Immune Response To Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

CRITICAL REVIEW

Table of Contents
How does host immune status-...................................................................................................3
Immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis- ...................................................................3
Host and environmental factors (Risk components)...................................................................4
Potential policy response to prevent acquisition and spread of Tuberculosis.............................5
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
The most difficult problem that whole world is facing now days is TB. Many people is
affected by this problem. Tuberculosis comes under an infectious disease which mainly affects
lungs. Tuberculosis is that infection which come under second highest killer, all over the world.
As per the research it had been find that 1.8 million people died in 2015 and 10.4 million
people falling ill. Also World Health Organization(WHO) finds a estimate that 9 million people
getting sick with TB. TB becomes top 3 causes for the death of women who comes between the
age of 15 to 44. The symptoms which generally finds during TB are like cough, fever, night
sweats, weight loss, etc. And the most negative impact of TB is that, it is that infection which can
be transfer to other who comes under the contact of the person who is already infected by TB.
The thing which is in TB is airborne pathogen which means it contains that bacteria which cause
TB and can spread this infection through air from one person to other person.(Marshall, 1993)
Doctor gives a distinction to TB by dividing it into two kinds:
Latent TB – In this bacteria is in body only but they are in inactive mode or state. When they are
inactive they do not cause any symptoms and also they are not contagious, but there is not
hundred percent surety that they will remain inactive they can also become active.
Active TB – In this bacteria may cause symptoms and they can also be transfer from one person
to other. (Udwadia, and et.al., 2012)
It is also find that one-third of world's population are having latent TB. And there is 10
percent chance in activeness of latent TB. Latent TB becomes danger for those people who are
having compromised immune system. In compromised immune system people generally lives
with infection like HIV, or the people who are having smoking habits.
Their is no age group that TB will affects particularly this age group, it can affects person
of any age group. There is also no specification that on this part of world will be affected by TB,
it can affect any part of world, but mostly TB affects people who are young adults and living in
developing countries. In 2012, it was founded that 80 percent of TB was mostly in 22 countries.
As earlier discussed that TB gives early warning in which sickness, weight loss, night sweats,
comes under, and the most important thing which gives great symptoms is severe cough that is
affecting person from last three weeks. If there is no precautions taken of TB then it can also
spread to the different parts of body like, it can affect bones, brain, liver, kidneys and heart.

It can be diagnose by doctor, as doctor use stethoscope for listening lungs and also check
is there any swelling on lymph nodes, and also doctor ask patient that either patient is having any
medical history. The mostly used test for diagnosing TB is skin test.
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR)
MDR TB is that which does not react to isoniazid and rifampicin which are the most anti-TB
drugs. The main two reason behind MDR resistance is regularly emerging and extending are
person to person transference and other is mismanagement of TB's treatment. In some of the
countries treatment of MDR-TB is becoming very hard and difficult, as treatment of TB is quite
expensive, and also the medicines which are recommended during TB are not easily available.
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis(XDR TB)
XDR TB is that form of TB which is caused by bacteria which are unaffected to some of the
most powerful anti-TB drugs. XDR mostly referred as broadly drug resistant TB. In 2017 World
Health Organization has find that this TB has mostly affected regions like Europe, Africa,
Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, etc.
Latent TB infection and TB Disease-
The cursed bacteria which is the only known cause of TB is spreading in air and infecting many
personalities as it spreads from one person who has TB speaks coughs or sings bacteria is
released in the atmosphere and when another person breathes they catches it. There are two types
of TB one is latent infection and another one is TB disease.
Symptoms of TB- (World Health Organization, 2013)
When a cough that is bad and which lasts for 3 or more weeks then a person must consult a
doctor chances are that he or she already has TB. At the time of severe coughing a person will
also feel pain in the chest at any interval of day. At the time of coughing, when a person squirts
blood from his mouth which is mucus that comes from very deep inside of the lungs. When this
situation happens with a person it is confirmed that it is TB. There are others symptoms such as
when a person suffers from weakness or tiredness, loosing weight without any reason, reduction
in appetite, feeling chills from fever or at the time of sleeping he or she sweats at night. This
disease also brings complication in the life of a person such as it can cause permanent lung
damage if it is not treated on time and can spread to other parts of body. Sometimes it is difficult
to diagnose the disease because of slow progression and it is advanced before even the treatment
has begun.