implement but enhanced performance of the SaaS
machine learning tools which can provide easy to use solutions (Morelock and et. al., 2020).
5.9.6 Thematic analysis
This is a method that used in the quantitative method. In this, different themes are
developed on the basis of questions mentioned in questionnaire. Different themes and tables are
developed and make interpretations on the basis of questionnaire.
5.9.7 SPSS
This is set of the software program that are combined in single package. It is helpful in
analysing collected data from using the primary method of data collection. The SPSS is designed
in such a manner that this can be handle large data set.
Other than this, visual, grounded theory and the disclosure analysis are some of the
other analysis techniques. Present study did not require the visual material and suitable for the
observations and interviews (Tracy, 2019).
Justification: For analysis of collected data, there has been SPSS analysis tool used. It
forecasting the module that enable analysts in order to predict trends and also develop the
forecasts quickly. This is easier without being expert statistician. SPSS analysis method helps in
providing the reliable and valid information related to the contribution of women empowerment
in small and medium size enterprise. The main benefit of using the SPPS analysis method is that
it can easy to learn and can able to handle the more data about contribution of women
43

empowerment in small and medium size enterprises. On the other hand, there has been three
different kinds of data analysis conducted. First analysis method was frequency analysis to
analyse the demographic trends of chosen sample respondents and also examine rtheir perception
about correlation analysis can find valuable information about Women empowerment towards
Small and Medium Enterprise’s development in India. Finally, a regression approach would be
used in this report to gain insight into the general effect of Women empowerment towards Small
and Medium Enterprise’s development in India. Second, correlation analysis can find valuable
information about Women empowerment towards Small and Medium Enterprise’s development
in India. Finally, a regression approach would be used in this report to gain insight into the
general effect of Women empowerment towards Small and Medium Enterprise’s development in
India.
5.10 Validity and Reliability
Reliability of research is based on performance of examination of questionnaire as research
strategy. Its main purpose is to conducting the reliability test in order to assure that data
collection part of study can be replicated as well as obtain similar outcomes. Piloting
questionnaire is one of the main way of testing reliability of research instrument. In this kind of
research, it was carried out through piloting questionnaire and variations in response of set of the
participants from those in main survey was found to be minimum. It has been piloted through
many potential questionnaires to assure that various participants understand questionnaire on
consistent basis. Questionnaire is mainly used to address questions to understand about the
subject area like women empowerment. Potential participants have understood the questionnaire
consistently. This was included to be reliable answers to questions consists in questionnaire
(Siddeswari and et. al., 2020). With respect to the reliability test, one way to think is that all
things being equal and an individual should get similar score on questionnaire if they complete
this tow varied points. SPSS is one of the effective way computed to test reliability of
questionnaire. The reliability shows stability, predictability and accuracy of research instrument.
This has been stated that high reliability, higher accuracy. The determined key factors have
impact on the reliability of research instrument for an instance poor wording of the questions,
wellbeing of the participants, instrument types. The research consists use of the quantitative
analysis as there is no requirement to have better framework that shown research instrument
44

clearly. Reason being research outcomes will be as result of data gathered as well as interpreted,
that were mainly sources from question type that asked from respondents.
On the other hand, validity deals with the scale response questions in significant manner
and questionnaire was validated. It was designed to reduce the issues regarding test validity as
closely completed questionnaire. The validity is necessary part of research process as this is not
used to conform appropriateness of research process but deals with measurement of research
instruments. It is mainly used to conform that instrument measures are particularly meant to
measure in research study in significant manner (Ayorinde and et. al., 2020).
5.11 Ethical considerations
Primary research is considered in the research as there has been data collected by using
questionnaire. Research ethics have been used to assure that outcomes of an investigation is
considered as relevant and robust. There are different principles an investigator should be used
for an instance anonymity, confidentiality and informed consent. To gain the informed consent,
respondents included in primary research had opportunity to understand goals of an investigation
and permit the potential respondents to opt out or in (Siddeswari and et. al., 2020). For aim of
data collection, details an out primary research respondents are not considered and not related to
any research findings. In context to interest of confidentiality, outcomes of research will be
shared with those who are consists and part of an investigation on particular basis. It is necessary
that researcher should not misleading the information and representation of the primary data
findings in biased manner should be neglected. There are different research ethics given below:
5.11.1 Informed consent
It means that an individual is participating in evaluation is informed regarding evaluation
that is being conducted. the respondents should be aware of project purpose, such as who is
funding, how findings will have used and impact of participation. It is necessary that full consent
should be mainly obtained from chosen respondents prior to study. Main purpose of the informed
consent is that respondent can able to make informed decision as they will be participating in
estimation or not. The additional information should give in event that respondent become
distressed during participation.
45

5.11.2 Voluntary participation
This principle means that people are participate in evaluation free from the coercion.
They are free to withdraw participation at any time without impacting negatively on involvement
in the future services in current program. This can be more challenging to encouraging the high
risk to become engaged in the program. This is complex when the respondents select not to be
continue in program. This is participant right to leave program in nature and no pressure should
place on which selected not to be continues (Siwei and Xuefei, 2019).
5.11.3 Confidentiality
It means that determining the information is not available to or accessed through anyone.
The confidentiality makes sure such determining the information is excluded from any published
documents or reports. It is necessary that researcher should not leak the personal and financial
information of respondents without their permission. This is necessary to include how the reports
are to be worded to assure that there is not any opportunity for individuals to be determined.
5.11.4 Anonymity
This is stricter form of the privacy as comparison to the confidentially as identify
respondent remains unknown to research team. It is complex to attain than the confidentiality as
respondents in regards to an investigation.
5.11.5 Do not harm
It has been stated that harm can be psychological or physical as in the form of stress,
reducing self-esteem, anxiety and invasion of the privacy. This is more imperative that
evaluation process does not harm chosen respondents (Meißner and Oll, 2019).
5.11.6 Only assess relevant components
Access those components which are relevance of program that is being conducted.
Enhanced risk population are being used as the captive audience to ask all kinds of questions in
the evaluation. This is most important to keep the evaluation as simple and focused on intention
of evaluation.
46

47

QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire 1: Effectiveness of women entrepreneurs and their contribution
QUESTIONNAIRE
Q 1) Do you have understanding about Women empowerment?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 2) As per your perspective, does women empowerment is effective for the society
development?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 3) According to you, small and medium enterprises contribute in improving the economic
conditions of India?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 4) Does empowerment of women have more opportunities to access productive
resources?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 5) According to you, empowering women is important at workplace for improving
business performance?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 6) Does female entrepreneurs contributes globally?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 7) What are the major contribution of female entrepreneurs at global level?
a) Reinvestment
b) Jon creation
c) Innovation
d) Poverty reduction
48

e) Health and nation's development
Q 8) What benefits society can get after empowering the women in Andhra Pradesh?
a) Enhanced access to affordable
b) Minimize household burden
c) Engage women in productive activities
d) Creating equality among genders
Q 9) Why is women empowerment is important for development?
a) Higher education increase employment opportunity
b) Contribute to socio economic development
c) Examining women talent
d) Able to solve employment
Q 10) Does India support women to enter into front of line to start- up their own business?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 11) As per your opinion, what are the different factors affecting the women
empowerment in India?
a) Educational issues
b) Poverty
c) Gender prejudice
d) Lack of unity
e) Traditional barriers
Q 12) According to you, what is the main role of Small-Scale Industries in empowering
women in Andhra Pradesh?
a) Strengthening Indian economy SMEs
b) Establish equality
c) SMEs generating employment
d) Develop confidence
Q 13) What do you think, the involvement of women within business sector are effective for
the economic development of country?
a) Yes
b) No
49

Q 14) What are the major principles of women empowerment?
a) High level corporation leadership for gender equality
b) Treat all women and men fairly at workplace
c) Promote education, training and professional development for women
d) Implement enterprise development
e) Promote equality by community initiatives and advocacy
Q 15) Does unequal opportunities and unemployment among female create downfalls in
Indian economy?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 16) According to you, SMEs industry is favourable for women to gain progression at
initial stage?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 17) As per your perspective, does the SME environment support the women in India?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 18) Does education is most important means of empowering the women with skills and
knowledge require to participate in development process?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 19) According to your perceptive, it is important for women to have effective education
system to cope- up with the technological advancement and global changes?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 20) What is the main role of education system in women empowerment in India?
a) Bring about positive attitudinal change
b) Enable women to respond challenge
c) Improve welfare
d) Enhance women's awareness of rights
e) Increase their self-esteem
50

Q 21) What do you think, it is important for country to implement equality policies for
promoting women positions within business sector?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 22) As per your opinion, what are the different steps government of India should take to
eliminate inequalities between men and women?
a) Establishing mechanisms for women's equal participation
b) Eliminating all discriminatory practices
c) Promoting fulfilment of women's potential
d) Eliminating violence against women
Q 23) According to you, how does Internet useful to Empower Women?
a) Organise campaigns
b) Voicing women opinions for equal rights
c) Women learning new skills
d) Accessibility and affordability of e-learning
Q 24) What are the different trends in achieving the women advancement and gender
equality?
a) Unequal access to decision-making
b) Limitations on freedoms and rights
c) Sexism in educational curricula
d) Unequal employment opportunities
e) Escalation of male violence against female
Q 25) Does promote women empowerment and gender equality are effective ways to
combat the disease and poverty?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 26) What are the different source of funding women entrepreneurs can use to start new
business?
a) Own capital
b) Banks
c) Personal loans
51

d) Small business loans
Q 27) What are the issues women entrepreneur can face at the time of starting their new
business?
a) Stiff competition
b) Limited mobility
c) Male- Dominated society
d) Low Risk- Bearing Ability
Q 28) Does gender inequality is the major barrier to the women empowerment in India?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 29) What are the main challenges faced by women and examine best practices for female
owned SME's?
a) Negligence by officials
b) Problem related with realising the loan
c) Lack of adequate training
d) Lack of proper monitoring
Q 30) As per your perspective, what are the different ways to empower the women in
India?
a) Boost her Self-Esteem
b) Shut Down Negativity
c) Support Women-Run Business
d) Become a Mentor
e) Providing education
Q 31) Does Mahila Mandal put their efforts for encouraging female entrepreneurs to grow
globally?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 32) What are the major efforts Mahila Mandal put in motivating female entrepreneur to
operate their start-ups at global level?
a) Proper education and training to women
b) Allocate sufficient resources
52

c) Provide women rights
Q 33) What are the different schemes initiated by Indian Government regarding the
women empowerment?
a) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme
b) One Stop Centre Scheme
c) Working Women Hostel
d) Women Helpline Scheme
e) UJJAWALA
Q 34) According to you, what are the major human right of women that support them in
improvising their abilities to run their start-ups?
a) Ensure equality and non-discrimination under the law
b) Achieve legal literacy
c) Promote and protect the human rights of women
Q 35) As per your view points, what are the appropriate programmes provided to women
entrepreneur to improve their performance globally?
a) Swawlamban
b) Swayamsiddha
c) Swa-Shakti Project
d) Support and Training for Employment programme
Q 36) Does suitability and productivity practices can be enhanced to great extent when
females are allowed to contribute in Indian economy?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 37) According to you, does improved education and knowledge by women empowerment
will give an opportunity to females to participate in labour market?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 38) What are the best practices government of India is provided to female entrepreneur
to owned SME's?
a) Cent Kalyani scheme of Central Bank of India
b) Udyogini scheme
53

c) Mudra Yojana scheme
d) Dena shakti scheme
Q 39) What are the major practice that female entrepreneur needs to know while operating
their new business?
a) Know your Market and Customers
b) Build internal capacity
c) Adapt Credit Processes
d) Offering comprehensive mix of financial and non –financial
Q 40) What are the major role played by government in empowering women in India?
a) Trade related entrepreneurship assistance
b) Mahaila Vikas Nidhi
c) Co-operative scheme
d) Private organizations
Q41) Recommend the best possible ways that could be opt by women to enhance their
capability and knowledge in context of business.
Questionnaire 2: Role of women entrepreneurs in economy of country
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name:
Age:
Gender:
Q 1) According to you want is the rate of women empowerment in India?
a) Less than 10 percent
b) Between 10 to 20 percent
c) Between 20 to 30 percent
d) More than 30 percent
Q 2) What are the main importance of women's empowerment in India?
a) Participate in decision making
b) Right to work
c) Get right to choose their religion and language
54

d) All of the above
Q 3) What are the schemes introduced by Indian government based on the women
empowerment?
a) Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY)
b) Conditional Maternity Benefit (CMB)
c) Both a and b
d) No scheme
Q 4) Is women empowerment is beneficial for the old age women in India?
a) Yes
b) No
c) May be
Q 5) According to you is women empowerment rate is high in Andhra Pradesh?
a) Yes
b) No
c) May be
Q 6) Is small and medium enterprise plays essential role in empowering women in Andhra
Pradesh?
a) Yes
b) No
c) May be
Q 7) What are the ways through which women of Andhra Pradesh feel empowered in
respect of Small and Medium enterprise?
a) Able to start their own business
b) Provide employment to others
c) Support family
d) Uplift their religion culture
Q 8) Is there is any training and development program introduced by government of India
in order to promote women empowerment through establishment of Small and Medium
enterprises.
a) Yes
b) No
55

Q 9) Is Standard Chartered Bank and the Small and Medium Enterprises Foundation are
the training programs introduced by government of India in order to promote women
empowerment through SMEs.
a) Yes
b) No
Q 11) According to you is women empowerment help in reducing poverty in the Andhra
Pradesh.
a) Yes
b) No
c) May be
Q 12) Is small and medium enterprises run by women in Andhra Pradesh contributes to the
growth of nation economy.
a) Yes
b) No
c) May be
Q 13) Any suggestion through which small and medium enterprise of Andhra Pradesh
more contribute to women empowerment …………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………… .
Questionnaire 3: Contribution of women empowerment towards SME in Andhra Pradesh
Questionnaire
Q 1) What are the major types of women empowerment used towards SME’s?
a) Social empowerment
b) Political empowerment
c) Educational empowerment
d) Economic empowerment
Q 2) What are the major principles of women empowerment that will be applied by
SME’s?
a) Treat all men and women fairly at workplace
b) Promote equality
56

c) Adoption of equality act 2010
Q 3) Does equality act 2010 helps SME’s in increasing of equality within a workplace of an
organisation?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Can’t say
Q 4) What are the major benefits of equality act 2010 for SME’s development?
a) Helps in reduction of a type of discrimination
b) Increase equality among employees
c) Improves business performance
d) Reduce high employee turnover
Q 5) What are the effective ways for empowering women employees at workplace of
SME’s?
a) Providing professional development
b) Mentorship, Sponsorship, Coaching
c) Addressing culture issues
Q 6) What are the benefits of empowering women employees for SME’s?
a) Attract larger customer base
b) Increase business sales
c) Improve business performance and productivity
Q 7) How women help in development of SME’s in Andhra Pradesh?
a) Higher passions level
b) Higher attraction power
c) Higher communication skill
Q 8) Does women employees important in development of SME’s in Andhra Pradesh?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 9) What are the main industries where women are highly empower?
a) Handloom industry
b) Micro financing industry
c) Cattle field
57

Q 10) Does Handloom industry is main in empowering of women within employment?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 11) Does India is one of the main country that provides empowerment to the Women at
workplace?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Can’t say
Q 12) What are the major challenges faced by Women due to lack of empowerment at
workplace?
a) Discrimination
b) Lack of confidence
c) Domestic violence
Q 13) Does development of SME’s helps in economic growth of Andhra Pradesh?
a) Yes
b) No
Q 14) What are the benefits of SME’s development in Andhra Pradesh?
a) Generate Employment
b) Encourage regional development
c) Increase production
Q 15) What are the benefits of gender equality for development of SME’s in Andhra
Pradesh?
a) Prevents violence against Women
b) Good for the economy
c) Makes community healthier
58

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