Cost and Risk Management

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Running Head: CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Scope, Cost and Risk Management for Construction Project
Student Name
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................4
2. Literature Review....................................................................................................................5
2.1 Project Cost Management.................................................................................................5
2.2 Project Scope Management...............................................................................................9
2.3 Project Risk Management...............................................................................................13
3. Case Study Review................................................................................................................15
3.1 Case Study 1: Contextual analysis on a Lecture Project.................................................15
3.1.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................15
3.1.2. Problem Description....................................................................................................16
3.1.3. Research Methodology and Data Collection...............................................................17
3.1.4. Data Collection............................................................................................................17
3.1.5. Analysis.......................................................................................................................17
3.1.6. Findings.......................................................................................................................18
3.1.7. Recommendations........................................................................................................19
3.1.8. Conclusions..................................................................................................................19
3.2 Case Study 2: Sydney Opera House...............................................................................19
3.2.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................19
3.2.2. Problem Description................................................................................................20

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3.2.3. Research Methodology and Data Collection...........................................................21
3.2.4. Analysis...................................................................................................................22
3.2.5. Findings...................................................................................................................22
3.2.6. Recommendations....................................................................................................23
3.2.7. Conclusions..............................................................................................................23
3.3 Case Study 3: Severe Exploitation of Foreign Workers in Australia..................................23
3.3.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................23
3.3.2. Problem Description................................................................................................24
3.3.3. Research Methodology and Data Collection...........................................................25
3.3.4. Analysis...................................................................................................................25
3.3.5. Findings...................................................................................................................26
3.3.6. Recommendations....................................................................................................27
3.3.7. Conclusions..............................................................................................................28
4. Challenges..............................................................................................................................28
4.2. Cost Management challenges..........................................................................................28
4.3. Scope Management challenges.......................................................................................30
4.3 Risk management Challenges...........................................................................................31
5. Strategies................................................................................................................................32
5.2. Cost Management Strategy.............................................................................................32
5.3. Scope Management Strategies........................................................................................33

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5.4. Risk Management strategy..............................................................................................34
6. Conclusion and Recommendations........................................................................................34
7. Reference...............................................................................................................................36

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1. Introduction
The process of implementing skills, process, experience, methods and in order to acquire
the desired goals of an undertaken project within the constraints of the project is known as
Project management. The output of a project is obtained within the assigned timeline and the
budget made for the same. The management of the resources and knowing the scope of the
project is most desirable to proceed with any project. The factors responsible for the success
of a project and manage the project effectively are defines as the CSFs, that is critical success
factors. The CFS are the important activities that are undertaken in any project so that the
desired goal of the project is achieved. These factors are given special priorities so that the
important activities of the project are completed as per the planning of the project. The CSF
are differentiated into several categories such as cost, time, change, quality, organizations,
and stakeholders. The CSFs that are mostly considered in the project are project goal clarity,
communication of the stakeholders, effective planning of the project, team motivation,
importance to project manager, project coordination, team member’s competence and support
from higher management. All the project goes through the common phases of initiation,
planning, execution, monitor and finally closure. The approaches to project management are
defined in the PMBOK and those can be applied to the engineering, software and
construction related projects. The available knowledge areas according to POMBOK in the
area of project management are vast and from that the most important three knowledge area
are the scope, risk and cost management. These three areas are the most crucial areas to
undertaken in project to achieve the desired success of the project.
The success factors of project are briefly discussed in the literature review section. These
success factors are closely related to the ways of the management of the project as well as the

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knowledge areas taken under consideration. The three related case studies will be explained
with considering several aspect for each of them. This report will briefly discuss all the
challenges that comes of the three knowledge areas of project management. The strategies to
manage a project is also discussed below specifically for the knowledge areas.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Project Cost Management
According to Banihashemi, Hosseini, Golizadeh & Sankaran, 2017, the
construction project are complex and dynamic in nature. The initiation of the project are
mostly structured with the good idea, huge amount of investment from the shareholders
and involvement of great team, however they fail to reach the desired success. The failure
is observed due to the inability to understand the statistics of the project that is the cost,
scope and time related to the project. The initiation phase of the project consist of the
advantages, disadvantages, strategies and values. The success of the project is considers
to be the research scope of the project that is dependent on the scope, quality and time of
the project. Benchmarking is utilized by the project team members so that the project
success can be defined well by distributing the meaning of the profit gained by the
contactors of the project as well as the owner of the project. The quality cost of the
project is described in the considered project, the proper monitoring and analysis of the
quality cost related to the project is carried out so that technical performances can be
judged well. It is expected that the quality cost plays a vital role in the success of project
in the aspects of the cost of the project.

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The project cost preparation is an important section in the planning of the entire
project, it involves control of time too and both are interdependent to each other. In the
construction project of UK, some deficiencies of the same are identified as discussed by
Olawale & Sun, 2015 in their article. In order to understand the problems occurring in
the field of construction project, a survey is conducted taking around 250 companies of
UK. Then an interview was conducted with 15 practitioners of the same company so that
the issues can be identified better and the experiences that the people have while face
those issues. The details of the ways they have undertaken to mitigate those issues are
also asked in the interview process. The authors have recommended around 65 ways that
can be utilized to control the risks of project, those are reporting, analysis, monitoring
and planning. These recommendations are proposed from the analysis of the answers
obtained from the interview as well as some literature available. The Delphi mechanism
is undertaken by the practitioner of the undertaken interview, to evaluate and analyse the
recommendation made on the basis of the details mentioned above. For the industry of
construction in UK the recommendations are given special place so that the
improvements can be observed in the practices of project. The techniques used for
controlling the cost and time of the project are effective by several groups. The planning
of the project were conducted by the latest techniques sues as the use of critical path
method or use of gantt chart alongside the tradition techniques. The software which are
used for the same purposes in UK are MS Project and Asta Power project.
In construction project the controlling of the cost in the project is the most crucial
aspect of the project to achieve the desired success in the same field. In order to achieve
success through this process the ultimate requirement is to have updated input of the data

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in all the stages of the project. The contractors of small and medium size lack in
providing the desired number of workers and investment which cause failure in tracking
the cost related to the project. In construction, the documents of the buildings misplaces
the actual amount of the project. The tasks can only be controlled by the exact details of
the project to enhance the time and accuracy of the project to have positive impact on the
overall project. One main reason in the occurrence of the issues related to the cost is in
the collection of the original data. The procedure to mitigate the issues occurred in the
project are suggested by the authors and that is the BCCS, which stands for Barcode
based Cost control system, this is used on the software of spreadsheet, it will eventually
conduct a comparison between cost accountant and the prepared budget that have been
developed from the bills’ cost. The results obtained from undertaking the process to
mitigate the issues have been useful to reduce the time and errors of the project. It has
also stand out be effective for SMCs project cost controller. The approach is expected to
be benefiting some future managements such as worker keeping, materials management
and collaboration with others.
In projects the aspect of cost management is identified with some challenges by
Smith, 2014 in his article. The profession has some issues and those are directly related to
the cost, quantity, project controls and project manager services. The recognition that cost
management has is very much different to the other available professions, as this
profession has a greater impact on the society in respect to creating awareness among all
and this becomes somehow challenging for them. The article clearly states the issue that
is common in the field of cost management, this is faced by the professionals involving
the association of the international project management, quantity surveyors’ association,

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etc. The global standards are identified and programs of certification. A series of
recommendation and strategies are also addressed by the authors on a global platform
like United Nation, World Bank, International Management Fund and many other.
The cost management is essential in every project as the most crucial portion of ant
project is to manage the budget of the project so that the stability of the project is
maintained by the project manager and conduct the project in an effective way. The main
idea behind the conduction of cost management is that the budget of the business remains
controllable and the accounting stay under the control. The expenditure of the business is
always lowers and the success and process keep on successions. The cost management
can be performed on a portion of a project or on the overall project. The cost differs on
the expected by the planning team and the end of the completion of the project. This
expected cost of the project is defined at the planning phase and approved by the seniors
of the project department (Raman et al., 2019). At all the phases of the project the
expenses of the project like the cost of raw materials, payment to the workers and every
little sent is recorded so that the cost of the project can be controlled and monitoring is
done to keep the project under the budget. At the closure phase of the project the
standing cost of the project is compared with the cost that is assigned to the project team
at the planning phase of the project. The difference between them will clearly show the
amount that is required extra for the project or the project is conducted under the budget
only (Meikandasivam, Vijayakumar & Priya, 2017). The analysis and the difference in
the cost can be used as reference for the future conduction of the project budget and the
monitoring process can also be improved based on that.

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Some organization or companies forms a proper structure of cost on the undertaken
projects so that the budget can be controlled better. The budgeting is done and monitored
for all the process of the project stating from the initiation phase till the closure phase. In
the resource planning phase the cost assigned with all the resources are also assigned and
distributed throughout. All the tools required as well as developments done are associated
with some costing and therefore undertaken in the planning phase only (Ainslie et al.,
2014). The next is the estimation of cost, quantifying the cost of the resources needed is
done with all the available investment process available in the industry. The developed
information of the project and the resources are designed and submitted to the finances.
The process such as the schedule, cost control, analysis of the cost all are undertaken
(Nayak, 2014). The process of cost estimation is done on all the phases whenever any
modification, addition or cancellation of assets or resources are take place during the
project. In this modern technological, the availability of tools and software are vast and
those are used at larger scale. It also seen that the time required in the performing of the
tasks of the project t is directly proportional to the cost of the project. Whenever, the time
required for the activities increases the cost increases in the same manner.
2.2 Project Scope Management
The SMCEs are studies thoroughly by Javernick Will, La Ratta & Corvello, 2017,
which plan, control and monitor the scope of project on daily basis. The features of the
SMCEs are accurate performance and developing the routines of cost management. A
survey is conducted in the article and that is totally based on questions and answers. And
then those are made available to the SMECs. Regression analysis is done of the collected
information from the survey. The processes of scope management on the daily basis and

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performances are the overall uses of the process of the project scope management. Those
appeared to be negative or positive that have performance impact on the SMCE’s. The
managers of the SMECs have taken up the approaches of project scope management
system that are practical as well as systematic, this eventually enhance the performance
of the organization. The authors have mainly focused on the SMCEs that has project
scope management.
The boundaries of the project that hast the processes of the controlling, registering
defined in PMBOK for the purpose of scope management is well defined by Atkinson,
Crawford & Ward, 2006.
The relevance that have been observed for the success of the project as well as the
applications is the biggest challenge as the tools are not available by the project managers
which will faster the processes undertaken the project. The tools are supposed to be
supporting the management processes. The absence of comprehension about the
necessities of the task is another factor, which frustrates the execution of that specific
territory in light of the fact that regularly the stakeholders don't have total information
with respect to the requirements while starting the undertaking that additionally brings
about changes all through whole other lifecycle that likewise expands the expenses and
cutoff times. In this situation, the fundamental goal of the researcher is to present the
combination about degree the executives by actualizing the methodology of designing for
better recognizable proof of necessities with respect to the undertaking and furthermore
for understanding that what requires to be done, which may have a huge commitment in
the success of the task.

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For assessing every one of the outcomes got from this research, the requirement
module of engineering has been set up and coordinated by utilizing tool of computation
for the project management that likewise planned for helping the application to follow
every one of the rules as well as practices, as stated in PMBOK.
According to Ifeanyi, 2019, the most part cantered the quantitative scope identified with
the scope change of the project, basically in creating project. The primary goal in the
research was to decide about the quantitative strategy be utilized for dealing with the
varieties, especially for the structuring scope change. Survey strategy is undertaken by
the researcher.
Alongside this, the EVA was additionally used for assessing 10 number of
projects. Aside from this, a survey as additionally been conducted to around 52
respondents. PIM and graphic statistics were used in the analysis. The outcomes show the
huge changes in the project that may happen for the most part at the execution phase.
This research states that the application of the PMI for solving the issue identified with
scope change of the project. The author stated that the usage of PIM in the management
of scope change would facilitate the project scope change and classify them depending on
the life cycle.
The intension of project scope management is that the process ensuring in the
project are carried out correctly and mapped into the project accurately. The benefit of
project scope management is utilized by the project manager, it enables them to sort the
activities and tasks of the project to the rightful person and obtain the desired out to reach
the success of the project. The techniques of the scope management helps the project
manager to allocate the activities as per the requirement and necessity of the project. This

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is an essential requirement of the scope management of the project. The set of deliverable
of the project that are undertaken in the overall project is understood from the
requirement of the project only. Some project managers define the scope manages is the
process that need to be undertaken in order to deliver a successful project is the better
ways to manage the scope first and then proceed with the rest of the activities of the
project. The clear knowledge and identification of the activities undertaken by the project
is to deliver the successful project to the stakeholders is defines ion the scope statement
of the project. The responsibility of the project manager is that the scope of the project is
on the focus and given priorities to.
The boundaries of the project is defined in the documentation of the scope
management with the proper sorting of the roles and responsibilities of each member of
the team. The procedures of the tasks are also defined with the works, later these are
compared with the assigned and the done work by the team members of the project. This
is an official statement made by the project manager, it is also know by the names of
work statement, reference of terms and scope statement (Girma, 2018). The designated
steps followed in the management of the project scope are’ definition of the needs of the
project- the timeline of the project is established with the resource allocation and setting
of the objectives. The work then further process and the defining helps in smooth going
of the processes with proper name, meaning and each definition having a particular
scope. After this the members are assigned with the tasks and specific procedures that
needed to be followed by the member to deliver the same. Then the next step is the
understanding of the objective of the project- the definition of the scope will require the
establishment of the project objectives. The incorporation of the new services, new

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products and developing new strategies (WEKESA, 2016). The management team mainly
the manager keeps the track that his team deliver the outcomes that were expected at the
definition stage along with the functions and features of the project. The last one is the
project scope definition- the work and resources that are the backbone of any project are
the direct scope of the project. Hence, the objective or the goal of the project that the
project team aims to achieve at the end of the project completion with satisfaction of all
the members present is known as the scope of the project.
2.3 Project Risk Management
According to Sols, 2018, a few distributions have managed different risks, which isn't
done extensively. This article consists the methodologies that have been identified by the
writer dependent on 25 years of experience, and these identifications had process
basically for the dynamic risk management. The use of technique suggested in this paper
can be utilized widely. By the utilization of several criteria the assessment is completed.
The criteria are the warnings, immediacy, triggering factor, recoverability and
aggregability factor.
The research also consists of thorough assessment, the risks that are present in the
assessment are found at the time of execution with agreeing with the project processes.
The synthesis that was conducted in the research is the knowledge for pursuing practice
by the variable managers of engineering in the project management process.
The maturing of the management of risk in a project is essential for the effective
implementation of the management tactics of risks so that the desired goals of the project
are achieved. In order to provide successful project, the learning from the organization is
important as it increases the experiences and knowledge of individual to perform better.

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The management of risk is shown critically in this research undertaken and the quality,
time and cost related to the project undertaken in the organization is of construction
which has a huge impact on them. The learning of the organization have been seen as the
criteria of success in respect to cost and quality. It has been observed that the learning or
organization is impacted by the presence of the success criteria and performance of
project get better in the presence of the success criteria along sides the maturity of the
risk management.
The aspects of risk management as shown by Dandage, Mantha, Rane & Bhoola, 2017, in
his article that the project achieves its goal only after facing the challenges, worker’s
attitude, culture of organization, methodologies of risk management, overcoming the
barriers of risk management and finally incorporating the higher managements. The
varied range of management of risks as well as risks are discussed in this paper that are
observed to be domestic as well as international projects. This paper consists of several
methods of modelling of the risk management, MICMAC analysis, ISM as these methods
have been utilized for observing the relation of the priorities and barriers (Corvello,
Javernick-Will & Ratta, 2017). The barriers that are considered in this paper are the
differences in culture, inadequate formal training and unavailability of support from the
higher management.
The process of analyzing, responding an identifying the possible risks related to a
project in the entire life cycle of the project. It is the most important part of the project
that is mandatory to incorporate irrespective of the other available process of the project.
As the risks of project makes the entire project most vulnerable and it can dis-balance
every on-going process of the project (Ridwan & Poespowidjojo, 2017). The suitable

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time to involve the planning of the risk management techniques is in the planning phase.
This is because predicting the risks at the initial stages will allow the better prevention
and protection of the risks and all the possible arrangement can be undertaken by the
project manager. The manager can chalk out the ways and present to the team members
and ask for the suggestions to each department of the project. All the risks varies from
department to department, therefor, giving individual priority to each type of risk is
important as well as quite hard (Hamad et al., 2019). However, the risks can cause the
scope change of the project, cost change of the project, increase the timeframe set to each
activity. Therefore, to stop all the negative activities the strategies developed in the
planning phase is defines as the risk management procedure.
The present of project charter and maintenance of it can show the possibilities
in the occurrence of the risks. A list is prepared with the help of the team members and
possibilities are written down then thorough analysis is done to narrow it down to the
most prone risks that the project may experience. The plan of risk management is
prepared with the identification of the risks and possible way to diminish it before
causing any harmful effect on the project (WEKESA, 2016). The regular monitoring of
the risks are required hence, forming a group that only focuses on the risks and all the
strategies to prevent them as well as stopping them from effecting the project. Risk
register is another way to lay out the identified risks, the description of the risks, its
likelihood and its intensity of impact on the project process. This register is then utilized
to prepare the matrix of risk, the matrix consist of the likelihood of the risk with three
parameter of high, medium and low (TOMAIZEH, 2016). The three parameter is then

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represented by three different color to keep focus of the high risks which needed more
attention during the conduction of the project.
3. Case Study Review
3.1 Case Study 1: Contextual analysis on a Lecture Project
3.1.1. Introduction
In the Australian University, addressing of the redesign research of the contextual
analysis is carried out. In 2017, the project was initiated with the aim of enhancing the
capturing of the lecture facility in the lecture campus inside the campus. 160 classrooms
are present in the five available campuses.
The staffs are happy in conducting their work. The members of the project must
have the access of the lectures in the classroom of the University in order to complete the
upgrade work in the assigned time.
The important elements of the planning of the project are the risk, cost and scope.
As stated by Huemann, 2016 the deliverables of the project are defined by the scope of
the project along with the requirements of the project, constraints, milestones of the
project and assumptions of project. The elements of the project are associated with the
risks with the impact on the objectives of the project. The element of cost is represented
as the resource for money needed in the project (Lock 2017).
3.1.2. Problem Description
The problems that have arisen in the University due to the redesigning of the research
plan in respect to lecture capture.
i. Some of the devices do not provide any response against the upgrade code and result
in the failure of the equipment and devices.

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ii. Unavailability of lecture rooms hence the upgrade is not possible to achieve.
iii. The communication gap is seen with the security officer of the campus are unaware
of the lecture going on the campus.
iv. Paying a visit to the people of the talk ro0om so that arrangements of the gadgets are
done correctly.
v. The lecture rooms do not have the activities schedules, hence, the rooms are used by
the staffs of the upgrade work.
3.1.3. Research Methodology and Data Collection
The upgrade projects of lecture capture are categorized into several parts, practices,
information of examination and choice and those are carried out by the research methodology
as stated by Bresler and Stake 2017. The benefits that are obtained from this methodology is
utilized for analyzing the reliability and validity of the data and information about the work
done. The description of the characteristics are studied well through this method. This is then
represents the idea of the fragments irrespective of the overall work.
3.1.4. Data Collection
The data collection technique used here is the secondary way of collecting the data. The
data is gathered by the team and then analysis id done on the data and information. By the
virtue of electronic means the gathered data is sorted and further reviewing and publishing is
done along with other case studies. The data is collected from the records available on the
internet (Kerzner, 2018). The benefit of this collection is that the gap is well understood in
the project and the required data to be added can be collected too.

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3.1.5. Analysis
The analysis of data is of two type one is the qualitative and the other one is the
quantitative and this study has used the qualitative way so that the topic related details get
clearer. The assumptions are the key to the success and project manager utilizes that only to
get all the information of the three concepts of project management that is risk, scope and
cost (v, 2015). The data that is collected represents the concepts of project management
better so that the values can be understood from them and the people behaviors can be
understood (Humphries, 2017). The selected topic of the project is benefited from the
researcher’s point of view in the documentation.
3.1.6. Findings
The facilities of the lecture capture for the lecture room is upgraded as found on the
documents and secondary research data collected relating to the topic undertaken. The
lecturer rooms can be upgraded as the scope of availability of the classrooms are present with
nearly 160 in n umber. The upgrade will be expected to be in active mode when all the
lecturer rooms are shut together (Binder, 2016). The expectations that are done from the tasks
are scope articulation, administration plan, venture sanction, cost plan, etc. The risks of the
project were the deficiency in the planning of the project, the incompetence of the university
about communicating with the officers at the ground about the changes in the lecture room.
The delays in the project have occurred due to the negligence in planning and not performing
communication effectively with the people related to the project. The scheduling of the
activities of the project are not up to the mark and standards of the project hence it causes a
great degradation in the lagging of the project (TOMAIZEH, 2016). The staffs are also

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responsible for some of the issues as they reach the lecture rooms behind the schedule and
causes disruption in the overall timeframe of the project.
The assigned time for the completion of the project was four days, however, the series
of events that caused delays have extended the time limit as well as the cost of the project
also increased drastically. The manager of the project t is supposed to keep the team on the
track of the schedule so that the project does not go beyond the budget that is assigned on the
initial phase of the project.
3.1.7. Recommendations
The recommendation are the better scheduling so the project plan have a clear
upgrade as per the tasks and activities related to the project. The scheduling will also help in
the better estimation of the cost of the project and control the extra expenses of the project.
Another recommendation is about the management of risk related to the project, the
policies of risk and the processes to mitigate them must be formulated and communicated to
the members of the team by the manager of the project. The effective ways of mitigating the
issues before it impacts the project needed to be undertaken by the project manager.
3.1.8. Conclusions
The overall project can be concluded as the upgrade of the lecturer rooms are required
and hence, to implement the same some necessary changes in the process of the project
needed to be change that is the communication of all the members of the team and the staff of
the university to maintains the scope of the project. The strategic approach to achieve the
goal of the project is the most important task that needed to be understood by all the people
involved in the project. The risks of the project are observed by the manager to mitigate them
on time before any negative impact is made on the project.

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3.2 Case Study 2: Sydney Opera House
3.2.1. Introduction
The Sydney Opera House is one difficult construction project that is based on the
contextual analysis. The management and the financial planning of the project makes it more
dangerous. This project consist of clear goal and objectives that needed to be achieved in the
overall process of the project. The client of the project have defined the goal beforehand. The
development of the Sydney Opera House consist of the factors such as cost, quality and time.
The delays is project was observed due to some development work of unrestricted goals. The
funding of the project t is obtained from some lottery and there was no pressure on the
government in the aspect of cost.
The development plan of the project explores the aspect of the three knowledge areas of
project management those are the scope, cost and time. The undertaken project is clearly
based on the development of works that is related to the scope management of the vastly as
stated by Corvello, Javernick-Will and Ratta 2017. The management of risk is about reducing
the possible issues in the developing project so that the risks cannot cause any harmful effect
of the objectives of the project. As per Steyn 2017, the idea behind incorporating cost
management is to keep the budget of the project under the control and maintain the work that
is under development. Hence, this procedure will lower the expenses of the business and
keep the project away from exceeding the budget.
3.2.2. Problem Description
The problems that are associated in the construction project of the Sydney Opera
House are as follows:

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i. When the construction project started, the client suddenly changed his requirement of
constructing 4 theaters in place of 2 theater, along with that the design of the building
has also changed drastically. This affected the time of the construction from the
planning before.
ii. The budget of the project got affected with the sudden change in the requirement of
the project. The coast of the project increased on the year 1962 by AUS $1.2 million
and it got completed by 1963 by the budget of AUS $5.2 million. The schedule of the
project also got pushed by 47 weeks.
iii. The construction of the Opera House started before the competition of the planning
and designing of the building.
iv. The latest scenario of the Sydney Opera House incorporated new designs in the
project as on the structure that the Sydney house stands. The effect was directly seen
on the time taken by the project in completion that is of 14 years which was supposed
to be 4 years and the budget ran up-to AUS $85 million.
v. The changes in the designing caused changes in the second phase of the project and
as the cost increased with no effective change in the construction, the government of
Australia became more prone to not to clear the payments of the construction.
3.2.3. Research Methodology and Data Collection
According to Quinlan et al., 2019, the methodology of research is aimed to provide
effective process of the project so that the data related to the project are accessed well and
utilized better in the course of the project. The case study of Sydney Opera House is the clear
representation of descriptive research as per the reaction of the people involved in the project

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of constructing the building. The validation of the [project is done better when a group is
taken under consideration in any project.
The construction work is carried out by the team members on the basis of the
information already available on construction. Hence, the method of data collection used is
the secondary procedure. The data are reviewed through the means of electronics (Al Sebeyi,
2016). The research is further taken forward by documenting the records of the project as
collected in the several steps of the project. The gaps in the project are identified well by this
procedure and hence, helps in the case study analysis.
3.2.4. Analysis
The undertaken project of Sydney Opera House, has utilized the data collected and
they followed up with the qualitative approach to analyze it better. The investigation about the
aspects of the project along with people is done similarly with the qualitative method. The
people involved have responded better about the project scenario (Silverman, 2016). The
knowledge areas that are taken into consideration of the project are the cost, scope and risk
(Harrison & Lock, 2017). Hence, as per the knowledge areas the data about the project are
collected alongside the concepts under consideration.
3.2.5. Findings
The data collected of the project are documented well, the synchronization of the
scope of the project is matched with the objectives as well as the timeframe allotted with the
project. The undertaken factors that is cost, time and quality will be basis of the project and
hence developed further (Harris, 2017). However, one benefit of this project that the budget
and funding of the project is most attractive as lumsu amount is provided by the government.
The financial issues are most likely to not occur.

23CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
In the aspect of risks related to the project, the scheduling and planning g of the
project are expected to get affected during the procedures of the project. The main
problematic situation occurred when the client changed the designing all of a sudden, hence
the change in the timeline and the budget all got dis-balanced and the time pushed to 14 years
for completion. Also the demand for the changes in the designing of the building was done
after the start of the project, hence it became more complicated to change in the middle of the
project.
The aspects of cost management was seen as the estimated budget was done on the
designing that was in the middle of completion and the new demand and requirement have
turned the budget to different direction with the conduction of the survey leading to approved
decisions (Tonchia, 2018). The budget of the project rose to AUS $102 million from AUS $7
million. The control on the budget was available to the manager of the project only.
3.2.6. Recommendations
The proposed recommendation on the above case study is for the conduction of
planning procedure and the other one is the effective panning of communication. The
planning of the project must have been done in the earlier process and the change in the
requirement must have closed in the planning phase of the project only. Along with that the
project must have start only after complete planning of the overall project. The chances of
allowing change will have no room further. The communication plan must be strong to its
ground, the conveying of all the policies to the stakeholders of the project beforehand and
any occurrence in change must be update through some means to the people on the project.
The project can only be completed after proper follow-up of the rules so that the desired goal
can be achieved.

24CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
3.2.7. Conclusions
It can be concluded from the above study that the control of the activities of the
project must be done by the manager with following of a set of rules and regulations. The
change in the scope of the project must have accepted and incorporated with the better
management of budget of the project. The risks occurrence and mitigating techniques must
have followed by the manager before it puts any negative impact on the success of the
project.
3.3 Case Study 3: Severe Exploitation of Foreign Workers in Australia
3.3.1. Introduction
The construction of the building complex is most focused about the process of
contextual analysis in Queensland. The contract of the building was passed by 50% lower
rate apart from the other available construction tenders. The completion of the project is
expected in six months. The stonemasons worked for all the days in a week and they were
completely living their life in the containers with the working days to be five per week. The
payment received by the workers were $45 in every month and $100 to their families. Later it
was found that the sub-contracting exists for stonemason (Huemann, 2016). The workers
were getting lower that the actual payment that they must receive which was a strong case in
the Australian court.
The study aims to explore the knowledge areas of scope, risk and cost related to
all the elements of the study.
The plan of the project that is developed is aiming to the effective scope
management. The process of the project management are linked with the effective
management of the construction project with relating to the knowledge areas. The approval

25CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
of the project is the most crucial part hence the cost management procedure is implemented
for better estimation of cost and resources required in the project (Nguyen & Mohamed,
2018). The management of the risk related to the project is totally dependent of the
developing stage of the project and it is the duty of the manager to achieve the goal while
mitigating the risks.
3.3.2. Problem Description
The number of issues tnbat6 have occurred in the study of the project are as follows:
i. The time of the completion of the project id delayed by six months, which increased
the cost of each activity as well as overall budget of the project. The loss in the profit
as well as original revenue of the business also lowered by this. Along with this the
reputation of the business also got compromised.
ii. As the project manager went for the cheaper tender for the project that did not worked
out well in place of that the construction work got delayed. Some profits were made
by the tender due to the situation the project developed.
iii. The worker’s safety issue became a concern, their safety got hampered and assistance
of medical care was provided to them by the management of the project. The payment
received to the workers were not considered by the developers present there.
3.3.3. Research Methodology and Data Collection
The methodology taken under consideration in the respect of the research is of the
secondary ways. The sources of the information for clarifying the question occurred during
the research are from the already existing cases of complicated buildings. The results of
those research are evaluated well to obtain the possible changes in the scope, cost and risk of
the undertaken project (Quinlan et al., 2019).

26CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
The sources of collecting information for proceeding with the research are from
article, journal and any published articles. Understanding those and applying the knowledge
on the undertaken project is carried out effectively. This ways is done vastly to investigate
the variable aspect of researches (Fletcher, 2017). This data collection techniques is known
as the qualitative approach of data collection
3.3.4. Analysis
The procedure of displaying the research in a descriptive way is by conducting the
analysis qualitatively. The considered knowledge areas are evaluated by the methods in the
qualitative analysis. The benefits of this approach is that the hidden consequences are
identified well with the effects of exploration for the undertaken project work (Kerzner,
2017). The procedures of the project are evaluated well by bthe present of the injformstion
essential for the conduction of the project and evaluating the process at every stage of data
collection. It also helps in presenting modification of the assessed results through people’s
perspectives.
3.3.5. Findings
The findings of the project are based on the three knowledge areas undertaken that is
the scope, risk and cost. The scope management is related to the defining of the scope and
achieve it by proper allocation of work to the workers by the project manager, they also
assigned the cost with all the tasks assigned individually to the worker. The three phases of
project that is the controlling, planning and closure are effected by the effective
management of the scope. When the scope of the project in the construction was undefined
the probability of the occurrence of creep scope increases and the chances in the delay of the
work increase in the same way (Piercy, 2018). The management plan of scope ensures the

27CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
inclusion of work. The work then needed to complete irrespective of the work not demanded
in the project. The finishing of the project result in the keeping the scope of the project
intact. It provides information about project scope in a well-defined nature of the project.
The basic idea behind the risk management procedure in the project is that the risks
can be identified at the required time and the mitigating process can be undertaken and
applied properly to the risk that occurs at the activities of the construction project. The
project manager tracks all the possible risks and try to reduce it so that the tasks can get
completed at the assigned time of each (Hamad, Burhanuddin, Ghani, Khanapi, Elzamly, &
Doheir, 2019). The maintenance of the schedule of the project is also important while
managing the risks as the risks mostly target to hamper the schedule of the project and
makes the works run behind the planned schedule. It also allows the manager to stay within
the project budget with the approach undertaken by the manager. The project experiences all
the stages of project lifecycle and one constant activity that is followed throughout is the
risk handling techniques. The challenges and problem that are faced by the workers in
constructing the high raised building can be solved by the tasks assigned throughout the life
cycle of the project as well as the ways in which the risk mitigation is taking place (Nielsen
& Faber, 2017). Another aspect is the solution of the consequences obtained throughout the
activities of constructing the building by the aid of risk mitigating techniques.
Lastly, the knowledge area of the cost management is presented in which the cost of
the project t is controlled so that the possible activities, procedures and the overall
probability of the project is determined. The planning phase of the project consist of the
determination and sorting of the cost of the activities, resources and all the inventory items
of the project. Those are approved and reviewed by the management of the top levels. It is

28CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
the responsibility of the manager to keep track of all the expenses of the project along with
cutting of the cost if required at any stage of the project. The aim of the manager is to keep
the cost under the budget that is defines at the planning phase (Huemann, 2016). The
variation in the information about the result as per the change in the scope will result in the
change of the cost too. The cost associated with the operations of the activities are also
added to the budget of the project.
3.3.6. Recommendations
After the project is completed it can be recommended that the workers of the project
are the most important people, therefor, their safety and health is the most important factor
to be considered in the project process. The workplace of the worker must have the proper
facilities of medical care in any emergency case related to the health of the worker. The
availability of medical assistance must be provided specially from the side of the manager at
the entry level works are done by them only. The lower the rate of illness of the worker, the
higher the productivity of the project. It also lowers the overall turnover and enhancing the
quality of the work done by the team. The morality of the employees are increased when the
safety is provided for them, they remain assured of their health and focuses on the work
better.
3.3.7. Conclusions
After conducting the research it can be concluded that the knowledge areas
considered that is the scope, cost and risk are the most beneficial aspects that helps the
project manager in enhancing his skills and taking the project to its success. The knowledge
areas can help the project manager to make a huge difference in the professional field as
well as utilizing the outcomes on the management of the projects. The control of the budget

29CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
of the project is facilitated by the scope and cost regulation throughout the process of the
project. The activities taken up by the project manager are in the aspects to managing the
cost and scope, so that the project gets completed within the budget and achieve all the
scope defined at the beginning of the project following the schedule at every stage. Hence,
the defined knowledge areas are required to meet the success of the project.
4. Challenges
4.2. Cost Management challenges
The challenges faced by this knowledge are is possible as some of them are provided below:
Schedule and Cost integration: The management of cost consist of one crucial downside
when the cost of a project is intertwined with the schedule of the project. The managers of the
project face a huge challenge in balancing both at the same time. The scheduling team of the
project arranges the task as per the WBS that is the work breakdown structure, on the other
hand the financial department handles the overall cost of the project as well as the activities
going inside it. The transactions, analysis of the cost and many other aspects of cost is
handled by the cost manager. Hence, the differences in the priorities of the different managers
becomes a huge challenge to manage. The advanced tools to managers those data about cost
and schedule together is a bit challenging for the management (Napier, Keil & Tan, 2009).
Cost estimation behind the time schedule: One of the biggest challenges that is faced by the
managers of project when the cost of the project estimated is running behind the schedule of
the project. The profit of the project gets hampered when the costing is not done on time. The
slow estimation in the costing of the project can cause cost overrun and hamper the project by
worst. However, if the cost estimation is done within in the stipulated time then it becomes
easier for the managers to bid for the profit of the project.

30CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Forecasting and budgeting: The forecasting and budgeting in any project is dependent on
the approaches and the background of the person carrying out the total sorting of the cost of
the project. If not maintained properly the chance in the loss of consistency is common to
occur. Hence the inability of the companies to provide consistent budget and forecast it as
required time can hamper the overall reliability of the costing of the project.
Customer relationship management: The presence of the customer are always associated
with a project. The demand of the customers or the stakeholders may be to obtain the cost
report as per their choice. This may result in the preparation of the budget as per the
requirement of the customer and budgeting system to the project team is different (Ridwan &
Poespowidjojo,, 2017). This well push the manager to develop the budgeting system as per the
customer and this will involve some additional cost. The investment of extra cost and time
and then forecasting it to them is not practical to undertake.
Change Control: The control of the occurred change in a project are most difficult for the
aspects of management of cost. At the initial stage the budget is set as per the requirement.
However, with the gradual incorporation of the changes the budget gets to fluctuate and
controlling it may not be under the control of the manager. It may jeopardize the overall
budgeting as well as comers in the path of success.
4.3. Scope Management challenges
One of the biggest challenges in the world of project is the challenges in scope management
along side the cost management. The challenges are:
Change in scope: The change in the scope of the project is the most undesirable aspect from
the project managers. The change in scope changes several aspects of the project sand
addressing all together is very much challenging for the managers. It can affect in the

31CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
demand and requirement change for the stakeholders in the course of the project. Hence,
changes demand from the stakeholder will result in the change of many aspect of project.
Therefore, it becomes a challenge for the project success and the management team (Napier,
Keil & Tan, 2009).
Vagueness in scope: The possibility of unclearness in scope can be challenging for the
management of project scope and becomes a hurdle for the managers. This may result in the
difficulty to achieve the desired success in the project. The defining g of scope is important
as the project proceed after the definition of the scope only. Therefore, the effective scope
definition is important alongside the proper communication of the stakeholders to define and
manage the scope better. The disbalance in the lifecycle of the project can be seen if the
proper definition of scope does not occur (Napier, Keil & Tan, 2009).
Poor scope definition: One of the important point in the project is the definition of the
project scope and formulating the desired and details scope is required. The managers some
time fail to that and the overall basis of the project may change. As the outcome of the
project is dependent on the definition of the scope hence, the interfaces and expanding of the
scope all depend on the correct definition of the scope.
Uncertainty in scope: The prioritizing the requirements of the project are essential and the
comparing the specific features with the product are conducted. However the uncertainty
remains of the how those features can be shaped for obtaining the product (Pourzolfaghar &
Ibrahim,, 2014). The gap between the assumption of the company performing the project and
the demand of the customer becomes challenging to meet. Thus, the possibility of change in
the scope with the uncertainty in the demands of the customer becomes a downfall.

32CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
4.3 Risk management Challenges
The last challenge is related to the risk management and those are as follows:
Difficulty in identification of risk: The inability to find the risk at the early stage of this
challenging. The possibility to understanding the risks related to time and finances are
difficult to observe. The activity takes up a lot of time too that can hamper the timeline of
the project too.
Difficulty in predicting future: The prediction of the future of the project is difficult to
observe, hence the issues related to the project are riskier in the later phases of the project.
The unavailability of proper knowledge about the risks may cause challenge for undertaking
the strategies to mitigate the risks (Tomomitsu, Carvalho & Moraes, 2018).
Casualty in risk assessment: The assessment of the risks related to the project is needed to
give attention to. All the risks must be assess well so that the risks that may have the biggest
impact on the project does not go unnoticed. Prioritizing the risks are also important which
is generally ignored by the managers. This becomes a huge challenge for the sensitive
projects.
No transparency: The requirement of having open conversation about the associated risks
in the project, escalations, accountability. This is not followed in many organization and
turn out to be a huge challenge afterward. The effective communication between the
managers and the workers about the possible risks that anyone assume can be recorded and
studied well (Moayeri, Moselhi & Zhu, 2016). The inability of the executive to reach the
managers and connect directly to share their thoughts about the risks from their past
experiences increases the chances of attacks more to the project.

33CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
5. Strategies
5.2. Cost Management Strategy
In order to implement cost management, the strategies that must be undertaken are as
follows:
Techniques of cost control
The techniques of cost control are necessary to undertake by the managers of the project.
Some of the techniques can be earned value analysis, budget planning, cost tracking, change
controlling and time management. The use of the tools of cost management can enhance the
final cost to get the better result.
Project requirement analysis
One of the important aspects of managing the cost of the project is the understanding of the
requirement of project. Moreover, analyzing the requirement as per the effective
incorporation of the requirement makes it effective. This will help in estimating the overall
cost of the project and mitigate the chances of cost overrun in the project (Nawaz, Waqar,
Shah, Sajid & Khalid, 2019). The allocation of the resources is also possible by the analysis.
This technique is essential to keep track of the budget of the project with defining the
possible drawbacks.
Analysis of value chain: The activities and tasks that contribute to the final product or
service obtained at the end of the project is termed as the analysis of value chain. The chain
activities to reach the final cost of the project consist of several inventory steps and the
values associated with each of them are analyzed to manage and control each of them and
reduce the final cost eventually.

34CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Enhance the business position: The organizations must incorporate the process that keep
them on the top of their competitive industry. This is achieve with the intension of taking the
company to its success but channelizing the cost to the lowest way possible. For a
construction company, choosing of the right step in producing of the end product will indulge
in several costs and providing the resources from the places of low cost and delivering high
quality product.
5.3. Scope Management Strategies
The scope management strategies can be implemented by the project manager to obtain
the effectiveness of the scope:
Handling the scope change: The changes in the scope must be undertaken with the
essential elements that needed to be considered in the process. The elements are return in
investment, risk and liability of products, need of the market, schedule and cost impact and
added value.
Engagement in effective communication: The stakeholders, managers and the members of
the team are required to engage in effective communication so that their requirement and
needs can be discussed with everyone and expectation of each of them can be identified.
Planned meeting between all must be arranged to gain project success proper management
of the scope.
Planning of the scope: The expectation from the project are defined from the perspective of
the customer as well as the project team. The goal is the meeting of the requirement and
then the search for the resources and sorting them, to the most suitable members of the team
with the most experience and knowledge about the resources and then proceeding with it.

35CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
5.4. Risk Management strategy
The management of risks of the project are important to incorporate to gain most benefit
out of it.
Analysis by expert
Taking advice from the experienced person is the most effective ways in the earlier days. The
project managers or experts in the same area can be interviewed to understand their opinions
and experience related to risk management of project. The risks related to the project can be
of any form starting from analyzing the wants till the mitigating them hence the experts can
use their experience and place the methods to solve the risks and present it to the best
possible way to the customer and it becomes the customer centric also the effectiveness used
to be better that the new comer in the field of risk management.
Working of risk management by representing data
In order to understand the solutions of the techniques applied for managing the risks of
the project the engagement of the project manager, team members and the stakeholders are
essential to observe. The requirement of showing the comparison of the management
techniques undertaken and the success in the project observed (Hysa & Spalek, 2019).
6. Conclusion and Recommendations
The recommendation that can be made for incorporating the effectiveness of project
management in any project are defined below:
Communication- The benefits of communication huge as it keeps all the members involved
in the project with the updates of the project and thus helps in controlling the budget of the
project and makes the project follow the schedule.

36CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Identification of risks- The development of framework that can easily detect the potential
risks of the project in the initiation phase of the project. As per that a team that will be
responsible for mitigating the risks must be prepared and perform needful controlling of the
risks throughout the project (Napier, Keil & Tan, 2009).
Creation of work plan- The development of plan which will be followed throughout the
project is essential. It will the blueprint of the project and following that will make the team
members a specified path to progress in the project. The plan will have all the aspects of the
project starting from the timelines, budgets, information, responsibilities, deadline of tasks,
etc. (Anantatmula, 2010).
Keeping track of the project progress- The necessity to monitor the project every stage is
crucial to obtain the most benefit out of the project. This is done by the manager of the
project.
Hence, it can be concluded that the knowledge areas of the project management are
essential for the practices of project management in order to achieve the desired goal of the
project. The challenges that have been discussed in the report shows that any practical project
will consist these three basic knowledge areas and the probable challenges. The strategies
however, are essential for all types of project and effective implementation by the managers
will result in gating the best result for their project. The recommendation section will benefit
the manager most in developing plan in the initial stage and tracking it throughout the
duration of the project.

37CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
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