Operations Management & Control Systems

This assignment delves into the multifaceted field of Operations Management. It examines various aspects, including the role of OR/MS in disaster operations, the design and operation of infrastructure systems like pipelines, and the management of complex systems like apartment communities. The review also touches upon military and civilian capabilities for crisis management, highlighting research trends and practical applications in diverse sectors.

Management & Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1. Defining and comparing the characteristics and roles of a leader and manager...................1
M1. Difference between function of manager and role of leader...............................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2. Role of leaders and function of managers as per different circumstances............................3
P3 Different theories and models of approaches........................................................................5
M2 Strength and weaknesses of various theories.......................................................................6
D1 Critical analysis of different theories....................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P4 Key approaches to Operation management...........................................................................6
P5 Importance and values of operation management in achieving objectives............................7
M3 Manager and leader can improve effectiveness of operational management.......................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P6 Factors of business environment that impacts upon operational management......................8
M4 Various factors that impact business environment.............................................................10
D2 Critical analysis of operational management operational...................................................10
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12
.......................................................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
The coordination and organisation of business activities in order to accomplish defined
and long term objectives is called management (Management and Operation, 2015). It is an
effective process of maintaining and designing an environment in which person, working
together in teams for achieve selected goals. Operations management is mainly related with
organizing, supervising and planning in the form of manufacturing, production and the provision
of services (Akkerman, Farahani and Grunow, 2010). This activity is concerned with
transforming resources, labour and material into finished goods. Chosen organisation is Clancy
Consulting Ltd. that provides building services such as compliance and certification, building
appraisal, CDM-C services, civil engineering, pre-planning facility, fire engineering and many
others to clients. This report determined about the manager and leader’s characteristics and their
role in different situations of organisation. Various theories of leadership are also shown in this
study. Key elements of operational management and its importance in the business to achieve
long term objectives are described here as well. Internal and external factors of environment that
affect the decision-making process and operations management are also identified in this report.
TASK 1
P1. Defining and comparing the characteristics and roles of a leader and manager
Both leader and manager are considered to be the important persons in a business
enterprise. Without them, company cannot achieve their goals in a structured manner. Main role
of both the persons is to provide accurate guidelines and directions to the workers while working
all activities and function of organisation.
Manager
He is an individual who is responsible and liable for all the activities and operations of
company. They has many ability to provide training and development to their employees in
accurate manner (Barratt, Choi and Li, 2011). So that they can perform all task in a better and
essential way. There are some roles and characteristics of managers which are given as below:
Characteristics:
There are some qualities of a manager which are described as below:
Experience: It is the main quality of manager to have better experience working in a
leading a group and a professional environment. Without this characteristic, administrator cannot
1

train their workers in accomplishing long term goals and in maintaining long lasting relationship
with customers.
Creativity: Manager is required to have characteristics which are essential for developing
effective working environment. With the help of this quality, manager easily increases the sales
and revenue of company.
Roles:
In organisation, manager plays a vital and significant role in providing training to the
employees and in achieving goals of company (Binder and Edwards, 2010). There are some roles
and responsibilities of manager which are like:
Providing training and development: Main role of manager is to give accurate training
to their workers while performing all activities of company. Further, trained employees will
effectively contribute towards attaining long term objectives.
Team development: A manager is liable for the improvement and development of a great
performing group. It is the main role of administrator to manage and control all activities easily.
In this, they can motivate and encourage their workers as per the performance and work. Thus,
manager easily develops an effective team as well as increase the performance level of
workforce.
Leader
He is an individual who is capable to take duties for encouraging employees in order to
accomplish objectives (Burke, 2013). In each and every enterprise, leader is main person for
increasing moral and standard of workers. Some characteristic and roles of leaders are given as
below:
Characteristics:
There are various qualities which are taken by the leader at workplace. These are
determined as below:
Motivation: It is best quality, with the help of this characteristic, they can easily motivate
their all workers while doing their job. They can encourage their all employees in order to attain
long and desired goals of company.
Confident: Leaders require to be very self-confident for giving direction and guidelines
to person for maintaining long lasting relationship with them. This characteristic is essential for
arranging all resources in order to enlarging business operations and activities.
2

Roles:
Leader plays an important and essential role in providing accurate direction to the
employees. There are some duties which are determined as below:
Communicate: It is the main role of leader to communicate necessary information or data
to manager. Further, they transmit entire content about laws, decisions, procedures and policies
so that misunderstanding can be decreased in suitable way.
Encourage employees: In order to provide accurate directions and guidelines to the
workers so that leader easily increase its performance level (Chen and et. al., 2011). It is the
responsibility of leader to provide motivation and other essential theory to the workforce.
There are several differences in between leaders and managers. They are determined as:
Managers Leaders
Manager provides better training programs to
the employees.
Leader gives accurate direction to increase
their skills or knowledge.
Main role of manager is to manage all
functions and operations of company.
Main role of leader is to accomplish long term
goals and objectives of the enterprise.
In nature, manager is task oriented and
emphasis on better outputs.
In nature, they are people oriented as well as
lead large number of the person in their work.
M1. Difference between function of manager and role of leader
Function of manager Role of leader
Planning, organising, staffing, leading and
controlling; all these are the main functions of
manager.
In order to manage all functions of managers is
the main role of leader.
To arrange all resources in an effective and
efficient manner.
In this duty of leader is to maintain
effectiveness and efficiency of resources.
3

TASK 2
P2. Role of leaders and function of managers as per different circumstances
Clancy Consulting Ltd is a service provider organisation in London (Chen and et. al.,
2010). They provide building services such as compliance and certification, building appraisal,
CDM-C services and many others to customers. In this organisation, there are different difficult
situations which are being faced by its employees. All situations and in this role of leader and
function of manger determined as below:
Training and development: In Clancy Consulting Ltd, there are large number of the
employees who need an effective training and development. In this manager provide on-the-job
and Off-the-job training approach to the all workers (Cruz and Marques, 2011). In this situation,
function of manager is to plan an appropriate method of such programmes.
Decision-making process: It is another situation which is faced by the company and its
employees. In this duty of leader is to take an appropriate action for the development and growth
of company. Better and proper judgement assist the organisation to maintain all situation in an
easy manner. On the other hand, function of manager is important for the administrator to
monitor all activities and functions effectively.
Role of management and leadership: There are some responsibilities of leaders and
mangers in different situation are as below:
Management role theory: This model was established by H.Mintzberg for maintaining all
situation effectively. With the use of this theory, manger and leader classified their all role in
different parts such as interpersonal, informational and decisional. In this role of manager is to
communicate all information through changes, market trend, innovative technology and other.
Evaluate of management by objectives: This framework is formed by Drucker in a systematic
manner (Galindo and Batta, 2013). MBO is mainly focuses on work assignment and duty among
management. It is important tool because it increase participation from staff members which turn
in the success of company.
Style and traits of leadership: This style mainly emphasised on the quality of leaders. This
model describe the attribute and personality of leader with high motivation, confidence, honesty,
emotional maturity and cognitive ability. Clancy Consulting Ltd follow some leadership models
which are described as below:
4

Autocratic: Manager of an organisation have more authority to making an effective
judgement in business activities and operations. With the use of this model, company easily
monitor entire performance and productivity of the workers.
Democratic: It is a part of leadership style, in this involvement of workers is expected in
order to make accurate decision with administrator of organisation. In this model, individual
ideas are followed to increase effectiveness and efficiency in work.
Soft leadership skills and Hard management skills: In the organisation, needs of management is
to evaluate the performance of workers as well as to plan an effective strategies in order to meet
the company objectives. Hard management skills include the employees ability to analysis
performance and to take judgement about achieving desired goals. On the other hand, soft
leadership skills includes self-motivation, team building, communication and group working.
P3 Different theories and models of approaches
Clancy Consulting Ltd apply different leadership theorise in their business operations.
This model assist the company manager to increase their productivity and performance
(Giegerich, 2010). In order to leading all activities and functions easily, manager and leader play
vital role in providing accurate guidelines and direction about to the employees. There are
mainly three types of leadership styles which are described as below:
Situational leadership: It is essential and main theory of leadership which is used by
manager in maintaining all situation in easy manner. Purpose of applying this model is to solve
all problems and issues effectively. It is valuable and useful for the manager in various condition
so that they can accomplish predetermined objectives goals of the company.
Contingency leadership approach: With the use of this model, manager of the
organisation develop better coordination among all workers. This model is mainly relay on
external and internal environment in which Clancy Consulting Ltd easily run their all
operations. In this theory, success and progress of the leader or manager is a contingencies
functions in the way of group, task and subordinate variables.
System leadership: It is identify as a Holistic method to leadership as well as
organisational development, it is follow by the leader at entire level of enterprise in order to
develop high performance in situation of high uncertainty and complexity (Ivanov, Sokolov and
Kaeschel, 2010). It is important for the manager and leader to accomplish entire objectives of
business entity in an effective and efficient manner.
5

All three theories are beneficial for the leader to solve complexity and uncertainty in an
appropriate manner. In the organisation, there are different difficult situation which are faced by
the manager. So in this way leader take an effective decision regarding maintaining all
conditions in an easy way.
M2 Strength and weaknesses of various theories
Above three theories such as Situational, Contingency and System leadership are
valuable for the enterprise to maintain long lasting relationship with employees (Jacobs, Chase
and Lummus, 2011). There are some strong and weak points of 3 models which are determined
as below:
Leadership theory Strength Weaknesses
Situational leadership  Improved
communication and
production.
 High employee morale
 Time consuming
 Very difficult to handle
all situation
Contingency leadership  This theory mainly
emphasis on leaders in
an effective and
efficient manner.
 Not supportive for
development and
training program.
System Leadership  This theory give a good
basis of monitor and
control.
 It is very complex
system.
 Lack of Universality.
D1 Critical analysis of different theories
According to the Chen, (2010) leadership theories are beneficial for the Clancy
Consulting Ltd to manage all activities and functions effectively. With the use of above all
models company easily maintain long lasting relationship with employees.
On the other hand Kang, (2010) Situational, Contingency and System leadership are
useful for the manager and leader to easily deals with difficult situation.
6

TASK 3
P4 Key approaches to Operation management
In operation management there are different types of tools and techniques which help
manager in handling all the activities in effective manner (Kang, 2010). With the help of these
technology company easily accomplish the task and objective and increase turnover accordingly.
Following are the approaches used in operation management in order to improve performance
are stated below:-
Just in time:- under this approach most important thing consider is time factor I.e
everything must be accomplish on time in order to reduce all the chances of wastage and increase
the business performance effectively. It basically use for maintaining the inventory
administration as part of service and stock maintenance also. The main objective under this
approach is to enhance turnover of company.
Total quality management:- Under this approach management team focuses on
maintaining the standard quality of products. Further in this manager is wholly responsible for
enhancing the performance of company (Lind, 2013). For example Clancy consultancy must
concentrate on improving all the services they given to their client so satisfaction level of
customer is at optimum manner.
Lean production:- In each organisation this approach is used in order to increase the
turnover rate of company. Adopting this method allow organisation to maintain the quality of
both product and services in effective manner. It is consider best source for Clancy consultancy
to upgrade the quality of service that provide long lasting impression to target audience.
Six Sigma:- it is best approach in order to maintain the data of organisation and also
helpful in improving quality by removing the defects from the whole process so systematic
working is possible in corporate environment. In case if Clancy consultancy Ltd. adopt this
approach that it become easy for them to eliminate all the defects and barrier arises at the of
providing services and allow them to maintain ethical practices in their working environment
which leads to maintenance of sustainability in competitive market.
P5 Importance and values of operation management in achieving objectives
Operational management: It is refers to the management of company practices in order to
develop highest level of effectiveness within an enterprise (Mendis, Muttaqi and Perera, 2014).
7

It is related with converting labour and material into services and goods as possible to increase
the revenue of a company. There are some importance & value of operational management
which are described as below:
Coordination: Operation management is important for the company to make
coordination among the employees. Further, they can perform with full efforts and attain long
term goals and targets of company. In this manager of Clancy consultancy should make better
relationship with their employees with aim of accomplishing desired objectives.
Decreasing cost: Operational management is very essential part of the company to
reduce their production cost and increase profitability ratio. Business entity need to apply
innovative technology for decreasing expenditure. So that it is valuable for the enterprise to
attract pool of the customers towards business services.
Waste Minimisation: Needs of all organisation is to reduce wastage of products, services
and resources. In this role of the manager is to maintain feedback of employees (Nakayama and
Bucks, 2012). In this they use various tools and techniques to reduce wastage and increase profit
in limited time period.
Customer satisfaction: Key approaches of operational management such as Just in time,
Total quality management, Lean production and Six Sigma are important in order to fulfil basic
needs and requirement of customers. So such approach is valuable for the business to invite large
number of the customers easily.
Profit maximisation: Operational management support the manager and leader to
increase their profitability ration easily. It help in attracting different number of clients in an
effective and easy manner. In this Clancy consultancy improve service and product quality which
turn in the achievement of long term goals.
M3 Manager and leader can improve effectiveness of operational management
In the organisation, manager and leader play vital role in order to improve effectiveness
and efficiency of operational management. There are different tools for manage business
operations and activities such as Just in time, Total quality management, Lean production and
Six Sigma effectively.
8

TASK 4
P6 Factors of business environment that impacts upon operational management
Their are different types of factors of environment that affect decision-making of
operation management (Shuxin, 2011). Basically it is divided into two part I.e. internal and
external environment which are consider as vital component which need to be consider at the
time of making changes in organisation working culture. In order to gain competitive advantage
Clancy consultancy Ltd. Require to make alteration in their strategic policies and procedures.
Following are the point of business environment described below:-
Internal factors:- There are different factors which consider as internal elements of
organisation within which company has full control. It help in increasing productivity and
effectiveness in company management operation. Some of the factors covered under it are:- Employees:- They consider as important asset of company which help management in
achieving objectives. Therefore, it is duty of HR manager to take care of needs and
requirement of working staff and formulate policies according to it. Customers:- Basically these are those individuals who buy the product of company,
therefore it is essential for organisation to maintain long term relation with customers by
offering them good quality of goods and services at affordable prices (White, 2016). For
example Clancy consultancy Ltd. Who engaged in providing advisory service to their
clients which leads to satisfaction of needs of clients. Supplier:- these are those individual who provide business services and products to
company whenever they needed. Therefore it, is vital for whole management team to
establish long term relationship with them so organisation don't face difficulty related to
shortage of stock which also lead to rational decision making in operation management. Finance:- In many organisation finance are one of the crucial element which affect the
operation decision making. The financial position of company depend upon cash-flow,
profitability and fixed asset of company so proper framework regarding finance
management must be consider.
 Competitors:- In dynamic environment taste, preferences and trends of target audience
are change due to new technology and innovative product launched by competitors. So it
is vital for Clancy consultancy to redesigned their strategic policies they used at the time
9

of providing services increase the chance of sustainability in external market (White,
2016).
External factors:- These factor are external to organisation within which they have no control.
Management team need to consider all the external factor in order to grab external opportunities
and the following element stated below:- Economic environment:- there are different types of economic factor that affect the
working operation of company like change in budget, BEP policy and inflation, deflation
affect the operation management. Company profitability is affected by above things
especially interest rate, finance cost and feasibility cost of business. Technological factors:- In today dynamic environment changes are coming due to
innovative technology and latest services so in order maintain sustainability and market
share, company require to incur expenditure on research development department so they
make modification in their organisation structure in order to bring latest technology in
their services. Legal and environmental factors:- It give the detail regarding policies, procedures and
compliances prevail in particular economy. Greater regulation and legislation are the
challenges for the operational objective of company (Akkerman, Farahani and Grunow,
2010). Complexity in business procedure due to high regulation create barrier in success
of business.
 Social factors:- these include the moral ethics and principles prevail in particular society
so company required to adopt all the ethical practices in their business operation so
overall operation conducted in appropriate manner.
M4 Various factors that impact business environment
Company working style mostly affected by two factor I.e internal and external which
highly influenced at the time of taking decision related to operation management. Two important
factor include PEST analysis, customer employees which need to be focus for overall business
growth and development.
D2 Critical analysis of operational management operational
According to the Barratt, (2011) It is rightly said that both the micro and macro
environment affect the working operation and business performance of management. So in order
10

to increase productivity and efficiency of organisation Clancy Consulting Ltd. need to consider
both the factor through continuous scanning of all changes arises in environment.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it can be determined that operational management is
important for the business success. There are different tools and tactics are apply by the company
and in which role of manager and leader play vital role. In order to solve all difficult situation
easily company use various kind of leadership theory. There are certain approaches of operations
management which are follow by the manager or leader in order to maintain service quality.
Internal and external factor that highly effects on operation management and decision making
process about accomplishing business objectives. Operation management is valuable and
important for enterprise to improve their productivity and profitability level.
11

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
12

Akkerman, R., Farahani, P. and Grunow, M., 2010. Quality, safety and sustainability in food
distribution: a review of quantitative operations management approaches and
challenges. Or Spectrum. 32(4). pp.863-904.
Barratt, M., Choi, T. Y. and Li, M., 2011. Qualitative case studies in operations management:
Trends, research outcomes, and future research implications. Journal of Operations
Management. 29(4). pp.329-342.
Binder, M. and Edwards, J. S., 2010. Using grounded theory method for theory building in
operations management research: A study on inter-firm relationship
governance. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 30(3).
pp.232-259.
Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA.
Chen, C. and et. al., 2011. Smart energy management system for optimal microgrid economic
operation. IET renewable power generation. 5(3). pp.258-267.
Chen, X. and et. al., 2010. DECOR: DEClarative network management and OpeRation. ACM
SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. 40(1). pp.61-66.
Cruz, C. O. and Marques, R.C., 2011. Contribution to the study of PPP arrangements in airport
development, management and operation. Transport Policy. 18(2). pp.392-400.
Galindo, G. and Batta, R., 2013. Review of recent developments in OR/MS research in disaster
operations management. European Journal of Operational Research. 230(2). pp.201-
211.
Giegerich, B., 2010. Chapter two: military and civilian capabilities for EU-led crisis-
management operations. Adelphi Paper. 50(414-415). pp.41-58.
Ivanov, D., Sokolov, B. and Kaeschel, J., 2010. A multi-structural framework for adaptive
supply chain planning and operations control with structure dynamics
siderations. European Journal of Operational Research. 200(2). pp.409-420.
Jacobs, F. R., Chase, R. B. and Lummus, R. R., 2011. Operations and supply chain
management (Vol. 567). McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Kang, S. J., 2010. Management and Operation of Apartment Community Facilities and Post
Occupancy Evaluation-Focused on the R Apartments Complex in Daegu. Journal of the
Korean housing association. 21(4). pp.111-120.
Lind, A. O., 2013, June. Pipeline integrity management–from design to operation. In The
Twenty-third International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. International
Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Mendis, N., Muttaqi, K. M. and Perera, S., 2014. Management of battery-supercapacitor hybrid
energy storage and synchronous condenser for isolated operation of PMSG based
variable-speed wind turbine generating systems. IEEE Transactions on smart grid. 5(2).
pp.944-953.
Nakayama, F. S. and Bucks, D. A. Eds., 2012. Trickle irrigation for crop production: design,
operation and management (Vol. 9). Elsevier.
Shuxin, A., 2011. The Management and Operation Mechanism of Overseas Think Tank and Its
Enlightenment to China [J].Contemporary Economy & Management.5. p.021.
White, P., 2016. Public transport: its planning, management and operation. Taylor & Francis.
Online
Management and Operation. 2015. [Online]. Available Through:
<http://www.hse.gov.uk/pUbns/priced/microbiologyiac.pdf>.
13