Earthwork, Equipment and Techniques in Civil Engineering

This report explains various aspects of civil engineering project in London, including earthwork, equipment, and techniques used in the construction process. It also discusses methods and techniques for creating complex foundations, piling work, and drainage systems.

18 : Civil Engineering
Technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Earthwork, Equipment and Techniques in Civil Engineering.....................................................3
Methods and Techniques used for Creating Complex Foundation, Piling work and Drainage
System..........................................................................................................................................4
Methods and Techniques used in Culvert Construction, Underpass Construction and Provision
for Utilities...................................................................................................................................5
Risks, Hazards and safety Arrangement for working in Excavation, Working in Confined
Spaces, working on structures and Temporary working on Highways.......................................6
Site Safety Plan and Risk Assessment for Civil Engineering Project.........................................7
Environmental, Quality, Geotechnical and Economical Problems in Civil Engineering project8
Solutions for Civil Engineering Project.......................................................................................9
Methods of Highway Design.......................................................................................................9
Civil Engineering Design Proposal for New Infrastructure......................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Civil engineering is considered as professional engineering discipline that deals with designing,
construction of infrastructure, maintainable of buildings and natural environment. This also
includes public works like road, bridges, canals, airports, dams, pipelines, sewerage system
structural parts of buildings and other transportation facilities. This report will be explaining
various aspects of civil engineering project in London United Kingdom. Various kind of earth
work, activities, equipment and techniques that are used for the earthwork. Various methods,
techniques for creating complex foundations also will be explained in the report. Different
methods and techniques which are used in the culvert construction, underpass construction and
provision for utility (Barrias, Casas and Villalba, 2016). There are different risks, hazards and
safety arrangements for excavation, working on structures, working in confine spaces and work
temporarily on highways will be considered in the study. Site safety plan will be created in report
which is consists of safety plan, risk assessment, and method statement for particular civil
engineering activity. Various solutions will be provided for various problems of civil engineering
project. Methods and techniques used in the Highway design. Civil engineering design proposal
for new infrastructure project.
Earthwork, Equipment and Techniques in Civil Engineering
Earthwork
Earthwork is the process that involves, excavate, transported and complicate the surface of
earth at another location. There are different elements of earthwork that is performed in the civil
engineering project. These main elements of earthworks are- Excavation, Transportation,
unloading and compaction.
Excavation
Excavation can be explained as process of digging or process of removing some objects
from construction site. Mostly this process mainly used in the civil engineering to remove
obstacles from construction site. By this process construction process can be effectively started
on the construction site.
Transportation
This is also considered as branch of civil engineering that includes planning, Designing,
Operation and Maintenance of efficient and safe transportation system. This process mostly
includes high expensive and large projects. This is important to maintain effective movement of
people and goods.
Unloading

This is one of the most process that is used in the construction site and civil engineering
project. It can be considered as removal of goods and material from vehicle, ship and containers.
This is how construction company will be able to make all materials available at the time of
needs.
Compaction
Compaction can be considered as application of mechanical energy to soil as to rearrange
its particle reduce void ratios. This important to improve the soil condition to improve the quality
of construction.
Equipment used in Civil Engineering
There are different equipment are used in the construction process at a construction
process. This equipment can be categorised in small, medium and large equipment (Triantafillou,
2016). Some of the main equipment are- Excavators, backhoe, dragline, Bulldozers, Graders,
Wheel Tractor Scraper, Trenches, loaders. This are most common equipment used at civil
construction site.
Techniques Used on Construction Site
There are different processes and methods are used by the construction companies for
effective construction of buildings and infrastructures (Houghtalen, Osman and Hwang, 2016).
This techniques that are used in the construction process. Some of the main techniques in
construction process are- 3D Volumetric construction, Precast Flat Panel Modules, Tunnel
formwork system, flat slabbing technology and precast foundations techniques. This techniques
are most common in civil construction sites.
Methods and Techniques used for Creating Complex Foundation, Piling work and Drainage
System
In the construction process various methods and techniques are used by the engineers for
creating foundations, Piling system and Drainage system. This technologies and methods are
used in construction process of infrastructures.
Foundation
There are various methods are used at the construction of designing complex foundations
on the infrastructure development. These processes and techniques are used by the organization
to improve the strength of building (Yan, Kasal and Huang, 2016). Some of most common
processes that are used in building foundation designing are- Under Pining Technique which is
consists of Mass pour, Screw piles and brackets, pile and beam and Piled raft. Other processes
that are used in the construction processes are Jacking of Foundations, Mudjacking and house

lifting and levelling. By using this techniques strong and complex can be designed for the
construction of building or structures.
Piling Work
Piling is considered as deep foundations which are used to transfer the load to deeper level after
this process it is possible to create traditional shallow foundations for the building. In this
process vertical columns of concrete, steel or wood are piles into the ground to provide extra
support to the building. There are different technologies are used by the organization to complete
construction work. There are two main piling processes are used on construction site which are –
Based function or use and other one is based on material and construction method. Based on
function sheet piles, load bearing piles, friction piles, soil compactor piles. Other process is
material and construction method which are- timber piles, concrete piles, steel piles and
composite piles.
Drainage System
Drainages are used in the building to cast out the waste material from the building
through a system which is known as drainage system (Chakroborty and Das, 2017). Some of
main processes which are used in the construction site which are- Cross drainage works,
aqueduct, Siphon Aqueduct and cross drainage works.
Methods and Techniques used in Culvert Construction, Underpass Construction and Provision
for Utilities
Culvert Construction
Culvert is considered as tunnel structures which are constructed under the road ways or
railways bridges to provide cross drainage or let pas the electrical works. This structures are
covered by soil and ground. Pipe culvert, box culvert and arch culvert are most common types of
culvert that are used in the construction process to provide cross drainage facility under the road.
There are different processes methods and technologies are used by the construction company to
provide better drainage to the construction work. For different condition different type of culvert
are used for construction for drainage. This can be used for providing passage to the river with in
the construction site.
Underpass Construction
An underpass is considered as a tunnel which is containing a road or pedestrian
passageway which is running underneath a road or railway. This underpasses also can be used
for the wildlife areas to provide passageway to wildlife animals (Cheng, 2017). For the current
project Construction Company can use underpass for the highway which is in area of proposed

building. This is how company can use concept of underpass for proposed building. Some of the
main methods that can be used in construction project are- Precast concrete units, In situ
Concrete and Thrust bored Units. This is are most common methods which are used in the
development of building or complexes. This type of construction can be used for highway in the
construction site.
Provision for Utilities
Provision is known as process that is used by the construction company to maintain
utility products such as electricity, water and food is provided in the structure. This processes are
used by the organization for effectively providing services to people who lives in building. There
are different processes and methods which are used in the building construction process. Some of
the most common methods that are used in construction process. There are different processes
are used by the construction company to provide the utility services to the people who lives in
building. This processes can be used for providing utilities to building.
This is how various processes can be used by the construction company to develop the
building efficiently with better construction quality and process (Monaldo, Nerilli and Vairo,
2019). This is how company can effectively maintain development of complex near by the
airport and highways.
Risks, Hazards and safety Arrangement for working in Excavation, Working in Confined Spaces,
working on structures and Temporary working on Highways.
Various Risks Construction Site
There are different type of risk on the construction site that is need to be considered by
the by construction company to keep people working on construction site safe and secure. Some
of main risks present with in the construction site are- the main risk in the construction site are
related to the accident and injury with in the work place. There is also some risk in managing
change orders, poor drawing and designs can lead to injurious structure that can affect safety of
people with in the work place (Bucciarelli and Kuhn, 2018). Unknown site condition also can
affect the safety and security of workers with in the construction site. Poor communication also
can lead to dangerous conditions for employees. Use of poor construction material also can lead
to severe conditions that are not good for the effective process of construction with in the
construction site.
Hazards of Construction Site
There are different hazardous conditions are there that are not good for the construction
company. Some of major hazards on the construction site are related to the height of the

construction. There is hazard in this condition of falling and falling of construction objects. This
is also possibility of hazard on construction site with moving objects. There are also some risks
are their which are related to slip, trips and falls. High noise also a hazardous condition that can
affect employee and people who lives nearby. Large size machines can cause syndrome related
to hand vibration. Manual handling of processes is also hazardous with heavy equipment. There
is also huge risk of asbestos for the people who are working on construction site.
Safety Measurements on Construction Site
There are various safety measures are used by the business organization to keep
employees and labour from all type of risks and hazards for maintain continuity in construction
process. Some of the most common safety measures that are used by organization are-
Construction Company ensured the installation of safety harnesses on the heights to keep labour
safe from risk of falling and slip, all the employees are provided with safety gears and equipment
to keep them from situations of collapse and falling objects. This is how safety of people can be
ensured in the construction site (No, 2016). Labour and employees are provided with personal
protective equipment to ensure their safety from dangerous working conditions. There are
different legislations are made by the legal authorities which are need to be followed by the
construction company to effectively ensure safety and security of employee with in the
construction site.
Site Safety Plan and Risk Assessment for Civil Engineering Project
This is important for the business organization to effectively consider site safety plan. This
process can help them to maintain effective safety consideration with in the organization. site
safety plan is consists of risk assessment and methods of statements are considered in the site
safety plan to maintain the safety and security of people with in the construction site.
Site Safety Plan
Project name -
API No.-
COP Project No.-
Safety is primary objective for the organization. The safety of employees is primary
consideration for business organization. This is most important for the construction organization
to consider all the risks with in the construction process to avoid any kind of risk with in the
construction site (Brebbia and Walker, 2016). There various consideration will be made in the
site safety and security plan to ensure the safety of people who are available in construction site.
Risk Assessment of the Construction Site

There are different type of risk in the construction process that can affect the people and
their health in the construction space. The major risks in the construction site are related to
various possible hazard that can affect their safety in the workplace. The major risk on the
construction site are related to slip and trip on the space because of the muddy land due river.
There is also some risk on the construction site that is related to various operations and processes
that can affect the security and safety of people. There is also risk of falling objects and height
issues. This is how Construction Company can consider all these risks in order to provide better
conditions to the people. Some of major risk on workplace are Poor construction, falling of
objects, labour shortage and other risks. There are some processes can be used by the
organization to maintain effective safety of employees on the construction site.
Risk Minimization process
There are various standards can be used by the business organization to maintain
effective work practices in organization. For example all the safety measurement provided by the
organization will be followed with in the work place to offer better safety condition to the
workers. Employees should be provided all protective gears in order to maintain better safety
measures. There should be some safety harnesses provided to the employees who are working on
high construction site. This is how safety and security of people can be maintained. This is also
important to use all signs and signals on the workplace to prevent people from hazard and risk
conditions.
Environmental, Quality, Geotechnical and Economical Problems in Civil Engineering project
Environmental Problems
There are different type of environmental errors are faced by the construction company
on the construction site. These issues are related to the environment and weather conditions on
the construction site. In different ways this can cause problem to the construction process and
site. Extreme weather condition can prevent people from working (Courtenay, 2016). Weather
like rainy and winter can reduce the efficiency of the construction work because of poor
construction conditions. This is weather can affect the construction process.
Quality Problems
Quality problems are major in the construction process. This is important for the
construction company to maintain effective construction material to effectively maintain the
quality of work. This can help the organization to keep construction work free from collapse
issue and future issues in the developed building. Mainly poor construction material is used in
the construction process to avoid extra cost in construction process.

Geotechnical Problems
Geotechnical issues are related to the conditions that are related to the physical issues on
the construction site. For example soil conditions, issues related to the ground surface and
moisture in soil are main issues that are faced by the construction organization (Webber, 2018).
Poor rock formation and poor quality of soil can reduce the stability of the developed building.
This is how geotechnical issues can affect the work of the construction site.
Economical Problems
Economical problems are considered as the problems related to economy in local and
international market. This can reduce the performance of organization in target market. in the
construction process pricing of construction and raw material is crucial for organization it can
affect the continuity of the construction process. Also situation like market and economic crisis
ca affect the performance of construction work.
Solutions for Civil Engineering Project
There are different solutions can be provided to improve the continuity of the construction work.
This is important for the construction organization to address all these problems in effective
manner to provide better result with construction process. For example environmental issues can
be prevented by effective planning for construction process. Effective planning can be used by
the construction company to maintain the continuity of construction work. Better planning can
improve the construction work more efficient. More precautions and alternative plans can be
used to keep construction process from weather limitations. The issues related to the poor
construction quality can be managed by considering and following specific construction
processes to avoid any kind of quality issue in the construction process (Connor and Faraji,
2016)
. This issues also can be improved by performing frequent quality check on construction site.
Geotechnical issues can be reduced by using various process like site evaluation for the
construction work. Testing can improve the quality of work in construction process. The
economic issues or problems are also important for the construction organization. To avoid this
issues in the construction process construction organization can use better planning tools and
effective budgeting process. This is how all the problems can be avoided in the construction
process.
Methods of Highway Design
For the road ways construction this is important to consider various processes that can be
used for the proposed plan for complex. To avoid the major issues construction can look for new

process of road development. There are different processes can be used by the organization for
road development. There are different processes can be used by the organization to construct the
Highways through the complex which is proposed in London United Kingdom. There are various
road types can be used for the proposed construction process. for example Bituminus or black
top role can be used for the current project. All around the world this type of processes are used
for road construction for high stability and longer life. Other type of road that can be used for the
project is cement concrete road. This type of roads are mostly utilised in current time for longer
life time. From both of these types bituminous or black top road can be used for the project for
logger life time and better stability in all conditions. For better utilization of land under pass road
can be used in proposed complex building.
Civil Engineering Design Proposal for New Infrastructure
Summary- This proposal is about a construction project of a complex which is proposed in
London. There are different considerations has been made in the construction process. Various
considerations has been made in the proposal in order to avoid major issues and problems in the
construction process. Various considerations has been made in the proposal for building
construction process.
Benefits of Construction process
This complex can be used for different purposes. This is best way to utilise available in
most complexly crowed city. There are different processes and technologies can be used in the
process. by this process this place can be utilised in different ways.
Milestone of project – 13 April 2020
Site Preparation – 20 April 2020
Removal of Obstacles – 30 April 2020
Development of new Building – 4 May 2020
Furnishing – 4 August 2020
CONCLUSION
This report is concluding process of building construction process that is used to develop
building in London United Kingdom. Various earth work has been explained in the report.
Methods and techniques to create complex foundations has been discussed in report. Various
methods used in culvert construction, underpass construction and provision for utilities. Different
risks, hazard and safety measurement in construction process also has been considered in the
report. Site safety plan discussed in the report also has been prepared in the study. Various
environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic challenges and problems also has been

analysed for the building construction process. building construction plan has been made in the
report.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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engineering. CRC Press.
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