Report on Wireless Communication: Antenna Types, Protocols & Review

This report provides a detailed analysis of wireless communication technologies, covering various antenna types such as Yagi-Uda, horn, and cellular antennas, along with their respective merits and demerits. It also explores different wireless network protocols, including WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and security challenges. Furthermore, the report includes a critical review of two research papers focusing on software-defined wireless networks (SDN), discussing the role of SDN and network function virtualization (NFV) in enhancing the flexibility, scalability, and security of wireless communication systems. The analysis emphasizes the importance of these technologies in addressing the growing demands and challenges in modern wireless communication.

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Ques. A
Types of Antenna
An antenna is a type of device which is used in wireless communication and through
this device people can share their data or information file. It is the most common device
that converts the electric signal into radio frequency signals and people can
communicate with peripheral devices by using this source. Transmitter and receiver
both are common parts of any communication system in wireless technology both
sources are used to send and receive radio wave signals (Li, Ban, Xu, Wu, Kang, K., & Yu,
2016). The main property of an antenna is that it can maintain reciprocity of wireless
devices like transmitter and receiver. There are mainly three types of antenna uses in
wirelesses communications which are following
 Yagi-Uda antenna
 Horn antenna
 Cellular antenna
Yagi-Uda antenna
This antenna was developed in the year 1926 by Shintaro Uda and it consists of
different types of elements. The main property of this antenna is that it increases overall
gain and directivity of communication system (Aghtar, Strümpfer, Olbrich, Schulten, &
Kleinekathöfer, 2014). There are three parts of this antenna for example, driven,
director, and reflector. Driven is used to drive radio frequency wave and director
provide a direction where all data signal produced. The reflector is the main part of this
antenna because it obtains reflected radio wave from the receiver and reduces the
problem of distortion loss.

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Figure: Yagi-Uda antenna
(Sourcere: Aghtar, Strümpfer, Olbrich, Schulten, & Kleinekathöfer, 2014)
Merits Demerits
Low weight Reduce gain
A wide range of bandwidth Bandwidth can reduce if more directors
are used
Increase directivity Low efficient
Low cost Limited bandwidth
Easy to built
Horn Antenna
This is one of the oldest antennas which were developed in the year
1897Jagadishdish Chandra and the latest advanced horn antenna was launched in the
year 1938 by Wilmer Barrow. The main application of this antenna is in TV, and for
satellite communication and it can increase the gain of radio wave signals (Ai, Guan,
Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015). The shape of this antenna is like a horn and
flared part can be square, cylindrical or rectangular. This type of antenna may be used
for wired technology or in coaxial cables and it can be used for transmission of TV
signals. The main objective of horn shape is to produce large number of radio signals at
a time. Horn dish is the very popular setup of this antenna and many users uses this
property for TV communication.

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Figure: Horn antenna
(Source: Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015)
Merits Demerits
Simple in construction Very costly
High directivity Reduce flexibility
Produce high gain Produce distortion losses
Narrow bandwidth
Standing waves are avoided
Cellular antenna
According to their, name it is also called as cell phone antenna because it was
developed for the mobile communication. It reduced the problem of distance and also
improthe ved overall performance of wireless communication (Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner,
Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015). At this time many users uses cell phone antenna for long
distance communication and it is observed that in future people will adopt wireless
networks rather than wired. In cellular antenna both transmitter and receiver devices
can be used for long distance communication (Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, &
Ding, 2015).

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Figure: cellular antenna
(Source: Ai, Guan, Rupp, Kurner, Cheng, Yin, & Ding, 2015)
Merits Demerits
Increased number of users complex
Increased range More expansive
More secure Very large in size
Reduce interference Very costly to design
Increased bandwidth
Hence, in this modern technology people want to transfer data or information for
long distance, therefore, they can adopt cellular antenna because it increases the
performance of networks. Through this antenna they can share data over long distance
and also reduces the problem of distortion.

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Ques. B
Wireless network protocol
The wireless network is a platform where any people can send and receive their
data and they can communicate with computer devices. The main property of wireless
network is that it can be used for long distance communication (Fang, Cho, Zhang, &
Perez, 2016). In which data can be transmitted without using any electric wires and
completely based on wireless technology. There are main three types of wireless
network protocols available for example, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and WiMAX.
WiMAX
It is defined as worldwide interoperability for microwave access which is a
wireless protocol dedicated to the IEEE 802.16 standards. It can support mobile, fixed
wireless, and monadic application and people uses this type of protocol for location
tracking (Borgströ m, Huang, Johansson, Raabjerg, Victor, Pohjola, & Parrow, 2015). It is
observed that this network can provide around 10 megabits per second speed to send
any data from one location to another. There are many countries which are using this
protocol and Intel, Google and Comcast for communication purpose (Fang, Cho, Zhang,
& Perez, 2016).
Figure: Wimax
(Source: Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016)
Advantages Disadvantages
Increased data speed It required line of sight communication
Can be used for long distance Power consuming protocol

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WiMAXimax base station can handle
hundreds of customers
More costly system
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is a wireless fidelity which is a type of WLAN and it is a part of 802.11 IEEE
libraries. This wireless protocol was developed by Wi-Fi alliance organization that
produces many local area networks and devices (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016).
Through which people can share their personal files and it provide an internet
connection which is called as hotspot. Hotspot is a process by which people can share
their internet to other peripheral device using Wi-Fi (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 2016).
Merits Demerits
Convenience Not secure
mobility Low-frequency range
High productivity Low reliability
Low cost Slow in speed
Very flexible
Bluetooth
It is a part of telecommunication communities that provide a platform where any
person can share their information from one location to another (Fang, Cho, Zhang, &
Perez, 2016). The main property of this network is that people can interconnect two or
more peripheral devices at a time. Many mobile organizations developed this
technology in smart phones to increase communication system and the main drawback
of this is that it cannot be used for long distance communication (Fang, Cho, Zhang, &
Perez, 2016).
Advantages Disadvantages
More reliable Cannot be used for long distance
Increased data sp low-frequencyency ran
Low-costcost process

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Security threat and challenges faced in WSN
 Radio wave transfers in the free space by which information can be simply
hacked
 The wireless devices can be broken down at any point
 information can be lost at any point
 The receiver does not obtain correct data due to many sounds and losses
 Reduce the speed of radio frequency signals (Fang, Cho, Zhang, & Perez, 201
Ques. C
A critical review of journal papers
Article 1 (Software Defined Wireless Networks: A Survey of Issues and Solutions)
This journal paper was written by Kumar Rangisetti and Bheemarjuma Reddy
and it was published in the year 2017. According to this paper, wireless networks are
facing various types of threats and challenges in which inflexibility and security both a
are common problem. We are using many wireless systems but the main point is that
we reduce the security of our data. Therefore one new process was developed which is
called SDN system through which we can avoid the problem of security and
inflexibilities (Nasir, Zhou, Durrani, & Kennedy, 2015). In this paper we are explaining
the role of software-defined networking in communication system and the concept of
virtualization. Both SDN and NFV both process improved scalability, flexibility and
network services. We can adopt this technology because it provides an algorithm
process through which we can secure our personal data files. In this paper we observed
the role of SDN and NFV in the development of flexibility and scalability of wireless
networks (Polo, Hornero, Duijneveld, García, & Casas, 2015).
Article 2 (Architecture for Software Defined Wireless Networking)
According to this paper, SDN is a process which can be used for controlling and
data planes and by this technology we can run many infrastructure system and we can
increase the efficiency of wireless networks (Braun, & Menth, 2014). In this paper we
are explaining the software defined networking and their architecture. We adopt an
SDN model for wireless networks through which we can avoid the problem of security
and can increase the flexibility of mobile systems (Hakiri, Gokhale, Berthou, Schmidt, &

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Gayraud, 2014). SDN is a technique which was developed to reduce problems and
challenges faced in wireless networks. In this paper we described SDN approach for
mobile system and also discussed potential strengths and weakness of wireless
networks (Bernardos, De Serrano, Banchs, Contreras, Jin, & Zúñiga, 2014).

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References
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Nasir, A. A., Zhou, X., Durrani, S., & Kennedy, R. A. (2015). Wireless-powered relays in
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