Understanding Harm Reduction Concepts

The provided content discusses various topics related to alcohol harm reduction, including corporate capture of key concepts, motivational interviewing, and guidelines for managing co-occurring substance use and mental health conditions. The readings also touch on social theory in drug research and policy, as well as barriers and facilitators to implementing person-centered care in healthcare contexts.

Student Name:
Student ID:
Assessment number: 33584/02
Written Assessment – Case Study
E1031BT
Certificate IV in Youth
Work
Module 11(elective):
CHCAOD001 Working in
an alcohol & other drugs
context
This is assessment 2 of 2.
1. Background/Overview
Alcohol and other drugs (AOD) work forms part of Youth Work. It
operates within a social, political, economic and legal framework
that impacts on Youth Work policies and practices. It is therefore
important that Youth Workers have a broad understanding of the
complexities involvedin AOD treatment andan understanding of
the historical and social constructs that have influenced the
development of both AOD policy and approaches to treatment
over time.
The philosophical underpinnings and practice values of the AOD
sector are fundamental to Youth Work practice and includes the
importance of workers being able to apply specific principles such
as client’s rightsand guaranteeing access and equity, among
others. It is also important for youth workers to demonstrate their
ability to apply a person-centred, (also known as a ‘client-
centred’), approach which reflects the practice values of the
sector.
2. Brief
In this assessment there is a case study involving a realistic
scenariothat you could witness or be a part of while working in an
AOD Youth Work setting. You are required to demonstrate your
ability to apply theoretical knowledge and relevant skills to the
case study, based on your learning so far.
This assessment requires you to show an understanding of
different models and approaches to treatmentand you will be
required to demonstrate how your values align with the practice
values of the AOD Youth Work sector. You will also be requiredto
show an understanding of the role of a case worker in an AOD
Youth Work setting and show how you would apply a person-
centredapproach.
Deliverables
Please submit this assessment
in Word doc format.
To do list:
1. Write your name and
student ID in the spaces
provided at the top of
this page.
2. Read the
background/overview and
brief sections of this
document.
3. Complete all 5questions, all
of which have multiple
parts.
4. Read the scenarios that
form part of each case
study and answer the
questions that follow each
part.
5. Pay attention to the word
count indicators. These are
guidelines and you can
present your answers in
bullet points or paragraphs.
6. Save the Word document
using the naming
convention: your student
IDnumber_assessment
number.doc. For example:
“12345678_31135.doc.”
7. Upload your document in
Open Space using the
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relevant Assessment
Upload link in this Module
3. Activities
Case Study
Scenario
Liz is a 44-year old ex-nurse who has recently re-entered the workforce after a
12-year break. She’s now a part-time case worker at her local Community Youth
Centre and she specialises in working with young people who have alcohol and
other drug (AOD) issues.
Today Evan, Liz’s supervisor, has asked her to meet with Helena who is a new
case worker and a recent graduate. Evan has asked Liz to brief Helena on a new
client who has come to the service for support. The new client is Cory, a 22-year-
old male. According to his file notes, Cory has tried a number of different
interventions to reduce harm from his alcohol use over the years and he has
recently successfully completed a detox and rehab program.
Even though Cory is only 22, he has already had periods in his life where he has
been alcohol dependent. These periods have coincided with events in which he
has experienced significant losses and trauma. Cory lost his mother to cancer
when he was 7 years old. Two years later his big brother, Tom, was killed in a car
accident. Following these events Cory was diagnosed with depression. He was
also ‘self-medicating’ with alcohol to cope with the feelings of loss and the
loneliness he was experiencing.
Cory was referred to a grief counsellor to address these issues and he feels they
were major factors in his depression and his inability to control his drinking. He is
now looking forward to getting his life back on-track. Currently, hehas a very
supportive partner in and he enjoys spending time with a few close friends. He
also has a job and has stated that he doesn’t want to stop drinking completely.
His file notes say that he is coming to the Community Youth Centre because he
would like support to help him moderate his drinking.
During the briefing session, Helena argues passionatelywith Liz. She states that
Cory should be abstaining from alcohol altogether and attend AA (Alcoholics
Anonymous) meetings. Liz explains to Helena that according to his file, Cory has
had long periods in his life where he has controlled his drinking very
successfully. This Harm Minimisation approach aligns with their organisation’s
policies and it is considered a more realistic approach than abstinence. Given
Cory’s age and experiences so far, his file notesstate that he should be
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supported inlearning how to control his drinking rather than trying to never drink
alcohol again.
Based on the scenario above, answer the following questions.
Question 1.
a) Identify the two different ‘models’ being discussed by Liz and Helenaand provide a brief
explanation of each. (Approx. 100 words for each model)
Model Explanation of the model
Alcoholics Anonymous
Model
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is more comprehensively assessed as an approach
rather than a model to help the alcohol addicts in keeping abstinence from alcohol
use (Kaskutas, 2009). The program is usually run and monitored by an organization
of the same name. In this approach, the members can take part in meetings
without having to pay any money and those people are treated with a spiritual
stance which suggests the belief in a highly powerful entity (Vourakis, 2013). The
program consists of twelve stages through which the addicts might develop a
strategy to keep abstinence from alcohol abuse and quit drinking forever. Research
works suggest that AA might prove to be an efficient approach if the properly
trained professionals administer and monitor the program (Krentzman et al.,
2011).
Harm Minimization
Harm Minimization approach or strategy is designed for ensuring that the potential
harms due to alcohol abuse is minimized and appropriately assessed (Crofts and
Deany, 1999). However, this strategy does not emphasize much on abstinence,
rather it suggests that approaches should be carefully developed in order to
minimize the harms by controlling and reducing the extent of alcohol abuse
(Moore and Rhodes, 2004). In this approach, the professionals attempt to help the
addicts by reducing the supply of alcohol, reducing the demand for alcohol, and
finally, reducing the potential harms (Bessant, 2008). The strategy is suitable for
especially those who have demonstrated an will or actual evidence to control their
alcohol drinking or drug abusing habits.
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Scenario (continued)
Liz suggests to Helena that they have a morning tea break and then come back
together to talk further. During the tea break Liz considers what she might say to
Helena to convey the importance of promoting the policies and values of
theirorganisation. She knows that Helena has gone through an induction process
and been given the Code of Conduct and other relevant information, so she
wonders why Helena is so adamant in promoting her own views about what Cory
should do. She wonders if Helena will be able to step back from her own
judgements when she is working with clients.
b) Identify Cory’s rights in this scenario. Refer to your understanding of ‘client’s rights’ from the learning
material and your work practice to inform your answer. (Use bullet points)
Cory’s rights in this scenario:
Cory's rights in accordance with the AOD treatment approaches and in the current scenario, in particular, are:
 To receive the treatment in such a way that his dignity is not diminished by any means.
 To receive the most effective and comprehensive treatment available in the scenario.
 To be treated with the approach which is professionally valid, appropriate for the client, and not
designed or chosen as per personal inclinations (Roche, O'Neill and Wolinski, 2004).
 To be treated with an approach which appropriately follows the policies and ethical values for an
organization associated with helping youth suffering from AOD issues.
 To be treated and assessed from a viewpoint which takes into account the client's personal choices,
preferences, mental health, and physical tolerance as much as possible (Palmer et al., 2009).
 To be evaluated and assisted in such a manner which promotes discussion with the client rather than
forcefully imposing any treatment approach upon him/her.
Question 1 (continued).
c) Provide an explanation outlining what Liz could say to Helena to convey:
(i) the practice values and philosophy of the AOD Youth Work sector? (Approx. 150 words)
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and
(ii) the key purpose and benefits of using a person-centred (client-centred) approach?(Approx. 150
words)
Draw on your understanding of these ideas from your own work practice and/or fromthe learning material to
explain the following:
(i) The practice values and philosophy of the AOD Youth Work sector
The AOD Youth Work Sector is driven by various practice values and philosophical underpinnings that should be
critically and essentially considered in order to provide the best available treatment in a particular scenario.
Firstly, the service providers need to thoroughly assess the personal, professional, environmental, and social
factors associated with the individual so that they can design or adopt an approach which suits best for the
person and in that scenario (Savic et al., 2017). Secondly, the service providers need to provide utmost value to
the respectability, dignity, personal choices and preferences of the clients in order to deliver an ethically
competent and professionally efficient treatment (NSW Department of Education and Training, 2009). Finally,
along with maintaining the confidentiality of the data related to the client, the service providers need to
appropriately utilize their knowledge and experience (instead of personal choices or biased preferences) in order
to develop strategies that is applicable to the person and his/her state (Savic et al., 2017). Thus, the service
providers will be able to deliver treatment which is peculiar to the condition of each and every different
individual.
(ii) The key purpose and benefits of using a person-centred (client-centred) approach
The key purpose of the person-centred or client-focused approach is to enable the associations (engaged in
providing services to the AOD youth work sector) in giving available, responsive and adaptable administrations
that meet the different requirements and inclinations of individuals living within the society and particularly
within a certain sphere of the society (Epstein and Street, 2011). A considerable lot of these people need to stay
free for whatever length of time that conceivable and depend on the group-based care framework to for
accomplishing this.
There several benefits of using this particular approach. It enables the service providers and the client to remain
in constant touch with each other so that they can comprehensively discuss the state of the health, potential
options for treatment, and the medium or timeframe for the treatment in order to ensure the best service
(Moore et al., 2016). Moreover, the approach enables the client to contribute directly to the process of
treatment and thus, the utmost efficiency as per ethical considerations can be assured.
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Scenario (continued)
Liz is sitting in the lunch room later that day and reflecting on her interactions with Helena.
She remembers her nursing days back in the hospital and the attitudes and judgements
that were made by some of the staff when patients consistently presented in an intoxicated
state. She thinks about how far she has come and how much her attitudes have changed in
the short time he has been working with young people in an AOD setting.
Question 2.
Recognising that we are all influenced by the values and beliefs we grew up with, how might your own
experiences or values impact on your work with young clients who are experiencing AOD related issues?
Remember, being aware of our own biases in AOD related Youth Work and developing self-awareness
improves our ability to work with vulnerable young clients effectively and without judgement.
Reflect on the questions below and answer them as honestly as you can.
a) How might your own values/experiences impact your work?(100- 150 words)
It is suggested that a professional associated with the AOD youth work sector needs to overlook the perceptions,
beliefs and thoughts which might prove to be a hindrance to the entire professional sphere. In this regard, it
should also be taken into consideration that personal values and experiences would help a professional to assess
a particular scenario better than others. If a professional develops high ethical values or if he/she gains immense
experience while working in this sector, the professional individual might make good use of his/her values and
experiences while addressing the issues faced by a help-seeking person. On the other hand, negatively identified
values and experiences would lead to negative consequences. Therefore, I, as an AOD Youth Work Sector
assistant, need to focus on the ethically guided aspect where the importance is given to the client instead of the
service provider's personal preference.
b) How can you can ensure that your practice reflects the core values of the AOD Youth Work sector? (100- 150
words)
In order to ensure that my practices reflect the core values of AOD Youth Work Sector, I need to focus on a
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number a number of aspects. Firstly, the confidentiality of the data related to the client needs to be maintained
at any cost. Secondly, the strategies should be adopted and implemented in accordance with the personal values
and preferences adopted by the clients as much as possible. Moreover, it should be made sure that the client is
treated and assisted from an angle which does not incorporate personal inclinations by the service provider. The
safety and dignity of the client should be utmost important aspect aspects for the professionals associated with
this sphere.
Scenario (continued)
Liz consults with Evan, her Supervisor, about the issues with Helena’s thinking and they
decide the best approach is for Liz to mentor Helena, ‘modelling’ their organisation’s values
for Helena to learn from. Evan has also suggested that, with Cory’s permission, Helena sits
in on Cory’s next appointment with Liz. This way Helena can observe how Liz approaches
her working relationship with Cory. Evan has also suggested to Liz that she discusses the
situation with Helena beforehand so she understands the purpose of sitting in on the
session.
Question 3.
Briefly describe 5 specific strategies that Liz would discuss with Helena and might use when working with
Cory that show consideration of his rights, his values and his treatment choices. Your responses need to
reflect a person-centred (client-centred) approach and take into account Liz and Helena’s roles as case
workers within the AOD Youth Work context e.g. the relevance of the Harm Minimisation approach, stages of
change etc. (Approx. 150 words each)
Motivational Interview:
Motivational interview sessions allude to a bunch of intercessions that emphasis on expanding the individual's
preparation to transform conduct. It can likewise be alluded to as motivational upgrade and motivational guiding.
It is a client-focused, mandate strategy for improving natural inspiration to change by investigating and settling
vacillation (Miller and Rollnick, 2002). The approach does not concentrate on instructing new adapting
aptitudes, reshaping insights, or unearthing the past. It is very centred around the individual's available
advantages and concerns. The system includes helping a man to investigate his/her association with substances
to increase better understanding into where their utilization fits as far as future objectives and life esteem (Mills
et al., 2009). It accomplishes this by expanding a man's comprehension of the advantages and disadvantages of
their liquor and other medications utilize, while enabling them to consider the potential effects, frequently as far
as a glorified future situation (O'Leary-Tevyaw and Monti, 2004). In this context, Liz and Helena needs to
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specifically focus on the personal preferences and psychological state of Cory in order to motivate him to reduce
the extent of alcohol intake.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT):
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is the mix of a couple of helpful frameworks associated with addiction
prevention therapy: behaviour-based treatment and psychological treatment. The behaviour-based treatment
rose up out of the emphasis on the courses through which conduct is found out and fortified (Bruun and Mitchell
2012). Contemporary behaviour-based brain research considers issues to be maladaptive examples of conduct
that have been learned and fortified after some time. On the other hand, the cognitive treatment perceives that
issues develop because of mutilations in musings and convictions. These mutilated musings and convictions are
frequently unchallenged and the errand of the advisor is to start to test and question the unhelpful convictions
and suspicions that lead individuals to brokenness (Rachman, 1997). Although there are some basic
contradictions amongst these two aspects, their combined treatment yield fruitful results as they design the
treatment by depending on why and how the individual has developed an addiction for drug substances or
alcohol (Hofmann et al., 2012). In this regard, Liz and Helena should focus on exploring the behavioural traits of
Cory in order to properly assess his psychological conditions and conductive stances so that more appropriate
treatment can be delivered.
Strengths-based Case Management:
Strengths-based case management alludes to the strategy which focuses on developing approaches in
accordance with the psychological strengths of the client which might assist in yielding better outcomes. The
system concentrates on administration and coordination, confirmed by an accentuation on undertakings, rules,
expenses, and results (Gronda, 2009). In a domain of expanding administration multifaceted nature, the part of
case administration winds up noticeably one of administration route and mutual cooperation amongst the
service providers and help seekers (Prendergast et al., 2011). The approach suggests that a treatment procedure
might prove to be greatly helpful if the service providers take into account the psychological strengths of the
client because of the fact that it is psychological fortification that works the most in solving a particular issue
(Jenner, Devaney and Lee, 2009). Those strengths should be thoroughly exploited so that they can assist in the
therapeutic procedure. Thus, Liz and Helena needs to consider the fact that Cory has already demonstrated
strong will and intention to reduce the extent of alcohol intake, and therefore, this should be considered as one
of his strengths which can be psychologically exploited to yield better results.
Narrative Therapy:
The narrative therapy has been considered as an effective strategy which accentuates on the stories individuals
educate themselves regarding the lives. The strategy considers individuals to be specialists in understanding their
own lives, with a scope of aptitudes that can be saddled to defeat challenges (Morgan, 2000). For the account
advisor, the objective of treatment is to help the individual in re-composing their own story with the end goal
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that, for instance, an account of individual battle progresses toward becoming reframed as an account of quality
and overcoming (Bruun and Mitchell, 2012). The advisor makes inquiries intended to aid re-translating
encounters to make new implications. Story advisors consider stories to be being comprised of occasions that are
connected in succession crosswise over various time-spans and as per a plot. As per this strategy, Liz and Helena
needs to conduct several extensive sessions with Cory in order to access his narratives so that the service
providers can understand the background he is coming from and how the events has affected him so that they
can develop better techniques to treat the client in accordance with his psychological conditions.
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy:
The dialectical behaviour therapy or the rationalistic conduct treatment is quite similar to the CBT, be that as it
may, the main contrast is that DBT uses care as a method for expanding resistance of upsetting passionate states
(Lienhan, 1993). The strategy sees risky practices as a maladaptive endeavour to manage feelings. The treatment
includes learning techniques to screen and react to different enthusiastic states. DBT likewise views restorative
organization together as of focal significance furthermore, early sessions concentrate on building this before
some other exercises are considered. The attention to the helpful organization together is noteworthy on the
grounds that a great many people with marginal identity issue have originated from traded off family
foundations that can be depicted as nullifying conditions (Geddes, Dziurawiec and Lee, 2013). In this context, Liz
and Helena should consider that as Cory has gone through extreme emotional turmoil which has negatively
contributed to his addiction to alcohol, they should initially assess his emotional states and develop techniques
to manage the emotions in a positive manner so that he is inspired to reduce the extent of alcohol intake.
Scenario (continued)
During his first session with Liz and Helena, Cory decided that he would like to continue
with face-to-face support on a fortnightly basis, or until he feels confident he is in control of
his drinking. He demonstrates that he has a clear understanding of safe and harmful levels
of alcohol use and now feels that he has the tools and strategies he needs to moderate his
alcohol use. He also feels supported in his goals and is aware of the triggers/signs he
needs to be mindful of.
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Following the session, Liz asks Helena whether she still thinks Cory should take an
abstinence approach to his alcohol issues. Helena says that now she has met Cory and
understands his situation better, she can see how controlled drinking mightbe an
appropriate option for him and acknowledges that she might have been too rigid in her
view during their earlier discussion.However, she still believes that controlled drinking is
not for everyone as, from her experience, people with any form of AOD dependence need
to have complete abstinence as a treatment goal.
To help Helena see ‘the bigger picture’ of AOD in Youth Work and how and why Harm
Minimisation is current policy at their workplace, Evanasks Helena to complete some
research.
As noted in the learning materials for this Module, there has been considerable political
and media focus on the drug known as ‘Ice’. Using the articles below, (and any other
sources you feel are appropriate), conduct some research and then answer the questions
below. Please reference your work and use your own words.
The Conversation. 2015. Are we in the middle of an Ice epidemic? A snapshot of meth use in Australia.
[ONLINE] Available at: http://theconversation.com/are-we-in-the-midst-of-an-ice-epidemic-a-
snapshot-of-meth-use-in-australia-39697. [Accessed 24 August, 2016].
The Age. 2015. Don't panic the Ice pandemic is a myth. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.theage.com.au/comment/dont-panic-the-ice-pandemic-is-a-myth-20150515-gh2plm.html.
[Accessed 24 August, 2016].
ABC News. 2015. Ice 'epidemic': Prime Minister Tony Abbott announces task force to tackle crystal meth
'menace'. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-08/tony-abbott-announces-war-on-drug-
ice/6376492. [Accessed 24 August, 2016].
Question 4.
a) Summarise the main arguments being made in the each of the 3 articles. (Approx. 150 words total)
1. The article discusses how the use of ice methamphetamine (meth) has become a serious issue in Australia.
It suggests that although the number of users for meth has not increased in the past 10 years or so, the users
for ice meth has doubled and so has the potential harm and negative consequence of such usage (The
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Conversation, 2015).
2. The article argues that whereas the percentage of amphetamine users has been stable during last decade
or so, the law enforcement authorities have become more active in addressing the issue. However, the
aspect of policing demonstrates that the drug users are mostly arrested instead of the dealers and that is not
a good sign for any community (Fitzgerald, 2015).
3. The article demonstrates that the simple implementation of regulation has not been successful in
addressing the issue of using ice meth. In this regard, the Australian government has engaged a task force to
deal with this serious issue to fend off the international criminals and help the youngsters of the nation
(Conifer and Greene, 2015).
b) Consider your own experience of the media in relation to Ice-use in Australia. How do you see their
role and influence on public opinion? (Approx. 150 words)
The Australian media, in general, has a strongly negative point of view toward meth utilization. This is
normal in light of the fact that the media wants the general populace to be aware of the hazardous
consequences of such substance abuse. However, it should be kept in mind that the media needs to
promote the welfare and interest of the citizens. Thus, instead of simply criticizing the meth users and
asking for reducing the number of such users, the media needs to advocate for the policies to arrest
and detain the meth suppliers. Furthermore, they should also emphasize on developing strategies
that are peculiar to and suitable for different scenarios The Australian media shows glimpses of such
advocacy. Be that as it may, the overall stance of the media is quite helpful in increasing awareness
among the general population and influencing the respective authorities to adopt and implement
appropriate techniques for addressing and mitigating the issue.
c) What aspects of current drug policy can you identify in these 3 articles? Consider supply reduction,
demand reduction and harm reduction in your response. (Approx. 150 words)
The articles suggest that the government is implementing different kinds of policies in order to
address the issue. For example, the administration is focussing on the supply reduction strategy in
order to make sure that meth is not available in most of the scenarios so that the youngsters cannot
get addicted to this substance (The Conversation, 2015). Furthermore, it has also been identified that
the administration is strengthening the law enforcement offices as well as youth work sectors to
assist the individuals in reducing the potential harm (Fitzgerald, 2015). Finally, it has also been
suggested that the spread of education and knowledge regarding the use of meth is being
emphasized by the administration in order to reduce the demand for the substance as much as
possible (Conifer and Greene, 2015).
d) What is your personal view in relation to Ice-use in relation to the points raised in the articles?
(Approx. 150 words)
According to me, although the use of ice meth has increased in the past couple of decades, the
overall usage of meth has been stable. Therefore, the strategies need to focus on meth usage in
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particular. The administration has appropriately addressed the issue by engaging the individuals in
awareness campaigns and education programmes as well as strengthening the law enforcement
offices to control the scenarios more efficiently. However, it should be kept in mind that the drug
suppliers need to be neutralized in order to ensure better outcomes. Therefore, rather than only
focussing on assisting the addicts, the administration needs to implement broader campaigns and
policies to arrest and detain those individuals who are behind the supply chain of ice meth.
Scenario (continued)
Evan, Liz and Helena’s supervisor, explains to Helena that a key elementunderpinning
current drug policy in Australia is the principle of Harm Minimisation. Specifically, the
three pillars of 1. Supply reduction, 2. Demand reduction and 3. Harm reduction.
Question 5.
Research these 3 terms and write a short explanation of each of them in your own words. Then, treat each
one as a ‘goal’ and write an example of a strategy to achieve it. Reference where appropriate. (Approx. 150
words per term in total)
Term Definition and strategy
Supply reduction
The aspect of supply reduction or diminishment can be considered as a
basic segment of a very much adjusted key way to deal with controlling
the abuse of drug and alcohol (Pentz, Bonnie and Shopland, 1996). The
diminishment in the demand for these substances can only be fruitful
when the availability and supply of them are constrained. At the point
when drug substances and alcohol are promptly accessible, the
probability builds that the chance for abuse will be enhanced (Landen,
2003). Thus, the primary step is to control and reduce the supply of
them in order lessen the demand in a round-about way. The utilization
and ownership of drug substances and excessive alcohol are illicit in
light of the fact that the utilization of people is a piece of the more
extensive spread of drug substances, the utilization, examples of
utilization and its deals (Keck and Correa-Cabrera, 2015). Clients are
hence inactive buyers as well as adding to the spread of medications by
pitching it to fund their own utilization and additionally by social
relations to loved ones. Therefore, the supply should firstly be reduced
in order to ensure better prevention.
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Demand reduction
The aspect of demand reduction for illegal drug substances and alcohol
incorporates the essential aversion of drugs utilization and the
treatment of the affected clients looking for assistance (Pentz, Bonnie
and Shopland, 1996). The approach is based on the fact that if the
general populace is educated on the potential harms and negative
consequences of excessive drug and alcohol abuse, then the demand for
those substances in those people will automatically reduce (Gravely et
al., 2017). Thus, the strategy calls for providing school-based as well as
mass education on the different aspects and consequences related to
drugs and alcohol abuse. Furthermore, it also suggests that the
programmes should be initiated and implemented at a bigger (perhaps
international) level in order to yield better results (Stockwell, 2006).
Subsequently, the objective of such techniques requires a far reaching,
adjusted way to deal with the drug and alcohol abuse issue that is
focused on counteractive action, treatment, recuperation, research, and
universal collaboration.
Harm reduction The approach of harm reduction comprises of arrangements, policy
development, projects, and practices that point principally to decrease
the unfavourable wellbeing, socially and financially identified outcomes
of the utilization of lawful and illicit psychoactive substances as well as
excessive alcohol without essentially lessening the utilization of these
substances (McCambridge et al., 2014). This particular strategy benefits
individuals who utilize drug substances and alcohol, the relatives and
families, and the entire social group which they belong to (Fermín,
2014). The specific strategy to deal with drug and alcohol abuse
depends on a solid sense of duty regarding general wellbeing and
human rights. The approach alludes to ways to deal with psychoactive
medication utilization that intends to decrease the damages related to
sedate and alcohol abuse for individuals who are not able to or unwilling
to maintain abstinence (Witkiewitz and Alan Marlatt, 2006). The
counteractive action of damage is considered as the most elevated need
as opposed to accomplishing uncertain restraint from unlawful drug and
alcohol utilization paying little mind to the unintended negatively
identified results (Jourdan, 2009).
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References
Bessant, J. (2008). From ‘harm minimization’ to ‘zero tolerance’ drugs policy in Australia: how the
Howard government changed its mind. Policy Studies, 29(2), pp.197-214.
Bruun, A. and Mitchell, P. (2012). A resource for strengthening therapeutic practice frameworks in
youth AOD services. Melbourne: Youth Substance Abuse Service (YSAS).
Conifer, D. and Greene, A. (2015). PM sets up task force to tackle ice 'menace'. [online] ABC News.
Available at: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-08/tony-abbott-announces-war-on-drug-ice/
6376492 [Accessed 10 Sep. 2017].
Crofts, N. and Deany, P. (1999). A global voice for harm reduction: the establishment of regional
harm reduction networks. Drug and Alcohol Review, 18(2), pp.221-229.
Epstein, R. and Street, R. (2011). The Values and Value of Patient-Centered Care. The Annals of
Family Medicine, 9(2), pp.100-103.
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