Urban Health Issues : PDF
Added on 2020-12-18
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Tuberculosis in children livingin area of Camden Borough
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1Rationale of why this is an urban health issue.................................................................................1Explain urban context and determinants which you will see to explain effect on health................3Consequences of urban health issues on an individual, general population and health services....5Strategies and interventions for urban health problems...................................................................6Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8Recommendations............................................................................................................................9References......................................................................................................................................10
IntroductionTuberculosis(TB) is a one of major urban health issues. It is an infectious disease which iscaused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It mainly affects the lungs and also the otherparts of the body. The infection most of the time do not has the symptoms which is called latenttuberculosis. The bacteria doesn't cause the symptoms and transmitted to others is known asactive tuberculosis. Ten percent of the chance latent TB can be active, this risk will be muchhigher in the people who compromise with their immune system i.e., people with themalnutrition or HIV. The more probability with those who smokes. It is an airborne disease canspread through the cough of sneeze of the infected person. In this project the detailed study aboutthe tuberculosis in case of CAMDEN BOROUGH will be explained below and the managementof the disease will be included (Beguy and et. al., 2013). Rationale of why this is an urban health issueTuberculosis is common in the countries in which most of the people are living in absolutepoverty There is a linkage between tuberculosis and CAMDEN BOROUGH because TB bacteriais an airborne and spread easily in dark, overcrowded and poorly ventilated families who alreadysuffering from poverty. It is mostly occur in slums, shanty towns and refugee camps becausethere people live in close proximity and in makeshift accommodation. The risk of TB increaseswhere people associated with the crowding, malnutrition and poor air circulation as well as poorsanitation. Developed countries had a significant decline between 19th -20th centuries intuberculosis. In any country, TB will be concentrated in the urban areas. The leading infectiouscauses death worldwide. There is ~10-20% of the global load of TB disease. In 2013, 9.0 million incident and 1.5 milliondeath cases including 550000 incident and 80000 death cases in children were reported. In caseof children natural history of tuberculosis is quite different as compare to adults. Povertyincreases risk of TB in children through cultural activity around child care, poor housing withinsufficient ventilation, adults in family with co morbidities like HIV, environmental andseasonal related exposure and deficiency of public health funds (Blackman, 2013). There aresome places which has limited healthcare. If even one person also untreated infectious TB canalso pass disease to 10-15 people yearly. 1
In context of CAMDEN BOROUGH, Child gets TB in the same means as an adult. TB infectioncould be symptomless in children for various years. It can be infested as pulmonary orextrapulmonary. In children pulmonary TB include weight loss, night sweats, fever and cough(Corburn and Cohen, 2012). Once TB bacteria gets into the body they reach the lungs, and oncethey get there they start multiplying. After multiplication they spread through lymph and then tonearby lymph nodes. After primary infection child's immune responses and then germinate few.In some children immune response stops the bacteria from multiplying. In several cases child'simmune response is not strong so it will not be able to stop multiplication and then TB develops.Some children has a greater risk of acquiring TB in CAMDEN BOROUGH than others and theseare given here. Initially, a child lives in the same house in which any person has been freshlydiagnosed with positive TB. Secondly, a child who is less than 5 years. Thirdly, child has HIVinfection. Moreover, a child is suffering from the severe malnutrition. At the other hand, there isan important link between nutrition and TB. TB makes malnutrition worse and malnutritionmakes TB worse.Latent TB refers to those people who already been exposed to one with infectious TB and hasimmunological information of infection but have no symptoms or any clue of TB. People withthis infection are more infectious to others. Some factors will increase the risk of the latentinfection to TB. People who are living with HIV are more likely to develop TB than who areHIV negative. There are some more reasons of causing TB are the other conditions andmedication alter the immune system. Such as diabetes, alcoholism, smoking, malnutrition,exposure to silica dust, treatment with immunosuppressant drugs and air pollution also plays amajor role in the risk of TB. Chronic lung disease is a other significant risk factor. People who smokes cigarettes has morerisk than the non-smokers. Even certain medication like corticosteroids and infliximab increasesrisk factor specially in the developed countries (Danquah and et. al., 2012). High risk include:children who are closely contact with the infected person, those who inject illicit drugs, ethnicminorities and medically under privilege. Alcoholism and diabetes mellitus increases three foldsrisk of the TB. Person who exposed to IAP while using bio- mass cooking fuel at more has morerisk to get TB. In context of CAMDEN BOROUGH, an untreated person may infect 10-15 or more peopleannually. The disease can be spread through the people who has active TB not those who has the2
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