Tuberculosis - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

Running Head: TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis
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TUBERCULOSIS
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Tuberculosis
Introduction
Tuberculosis, commonly referred as TB, is one of the earliest diseases of human beings
and has co-evolved with mankind for several years. The conventional known molecular
empirical evidence of Tuberculosis was identified in a fossil of Pleistocene bison in about 1787
years (Katrak & Flood, 2018). Tuberculosis was not identified as a single disease until around
1820s. It was given the name tuberculosis by Schonlein in 1839. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a
bacillus responsible for causing TB, was discovered by Robert Koch in 1882. The discovery was
later awarded Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology in 1905. It should be noted that TB is
caused by a group of closely linked Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Presently, the major
causative agent of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Adesokan, Streicher, van Helden, Warren
& Cadmus, 2019). Other complex Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes TB include M.
africanum (Diarra et al, 2018), M. microti, and M. bovis. It should be noted that infection by M.
africanum in human beings is very rare whereas M. bovis has a number of hosts and is
considered as the main cause of TB in animal species. M. bovis infects human beings through
meat, milk products, or milk from the infected animals (Diarra et al, 2018). Despite the present
modalities put in place to diagnose as well as treat TB, unfortunately, many individuals are still
suffering from the diseases (Ahmad et al. 2018) The disease is one of the top three infectious
deadly diseases in the globe. HIV/AIDS kills three million people every year, TB kills two
million, and malaria one million.

TUBERCULOSIS
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Causes and types of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is considered as an infectious disease which normally affects the lungs.
There are two types of TB; latent tuberculosis which means that the bacteria remain in an
individual’s body in an inactive state (Cantini et al. 2016). The bacteria do not cause symptoms
and are not infectious yet they can become active with time. Active tuberculosis is a type of TB
in which the bacteria cause signs and symptoms and are contagious (Cantini et al. 2016). It is
believed that approximately one-third of the globe’s population have latent tuberculosis. It is also
believed that latent TB can become active especially in individuals whose immune system are
weak, for instance, individuals living with malnutrition or HIV/AIDS or individuals who smoke.
Tuberculosis normally affects all age groups as well as every part of the globe, however, the
disease is rampant among the young adults as well as individuals in developing nations.
Symptoms of tuberculosis
According to the Center for Disease Control the early signs of TB normally include
chills, night sweats, and fever, chest pain, feeling weak or sick, a severe cough which normally
lasts for three weeks or more and weight loss or loss of appetite. Tuberculosis can also affect
other human body parts and the symptoms depend on the affected part. In the latent stage there
are no signs and symptoms of the disease. Without treatment, tuberculosis normally spreads to
other body parts via the bloodstream.
Diagnosis and treatment of TB
Tuberculosis is diagnosed using stethoscope and the common diagnostic tests for
tuberculosis is skin test (Campos-Outcalt, 2017). Other tests include blood tests, sputum test and
chest X-rays. Most of the TB cases can be cured when effective and right medication is