Assignment Submission Form for FHI-WORKBOOK

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FHI-WORKBOOK
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To be completed by Student
Learning Outcomes Assessment Criteria
(please tick as
appropriate)
Task No Evidence
(Page
Number)
LO1 Understand sources of
funding and income generation for
business and services industries
1.1 ☐ 1
1.2 ☐
2
LO2 Understand business in terms
of the elements of cost
2.1 ☐ 3
2.2 (A)
2.2 (B)
☐
☐
5/6
L05 Be able to apply the concept of
marginal costing
5.1 ☐ 4
LO3 Be able to evaluate business
accounts
AC 3.1 ☐ 7
AC 3.2 (A) ☐ 8
AC 3.2 (B) ☐ 9
AC 3.2 (C) ☐ 10
AC 3.3 ☐ 11
AC 3.4 A/B/C ☐ 12
LO4Be able to analyse business
performance by the application of
ratios
AC 4.1/4.2 ☐ 13
LO5
Be able to apply the concept of
Marginal costing
AC 5.2/5.3 ☐ 14
Task 1:

AC1.1 review 4 sources (2 internal and 2 external sources) of
funding available to business and services industries.
(maximum word count – 350/ at least 1 reference required)
Internal source of funds are generated from the internal sources and
external sources of funds are generated from 3rd part or outside sources. 2
internal sources of funding those are available to the service industries or
businesses are –
 Love money – love money or the money borrowed from spouse, family and friends is a
popular source of funding that is generally repaid once the business starts earning sufficient
profits. This arrangement can be cheaper and quicker and the terms of repayment may be
flexible as compared to bank loan. However, borrowing though love money may raise stress
for the entrepreneur, specifically if business does not perform well.
 Personal investment – while starting-up a business the owner himself or herself can
contribute to the business fund through cash or through collateral of his or her asset. It is
the most cost effective and easiest way of raising fund while raising fund from bank is
comparatively difficult (Brown and Lee 2019).
2 external sources of funding those are available to the service industries
or businesses are –
 Bank loan – it is widely used external source of fund for business and service industries. Bank
provides short term as well as long term loans to the business in exchange of interest
payment at specific rate to be paid on monthly or quarterly or annual basis. However, to
raise fund through bank loan the business shall have excellent credit score and sound track
records. Further, in case of start-up business the bank requires the personal guarantee or
collateral of asset from the entrepreneur.
 Angels – generally, angels are the retired company executives or the wealthy individuals
those invest in the small firms of others directly. Generally they are the leaders in their own
sector and hence they contribute their network for the contact as well as their skills and
knowledge. However, in exchange, they supervise the management practices of the business
that is they hold a position in the board of directors of the company (Dastory, Schäfer and
Stephan 2018).

Task 2:
AC1.2 evaluate the contribution made by a range of methods of
generating income within a given business and services
operation (maximum word count – 300 excluding calculation)
Different methods of generating the income help the business to generate
earnings from other sources if any particular source is not sufficient or stops
generating any further earnings. Various forms of generating the income from
service or business operation are as follows –
 Sales income or revenues – sales revenues are realized by the business through selling of the
products or providing services to the customers. For any business sales revenue is generally
the major source of income. Sales revenues are parted into gross sales that is, the total sales
and the net sales that is the sales reduced by the sales discounts, sales returns and any other
allowances.
 Sub-letting – rent received from the tenant under sublease is rental income from subletting
and it shall be reported as income. If tenant pays the expenses the receiver is obliged to pay
the same pursuant to lease and the payment from tenant is considered as income.
 Commission – commission income is the fees earned by the agents and brojers in making the
sales or in closing any deal. It is primary revenue account for stock brokers; real estate
brokers and insurance agencies.
 Sponsorship – sponsorship income received from a sponsor is popular way of income. It
refers to the support, whether in form of finance or in form of services and goods offered by
businesses or public members.
 Royalties – royalty income is the payment received in consideration of usage and
exploitation of the literary or artistic works, mineral rights or patents. It is dependent upon
the type of the business carried upon by the entity. It is generally of 2 types – royalties
received for usage of patents, trademarks or copyrights and royalties received for usage of
minerals, gas or oil (Cooper et al. 2016).
 Capital gains – capital gain is increase in value of any capital asset that provides it higher
value as compared to the asset’s purchase price. However, such gain is not reported until
asset is sold. Capital gain can be long-term as well as short term. It is a common practice for
many businesses to use the business profits for the purpose of investment. There always
exists a chance that the investment will earn profit in the form of capital gains. This generally
takes place in case when the entity buys and sells the stocks, invest in mutual funds or in real
estate. It can be considered as a big source for income and the applicable tax rate on capital
gain is different as compared to regular income (Sharma and Sharma 2017).
Contribution made by different methods for generating income –
Income Amount
Percent
age Ranking
Sales
revenue £ 200,000.00 40.40% 1
Subletting £ 35,000.00 7.07% 5
Commissio
n £ 22,000.00 4.44% 6

Sponsorshi
p £ 38,000.00 7.68% 4
Royalties £ 120,000.00 24.24% 2
Capital
gains £ 80,000.00 16.16% 3
Total £ 495,000.00
100.00
%

Task 3:
AC 2.1-Discuss what is meant by direct costs and indirect costs.
List all your business costs and identify which are direct costs
and which are indirect costs. (maximum word count 250)
Direct cost – Direct costs are defined as the costs those can be traced accurately
with the cost object easily. Here the cost object can be product, department or
any project. Generally the direct cost benefits the single cost object and hence,
segregation of any cost as indirect or as direct shall be done through taking into
consideration the cost object. However, any particular cost can be the direct cost
for one object whereas the same can be indirect for any other object. Most of the
direct costs are variable in nature; however, it may not be the case always. For
instance, supervisor’s salary for a particular month who only supervised
construction of a particular building is direct fixed cost that is incurred for the
building (Costabile et al. 2017).
Indirect cost – costs those cannot be allocated to any specific cost object
accurately is known as indirect cost. Indirect cost generally benefits the multiple
cost objects and hence, it is practically not possible to trace them accurately to
any individual product, department or project. Indirect costs do not differ
substantially within certain volumes of production or activities and are therefore
generally the indirect costs are of fixed nature (Thompson et al. 2016).
All the business costs of The Restaurant Group Plc include cost of sales,
administrative costs and interest cost. Here, costs of sales are direct costs and
the administrative costs and interest expenses are indirect costs.

Task 4:
AC 5.1-Discuss the characteristics of fixed, variable and semi-
variable cost with examples. Draw the labelled diagrams of
each cost. (maximum word count 150)
Fixed cost – fixed costs do not change with the changes in
production level and hence, additional computations are not
required. Examples of fixed costs are rent, salaries and
insurance.
Variable cost – variable costs changes with the changes in the
production level and hence, requires computation for each level
of production. Examples of variable costs are production
supplies, direct material, labour costs (Novák et al. 2016).
Semi variable costs – it consist the nature of both fixed cost as
well as variable cost. Part of the cost remains fixed and part of
the cost will fluctuate with the production level. For example,
salesperson commission will remain constant for a particular
level of sales and will increase thereafter (Novák et al. 2016).
Example – ABC Ltd produces product A for which the
manufacturing costs are as follows –
Manufacturing cost - £ 30 per unit
Fixed administrative cost - £ 50,000
Sales commission - £ 5000 for 1st 3,000 units and will increase
by £ 2 per unit for additional units
Units 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Manufacturing
cost
£
30,000.00
£
60,000.00
£
90,000.00
£
120,000.00
£
150,000.00
£
180,000.00
Fixed
administrative
cost
£
50,000.00
£
50,000.00
£
50,000.00
£
50,000.00
£
50,000.00
£
50,000.00
Sales commission
£
5,000.00
£
5,000.00
£
5,000.00
£
7,000.00
£
9,000.00
£
11,000.00

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
£-
£20,000.00
£40,000.00
£60,000.00
£80,000.00
£100,000.00
£120,000.00
£140,000.00
£160,000.00
£180,000.00
£200,000.00
Manufacturing cost
Manufacturing cost
(Figure 1 - Diagram for variable cost)
(Source: Created by author)
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
£-
£10,000.00
£20,000.00
£30,000.00
£40,000.00
£50,000.00
£60,000.00
Administrative cost
Administrative cost
(Figure 2 - Diagram for fixed cost)
(Source: Created by author)

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
£-
£2,000.00
£4,000.00
£6,000.00
£8,000.00
£10,000.00
£12,000.00
Sales commission
Sales commission
(Figure 3 - Diagram for semi-variable cost)
(Source: Created by author)
In the above diagram, manufacturing cost is variable cost, administrative
cost is fixed cost and sales commission is semi-variable costs.

Task 5:
AC 2.2 (A) Evaluate methods of controlling stock (maximum
word count 350/ at least 1 reference required)
Various methods are there for controlling the stock those are
designed for providing the efficient system to decide when,
what and how much order to be placed. Based on the type of
stock any of the following or mix of 2 or more methods can be
follows –
Just-in-time order – main objective of JIT is reducing the costs
through cutting the stock to minimum. Under this system the
items are delivered when they are actually required for
production and are immediately used upon receipt. However, it
includes the risk of running out of the stock and hence, the
purchaser shall be confident enough that the supplies will be
received on time. Various advantages of JIT system are – (i) it
leads to minimum amounts for inventory obsolescence as high
rate of inventory turnover keeps inventory as idle and in turn
will become obsolete (ii) low level of inventory will reduce the
holding costs (iii) as the required level of inventory is low, the
entity is required to invest less amount of cash for inventory (Lai
and Cheng 2016).
First – in – first – out – under this method goods purchased 1st or
the goods entered into stock 1st are used 1st for and the goods
entered last are used later. This system assures that the
perishable stocks of the company are efficiently used and it
does not get deteriorated. Stocks under this method are
recognised through the receipt date and moves through each
production stage following strict order (Muller 2019).

Task 6:
AC 2.2 (B) Evaluate methods of controlling cash (maximum
word count 250)
Various methods of controlling the cash flow are as follows –
 Fast payment by the customers - For improving the cash
inflow, collection from the customers shall be fast and
prompt. It is possible through prompt billing and the
customers shall be informed promptly regarding the
payable amount and time by which the payment shall be
paid. Company may allow discount to the customers
making payment before due date. It will influence the
customers to make early payment (da Costa Moraes, Nagano
and Sobreiro 2015).
 Decentralisation of collections – any big size firm that is
operating over the large geographical location can
enhance the cash flow through using the decentralised
system of collection. Different collection centres can be
opened under different locations rather than opening one
collection centre in one area. The idea behind this is
reducing mailing time from the customer’s despatch of the
cheques and its receipt in the company and further
reducing the collection time of cheques.
 Fast conversion of the payment into cash – cash control
can be enhanced through improvement of the collection
procedure. Once a cheque is received from the customer it
shall be deposited immediately for collection. If the time
gap between collection of cheque and its collection is
reduced the cash control system will be improved (Cheung
2016).

ASSIGNMENT 2
Task 7:
AC 3.1 Assess the source and structure of the trial balance
Trial balance is the bookkeeping worksheet where the balances
of all the ledgers are gathered and segregated into credit and
debit columns and the totals for debit and credit columns are
equal.
Double entry book keeping represents that for each business
transaction the amount shall be recorded in at least 2 accounts.
It also requires that for all the debit transactions there must be
equal amount of credit transaction.
Source of the information for preparing the trial balance is the
general ledger that have the below mentioned balances –
 Expenses that will have debit balance
 Revenue that will have credit balance
 Equity that will have credit balance
 Liabilities that will have credit balance
 Assets that will have debit balance
Structure of trial balance –
ABC Ltd
Trial balance
December 31, 2018
Account titles Debit Credit
Cash XXX
Accounts receivable XXX
Office supplies XXX
Office equipment XXX
Bank loan XXX

Accounts payable XXX
Common stock XXX
Consulting service revenue XXX
Rent expenses XXX
Salaries expenses XXX
supplies XXX
Utilities expenses XXX
Total XXX XXX

Task 8:
AC 3.2 Evaluate a range of business accounts, adjustments and
notes.
AC 3.2 (A): Evaluate a range of business accounts.
Wide range of business accounts includes the following –
 Trading, profit and loss account – trading account is
prepared for knowing the loss suffered or profits made
from the trading activities. Profit and loss is created for
ascertaining the net loss or profit for the concerned
period.
 Balance sheet – Balance sheet is the financial statement
that reports the assets, shareholder’s equity and the
liabilities at particular point of time. It provides the basis
for computing the return rate and analysing the capital
structure.
 Checking account – it is the backbone of business as from
this account expenses are paid and revenues are
deposited.
 Merchant account – if the company accepts payment
though credit cards it will require merchant account like
PayPal.
 Accounts payable – it represents the amount payable by
the company to the creditors.
 Accounts receivable – it represents the amount receivable
by the company from the debtors.
 Payroll account – amount from business checking account
is transferred to payroll accounting for making payments
to the employees (Maskell, Baggaley and Grasso 2016).

Task 9:
AC 3.2 (B): Adjustment of Depreciation.
While the value of any asset is reduced due to wear and tear
for using or for passing of the time, it is treated as depreciation.
Depreciation for any assets is shown under the debit side of the
profit and loss account and the depreciation amount is reduced
from the particular asset in asset side of balance sheet.
Years WDV of assets Depreciation (20%) Accumulated depreciation Net value
1 £ 20,000.00 £ 4,000.00 £ 4,000.00 £ 16,000.00
2 £ 16,000.00 £ 3,200.00 £ 7,200.00 £ 12,800.00
3 £ 12,800.00 £ 2,560.00 £ 9,760.00 £ 10,240.00
Task 10:
AC 3.2 (C): Discuss the importance of Accounting Notes.
Accounting notes are important as it provides information regarding accounting
changes, accounting principles, fair-value, non-monetary transactions, revenue
recognition, contingencies and commitments of financial and legal nature,
uncertainties and risks. While preparing the financial statements the accountants
generally use estimates and judgements for determining different amounts those
are based on the assumptions. Part of the accounting can express the financial
status however for the rest part accounting notes are required for providing the
users with details for representing the complete financial performance and
position (Anderson et al. 2016).

Task 11:
3.3 Discuss the process and purpose of Budgetary Control.
4 phases of budgetary control process are –
 Preparation – in this phase, budget shall be prepared for
different incomes and expenses
 Approval – after preparing the budget it shall be approved
from appropriate authority
 Execution – after getting the approval the budget shall be
executed. Generally the budget is implemented from start
to end of a calendar year or fiscal year.
 Auditing – under auditing thorough examination actual
results are compared with the budget and the reasons of
variation is analysed (Kumar and Sahni 2016).
Purposes of the budgetary control are as follows –
 Planning – budget are considered as the plan that is
designed for achieving certain objectives of the company.
It is generally prepared on the basis of forecast made
regarding the supply conditions, market forces and the
consumer preferences.
 Control – the budgetary control helps to compare
performance of different departments and individuals with
predetermined standards represented in different
budgets.
 Coordination – it involves participation of the master
budget that helps in bringing out the effective
coordination between various departments of business
enterprise in organisation.
 Enhancing efficiency – as budget represents the
expectation regarding revenues and expenses, each
department try to achieve the set standards which in turn
enhance the efficiency.
 Financial planning – as it provides estimates for revenues
and expenses it helps management in making plans
regarding cash flow, expenses and revenues (Ibrahim and
Adamu 2017).

Task 12:
3.4 Analyse variance from budgeted and actual figures, offering
suggestions for appropriate future management action.
3.4 (A) -Calculate the variances:
Revenue/cost Budgeted
(£)
Actual (£) Variance (£)
Sales Revenue 840,000 790,000 -50,000
COSTS:
Fuel costs 75,000 70,000 5,000
Raw materials 245,000 265,000 -20,000
Labour costs 115,000 112,000 3,000
TOTAL COSTS 435,000 447,000 -12,000
PROFIT 405,000 343,000 -62,000
3.4 (B)
Identify and explain two possible reasons for:
1. The sales revenue variance
 Sales price per unit reduced in actual as compared to budget
 Actual sales units were less than budget
2. The Production cost variance
 Actual cost of raw material was more than budget
 Actual requirement of raw material was more than budget

3.4 (C)
Responding to Adverse Sales Revenue Variance:
Decision/Suggestions Justification Drawbacks
Increasing the per unit
sales price of goods or
service
Increased price will lead
to more revenue and
with same level of sales
unit the entity will be
able to generate more
revenue
Customers may move to
other companies offering
the same product at
lower price
Offering discounts to
existing and new
customers
Discounts may attract
new customers which in
turn will increase the
sales level
If discount is not able to
attract more customers,
the company will lose
more money in form of
discounts.

Responding to Adverse Production Cost Variance:
Decision/Suggestions Justification Drawbacks
Shall purchase from the
suppliers offering lower
price for material
Purchasing raw material
at lower price will reduce
the material cost
New supplier may fail to
provide material in time
of urgency.
Hire labours with more
experience
Experience labour will be
able to minimize the
material wastages
More experience labour
may ask for higher
payment which in turn
will increase the
production cost
Tracking and measuring
operational efficiency
and offering incentives
for over-achievement
For using the raw
material efficiently some
goals or parameters
shall be set. For
receiving incentives the
labours will try to
achieve the goals which
in turn will improve
efficiency and reduce
production cost
When the labours are
running after incentives
they will concentrate on
increasing the
production, however, the
quality factor may be
ignored in this event
Task: 13

Calculate the Ratios for the year 2015 and 2016
Ratio with formula 2015: calculation 2016: calculation
Gross Profit percentage
Gross profit/net
sales*100
126890/685381*100
= 18.51%
2844/710712*100
= 0.40%
Interpretation of
company’s performance
From the above it can be identified that the
performance of the company has been deteriorated
over the years as the gross profit margin has been
reduced to 0.40% in 2016 from 18.51% in 2015
Management strategy Management shall try to control the COGS and shall
try to increase the sales. Sales can be increased
though product innovation, improvement of pricing
strategies and marketing of the product.
Ratio with formula 2015: calculation 2016: calculation
Net Profit percentage
Net profit/sales*100 68886/685381*100
= 10.05%
-40165/710712*100
=-5.65%
Interpretation of
company’s performance
from the above it can be identified that the
performance of the company has been deteriorated
over the years as the net profit margin for the year
2015 was 10.05% whereas for the year 2016 the
company was not able to generate positive earning
and the net profit margin was -5.65%.

Management strategy Management shall try to minimise the operating
cost and manufacturing cost of the product,
wherever possible. Quotation shall be taken from
the other suppliers in the market for better price.
Ratio with formula 2015: calculation 2016: calculation
Current Ratio
Current assets/current
liabilities
38005/136403
=0.28
49806/139909
=0.36
Interpretation of
company’s performance
Liquidity position of the company has been
improved over the year from 2015 to 2016 as the
current ratio is increased from 0.28 to 0.36.
However, for both the years the company’s current
assets are not sufficient to meet its short term
obligations.
Management strategy For improving the current ratio the management
shall switch from the short term debt to the long
term debt for the purpose of financing the business.
Further, the invoice shall be submitted as quickly as
possible to the customers and credit period allowed
shall be shortened.
Ratio with formula 2015: calculation 2016: calculation
Acid Test Ratio
(Current assets-stocks) /
current liabilities
(38005-6389)/136403
=0.23
(49806-5632)/139909
=0.31

Interpretation of
company’s performance
Though the liquidity position of the company has
been improved over the year from 2015 to 2016 as
the acid test ratio is increased from 0.23 to 0.31,
the liquid assets of the company for both the years
are not sufficient to meet its short term obligations.
Management strategy Management shall negotiate with the suppliers for
longer credit period. Further, the unproductive
assets shall be sold out to get liquid asset that is
cash.
Ratio with formula 2015: calculation 2016: calculation
Debtors collection
period
Average
receivables/ sales *
365
((13366+8991)/2)/
685381*365
= 5.95 days
((18782+13366)/2)/
710712*365
= 8.26 days
Interpretation of
company’s
performance
It can be identified from the above that the efficiency of
the company with regard to debt collection has been
deteriorated as the collection period has been increased
from 5.95 days to 8.26 days over the years from 2015 to
2016.
Management
strategy
For improving the debt collection period the company shall
shorten the credit period allowed to customers. Further, it
may offer discounts to the customers for making early
payment
Ratio with formula 2015: calculation 2016: calculation
Creditors Collection
period
Average payables /
COGS * 365 ((125388+112254)/2)/
558491 * 365
=77.66 days
((125388+121850)/2)/
707868 * 365
=63.74 days
Interpretation of
company’s performance
It can be identified from the above that the
efficiency of the company with regard to payment
to creditors has been improved as the payment
period has been reduced from 77.66 days to 63.74
days over the years from 2015 to 2016.
Management strategy For further improving the credit payment period the
company shall simplify the process of accounts

payable that is reducing the number of the check-
runs. Further, the payment shall be made within the
due time.
Ratio with formula 2015: calculation 2016: calculation
Mark-Up
(Sales revenue –
expenses) / expenses
*100
(685381-616495)/
616495 *100
= 11.17%
(710712-750877)/
750877 *100
= -5.35%
Interpretation of
company’s performance
It can be recognised from the above that as the
company was not able to earn any positive earning
the mark up has been reduced from 11.17% to -
5.35% over the years from 2015 to 2016.
Management strategy Pricing strategy of the product shall be changed
based on the expenses related to manufacturing
and other expenses for product. Further, market
research shall be carried out to gather information
regarding the preference and expectation of the
customers and make improvements in the products
accordingly.

Task 14:
5.2 Calculate contribution and define the cost/profit/volume relationship for
a given scenario.
(a) For each proposal calculate:
The break-even position in units in value terms;
The number of units required to be sold in order to meet the
profit target. (AC 5.2)
Computation of contribution and break-even –
Break -even analysis
Timeframe (e.g. monthly/yearly) PU Total (1000 units)
Average price of each product/service sold (a) £ 300.00 £ 300000
Average cost of each product/service to
make/deliver (b)
£ 180.00 £ 180000
Contribition (a-b) £ 120.00 £ 120000
Fixed costs for the month/year £ 42000
Contribution margin 40%
Total sales needed to break-even £ 105,000.00
Number of units sold needed to break-
even (fixed cost/contribution)
350
Cost – volume- profit relationship is the analysis that studies relationship among
the following factors –
Selling price per unit that is £ 300 in above scenario
Total sales amount that is £ 300000 in above scenario
Total cost = £ (180000 +42000) = £222,000.
Profit = £ 300,000 - £222,000 = £ 78,000
Total sales required for break-even = £ 105,000
Total units required for break-even = 350

5.3 Justify short-term management decisions based on
profit/loss potential and risk (break-even) calculations for a
given business and services operation.
(b) State which proposal you think should be adopted-
Justify the short- term management decision (AC 5.3).
Break-even can be used for making short-term decisions as it provides the
answer related to how much the company needs to sell for making profit. For
start-up business it is extremely important. Further, it provides answer related to
sensitivity of business profit with changes in the sales volumes or increase in the
cost. However, the major risk associated with making decisions based on
profit/loss potential and the break-even is the variable cost tends to change and
does not remain same always. With increase in volume the company may be
able to get materials at cheaper rates. Hence, the decision will be misleading.

Reference
Anderson, U.L., Doxey, M.M., Geiger, M.A., Gist, W.E., Janvrin, D.J. and Polinski,
P.W., 2016. Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing
Section of the American Accounting Association on FASB Exposure Draft of
Proposed Accounting Standard Update: Notes to Financial Statements (Topic
235): Assessing Whether Disclosures Are Material: Participating Committee
Members. Current Issues in Auditing, 10(2), pp.C1-C9.
Brown, R. and Lee, N., 2019. Strapped for cash? Funding for UK high growth
SMEs since the global financial crisis. Journal of Business Research, 99, pp.37-45.
Cheung, A., 2016. Corporate social responsibility and corporate cash
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