Cell Biology and Biochemistry

This project focuses on the structure of eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi body, and lysosomes. It also explores the size of cells and organelles, the levels of organization in multicellular organisms, and the significance of cell specialization. Additionally, it discusses the functions of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi body, and lysosomes in relation to their structure. Lastly, it examines the structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Cell Biology and Biochemistry

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK...............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Describe the structure of eukaryotic cells and identify the nucleus, cell membrane,
endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi body, lysosomes from electron
micrographs............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Estimate the size of cells and organelles from microscope study of photographs...........2
1.3 Describe the levels of organisation in multicellular organisms and explain the importance
of cell specialisation with reference to a specific tissue.........................................................2
2.1 Explain how the functions of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes,
mitochondria, Golgi body, lysosomes are linked to their structure........................................3
3.1 With reference to carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.......................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Cell biology refers to the study of structure and different functions played by cell which is an
important part of life. It is also known as basic structural and functional unit of life. Meanwhile,
cell can be considered as a basic membrane bound unit which is responsible for containing
fundamental molecules of life (Shi and et. al., 2018). In context of this project, it will focus on
structure of eukaryotic cell with its different parts and size of cell as well as organelles. It will
also include levels of organisation in multicellular organisms and significance of cell
specialisation. The function of nucleus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes is
given below.
TASK
1.1 Describe the structure of eukaryotic cells and identify the nucleus, cell membrane,
endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi body, lysosomes from electron
micrographs.
Eukaryotic cell contain true membrane bound nucleus and other organelles with membrane
which permit compartmentalisation of different functions. It includes the fact that eukaryotic
cells are larger as compared to prokaryotic cells by consisting true nucleus, membrane bound
organelles and rod shaped chromosomes. Meanwhile, it has been analysed that eukaryotic cell
has specific structure with several organelles and chromosomes. This cell is responsible for
containing several parts such as Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, ribosomes and nucleus. The
plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells has proteins, carbohydrates and two layers of phospholipid
that are arranged in polar-hydrophilic and non-polar hydrophobic manner. This membrane is
semi-permeable and allows selected substances to pass through along with protecting cells from
injuries or shock (Li and Kusche-Gullberg, 2016). However, it has active and passive transport
as well as it helps in secretion, cell growth and division respectively. The eukaryotic cell has cell
wall with composition of cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins, pectin, galactans and calcium.
It has smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum where lipids and protein synthesis takes place. It
includes the Golgi apparatus which is composed of flat, disc-like structures known as cisternae
that had cis face and trans face for different functions or secretions. Basically, the structure of
eukaryotic cell contains ribosomes that is not bound by membrane and formed of ribonucleic
acids & proteins. It involves the important part that is mitochondrion which has some of parts
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like granules, ribosomes, matrix, cristae, ATP synthase particles, inner membrane, outer
membrane and deoxyribonucleic acid. However, it consist the lysosomes which can be
considered as membrane bound vesicles that are also called as suicidal bags and they are rich in
hydrolytic enzymes including proteases, carbohydrates, lipases and so on. It also has nucleus
which is known as main organelles of the cell with double membrane containing genetic
information (Ando and et. al., 2016). It has nucleolus, chromatin, nucleoplasm, nuclear pore,
nuclear envelop and endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, the eukaryotic cell has some of other
parts such as cytoskeleton, cilia & flagella, plastids etc.
1.2 Estimate the size of cells and organelles from microscope study of photographs
The size cells are cell organelles can be estimated approximately with the hep of microscope
study which are given here. It includes the size of eukaryotic cell with diameter ranges between
10 to 100 m whereas the prokaryotic cell has range of diameter between 0.1 to 5.0 m.
Meanwhile, it has been analysed that nucleus has size around 5 m and endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) size varies on the basis of cell volume as it is 10 % if interior volume whereas surface is
much greater. It consist the fact that highly productive cells can have much larger ER. It involves
the fact that Golgi apparatus size varies on the basis of different types of cell. The lysosome has
size around 0.5 m whereas mitochondrion has size range between 1.5 m to 2.8 m. However,
it is observed that size of plastids is not specific and peroxisomes has size range between 0.2 m
to 1 m. moreover, the vacuoles and glyoxysomes has their non-specific size in cell as it varies
on the basis of cell.
1.3 Describe the levels of organisation in multicellular organisms and explain the importance of
cell specialisation with reference to a specific tissue.
In context of multicellular organism, the levels of organisation includes that group of similar
cells are responsible to make together a tissue. It includes that a group of similar tissues are
responsible to compose specific organ to play its respective functions in proper manner. The
similar organs and related tissues form a particular organ system such digestive, respiratory,
excretory and reproductive systems in order to carry out their specific functions in body (Weibel,
2017). It is observed that group of different organs systems form a network and connect together
to perform functions of body collaboratively. It consist the fact that group of organ system are
responsible to compose a body of living organisms. However, it has been analysed that organ
system is present only in animals not in plants and organ system can be considered as higher
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level of organisation. It is observed that specific organs systems has their own functions to focus
but they work together with other systems to maintain stable condition of living organism.
On the other hand, it has been identified that biological levels of organisation has specific
hierarchy like atom is considered as smallest and fundamental unit of matter and bonding of two
or more atoms are responsible to form molecules. It includes the simplest level of organisation
for living organisms consist single organelle which is formed of aggregates of macromolecules
(Staněk and Fox, 2017). However, the highest level of organisation is known to be a biosphere
for living things and it is responsible for encompassing all other levels respectively. It involves
the universal biological level which has been started from simplest to mots complex are
organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem
and biosphere. In addition to this, the cell specialisation has importance in order to compose
tissues which are responsible to form specific organ. It is observed that formation of specialised
cells is significant for further development of tissues, organs, organ systems and living organism
to make life processed possible.
2.1 Explain how the functions of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria,
Golgi body, lysosomes are linked to their structure.
The cell has different types of cell organelles with their specific structure in order to plays
respective functions which are mentioned here. It includes the nucleus stores genetic information
which is necessary for development and reproduction along with containing all essential
information required for protein synthesis as well as cellular functions. Meanwhile, endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) includes smooth ER which synthesise lipids whereas rough ER are site for
protein synthesis. It consist ribosomes which are known as protein factory because they functions
to develop proteins in cell. However, the mitochondrion can be known as power house of the cell
as it is responsible for providing energy in the form ATP for carrying out various activities in the
cell. It is helpful in terms of regulating cell metabolism and mitochondrion has its own DNA,
RNA and elements needed for protein synthesis (Gow, Latge and Munro, 2017). Moreover,
Golgi apparatus is known to be an important site for packaging material within the cell and
proteins are modified in Golgi. It is also known to be significant place in respect of formation of
glycolipids and glycoproteins. Additionally, it consist the lysosomes has hydrolytic enzymes and
it helps as recycling system of the cell.
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3.1 With reference to carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
The carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are important components of human body which has their
own specific structure in order to plays respective functions in proper manner.
Recognise the structure of the molecules
The structure of carbohydrates includes basic components from which it is composed are carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. It can be considered as chain of sugar molecules known as
monosaccharaides. The protein molecules may contain one or more protein structures types
which consist primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. It has building bloc of amino
acids that are linked with carboxyl group with the help of hydrogen bond. However, structure of
lipids includes glycerol molecule bonded to long hydrogen chain. It has basic unit of triglyceride
synthesised from glycerol ad fatty acids.
Relate the structure of the molecules to their function
The carbohydrates gas several functions including regulating blood glucose, sparing the use of
proteins for energy, break down fatty acids, provide dietary fibre, natural sweetener for foods
and providing energy (Schaller and et. al., 2018). However, the functions proteins includes it
causes biochemical reactions, act as messenger, maintain proper pH, balances fluids, bolsters
immune health and growth & maintenance. The function of lipids includes that they are chemical
messengers, storage & provision of energy, maintenance of temperature, membrane lipid
formation, cholesterol formation and prostaglandin formation as well as role in inflammation.
Explain formation and breakdown of polymers
The polymer can be break down with the help of hydrolysis reactions in which bond has been
broken via addition of water molecules and release monomers. It includes the fact that when
released monomer are join together via bonds then it will develop a polymer and this
phenomenon is known as polymerisation.
CONCLUSION
The above project has been concluded that cell can be considered as basic structural and function
unit of life which helps to precede the level of organisation in living organisms. It has number of
organelles such as Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, lysosomes, ribosomes, plastids, endoplasmic
reticulum and nucleus.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Shi, Y. and et. al., 2018, January. The structure and function of cell membranes studied by
atomic force microscopy. In Seminars in cell & developmental biology (Vol. 73, pp. 31-44).
Academic Press.
Li, J.P. and Kusche-Gullberg, M., 2016. Heparan sulfate: biosynthesis, structure, and function.
In International review of cell and molecular biology (Vol. 325, pp. 215-273). Academic Press.
Ando, Y. and et. al., 2016. Impact of blanching and freeze-thaw pretreatment on drying rate of
carrot roots in relation to changes in cell membrane function and cell wall structure. LWT-Food
Science and Technology, 71, pp.40-46.
Weibel, E.R., 2017. Lung morphometry: the link between structure and function. Cell and tissue
research, 367(3), pp.413-426.
Staněk, D. and Fox, A.H., 2017. Nuclear bodies: news insights into structure and
function. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 46, pp.94-101.
Gow, N.A., Latge, J.P. and Munro, C.A., 2017. The fungal cell wall: structure, biosynthesis, and
function. The fungal kingdom, pp.267-292.
Schaller, A. and et. al., 2018. From structure to function–a family portrait of plant
subtilases. New Phytologist, 218(3), pp.901-915.
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