Homeostasis and Body Reactions

Running Head: BODY-REACTIONS
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HOMEOSTASIS
student
3/27/2019

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Table of Contents
First part......................................................................................................................................................2
Homeostasis............................................................................................................................................2
Propagation..............................................................................................................................................3
Endocrine glands.....................................................................................................................................3
Feedback regulations...............................................................................................................................4
Role of endocrine system........................................................................................................................5
Second Part..................................................................................................................................................5
Enzyme function......................................................................................................................................5
Factors affecting enzyme activity............................................................................................................6
Structure and function of phospholipids..................................................................................................6
Structure and function of carbohydrates..................................................................................................7
Tests........................................................................................................................................................8
Gut flora................................................................................................................................................10
References.................................................................................................................................................11

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First part
Homeostasis
Homoeostasis can be defined as the characteristics of a creature or the body system that assist in
managing its parameter within the normal range of values. Homeostasis is the important concept
to understand how the body works. Every organ system of humanoid body functions
collaboratively like the well-oiled machinery. This happens because they are closely controlled
by the endocrine and nervous system. In the body nervous system regulates every activity of the
body virtually, endocrine works by secreting the hormones that control these activities. Working
collaboratively, the organ system transports all the essential substances to the body cells and
eliminates their waste material. They also maintain the temperature, pH and other different body
conditions to optimum level to assist the life processes. For example pancreas secreted by
endocrine gland triggers insulin secretions and insulin helps the cells to absorb the sugar form
blood (Wynn, Chawla, and Pollard, 2013).
Figure 1 when heat increase, the glands produces sweat to reduce it (Sources; Arizona State University, 2018)

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There are three different three neurone classes that work in a simple reflex arc; sensory neurons,
motor neurons, and the interneurons. The sensory neurons receive the information and transport
to CNS, motor neurons takes the messages from other neurons and send them to the muscles,
organ, and glands. Interneurons (relay neurons), generally found in CNS and works to connect
one neuron with another. The reflex action that triggers the nerve pathway called a reflex arc. For
an instance, a general reflex arc occurs of someone accidently come in contact of heat. These
stimuli are detected by the receptors present on the skin. Sensory neurons send the electrical
impulses to the relay neuron which connect it to motor neurons. Motor neurons than sends these
messages to an effector which the response is produced and the muscles contract to move the
hand away from heat (Andersson, and Tracey, 2012).
Figure 2 Three type of neurons (Sources; Tutor2u, 2018)
Propagation
The primary means to quickly transmission of information between the neurons and form the
neurons to the muscles. These propagate throughout the exon length to synaptic terminals. The

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all of actions are generated by the single nerve are nearly with same shape and amplitude and
location of the stimulation, Nearly 100 mV in amplitude and nearly 0.5 to 1.0 mSec in width.
Propagation is actually a process by which the nerve impulses initiate and then transport to the
neurons. For an instance, the signals propagate throughout the whole length of the axon to the
synaptic terminals. An electric signal is generated within the neuron that transport across the
axon, these signals do not decrease in their length with distance, and the axon of nerve cells
generate electricity very slowly than the wires do (Andersen, Jackson, and Heimburg, 2009).
Endocrine glands
Pituitary glands; these glands secretes hormones like growth hormones, thyroid stimulating
hormones, ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hormone, a Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone, the
follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, and Prolactin). It also secretes oxytocin and
Antidiuretic Hormone. Adrenal glands: secretes steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids. Adrenal medulla discharges adrenaline and nor adrenaline. Pancreas; in
pancreases the beta cells discharges insulin and the alpha cells releases glucagon. Hypothalamus
secretes the TRH or thyrotropin releasing hormone, GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone),
GHRH or growth hormone releasing hormone, PRH (prolacating releasing hormone, prolactin
releases inhaling hormone, vasopressin and oxytocin. All the secretion form the hypothalamus
involves in different functions like thyroid hormone release, and the hormones works in sexual
maturation. Thyroid glands secretes T3 (triiodothyronin and T4 (thyroxine). Pineal glands on the
other hand secrete melatonin which is the main factor of sleep wake cycle of the human body
(Melmed, et al., 2015).

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Figure 3 Endocrine gland
Hormone actions
The hormones circulate in the bloodstream, attaches to the target cells, and regulate the functions
of all tissues and organs. This starts in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland; they release the
hormones which regulate the discharge of the other type of endocrine glands and major function
of these glands. Throughout the human body the hormones activates the reactions to stress and
other types of changes and keep managing the processes. The hormones dissolve in the plasma
and transports to the circulatory system by different body tissues. The hormones attaches to the
receptors in the target cell’s surface. Some hormones enter inside the cells and attached to the
cytoplasmic receptors or the nucleus. This binding to the cytoplasmic receptors can manage the